This thesis consists of five articles and a summary. Thethesis deals with methods for measuring properties of thevoice. The methods are all computer-based, but utilisedifferent approaches for measuring different aspects of thevoice. Paper I introduces the Visual Sort and Rate (VSR) method forperceptual rating of voice quality. The method is based on theVisual Analogue Scale (VAS), but simultaneously shows allstimuli as icons along the VAS on the computer screen. As thelistener places similar-sounding stimuli close to each otherduring the rating process, comparing stimuli becomeseasier. Paper II introduces the correlogram. Fundamental frequencyF0 sometimes cannot be strictly defined, particularly forperturbed voice signals. The method displays multipleconsecutive correlation functions in a grey scale image. Thus,the correlogram avoids selecting a single F0 value. Rather itpresents an unbiased image of periodicity, allowing theinvestigator to select among several candidates, ifappropriate. PaperIII introduces a method for detection of phonation tobe utilised in voice accumulators. The method uses twomicrophones attached near the subject’s ears. Phase andamplitude relations of the microphone signals are used to forma phonation detector. The output of the method can be used tomeasure phonation time, speaking time and fundamental frequencyof the subject, as well as sound pressure level of both thesubject’s voicing and the ambient sounds. Paper IV introduces a method for Fourier analysis ofhigh-speed laryngoscopic imaging. The data from the consecutiveimages are re-arranged to form time-series that reflect thetime-variation of light intensity in each pixel. Each of thesetime series is then analysed by means of Fouriertransformation, such that a spectrum for each pixel isobtained. Several ways of displaying these spectra aredemonstrated. Paper V examines a test set-up for simultaneous recording ofairflow, intra-oral pressure, electro-glottography, audio andhigh-speed imaging. Data are analysed with particular focus onsynchronisation between glottal area and inverse filteredairflow. Several methodological aspects are also examined, suchas the difficulties in synchronising high-speed imaging datawith the other signals. / QC 20100609

This report is the result of a 20-points project at the University of Jönköping. The project was carried out in form of a case study with the object of analysing the value flow at DIAB AB’s confection department in Laholm. The aim of this project is to submit proposals to the production management on how to increase the efficiency of the production flow at the confection department and reduce the capital accumulation in form of products in work. The information in this report is gathered from interviews, observations and measurements. Furthermore, a literature study was carried out in view to find suitable theories when analysing present as well as future suggested production conditions. This report is based on four main questions: • What does the existing process of the value flow for the most produced product family look like? • How does the process of the value flow for GS perform considering the through-put-time? o How long through-put-time does a representative product of the GS-family have? o How long is the value- and no value adding time for that product along its production flow? • Which production related disturbances and cost prompters exist in the present value flow process? • How could the process of the value flow for GS be made more efficient, less persistent to disturbances and more competitive? The existing process of the value flow for the most producing product family has been mapped and is illustrated in appendix 3. For now, the process includes nine working stations along the production chain. The through-put-time of a representative GS-product is according to my survey 18,5 days. The value adding time is only 16,1 minutes, that is 0,061 % of the entire through-put-time. The remaining time, in other words the no value adding time, is 440 hours and it represents mainly storage and transport of products. The representative production disturbances and cost prompters that characterise the process of the value flow contain material related disturbances, a high number of long shifts, long storage time prior to the customer order point and with that, high capital accumulation and finally unnecessary transports. Improvement proposals aim to increase the efficacy of the process of the value flow and reduce the capital amounts by shifting from the present production strategy involving manufacturing towards order (TMO) to assembling towards order (MMO). In order to make this possible a semi-manufactured storage will be introduced after the standard confection which will represent the new decoupling point. The production at the standard confection will then occur according to the semi-manufactured storage. The standard confection should produce in larger aggregated order quantities based on prognosis in order to benefit from the advantages of economy of scale and the production must proceed in a continuous flow according to the FIFU-system (First In First Out). In addition to that, the special confection must produce according to a pull-system and only when the customer makes a request. The tact-time of the GS products should constitute a limit for all the cycle times along the production chain, both on the standard- and special confection. This is partly due to creating a constant and balanced production flow which enables short through-put-time and partly due to avoiding in-between-storage as a result of various bottlenecks.

Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung der Beanspruchungen von Staurollenketten. Zunächst wurde in den Grundlagen der Aufbau von unterschiedlichen Staurollenkettenarten dargestellt, die Eigenschaften miteinander verglichen und kategorisiert. Aufbauend auf dem anschließend geschaffenen Verständnis der wirkenden Reibpaarungen bzw. -arten wurden FEM-Analysen durchgeführt, um dadurch auftretende Spannungen zu detektieren und das thermische Verhalten der unterschiedlichen Werkstoffpaarungen zu ermitteln. Innerhalb der praktischen Versuche der Arbeit kam es zur Ermittlung der Bruch- und Dauerfestigkeiten nach ISO15654 [DIN04]. Zur Untersuchung der Eigenschaften der Ketten unter praxisnahen Randbedingungen wurde ein Versuchsstand konzipiert, welcher die Ermittlung von Kennwerten zwei unterschiedlicher Kettengrößen unter härtesten Bedingungen ermöglicht. Durch diesen Versuchsstand wurden die Staukraft, die Kettenzugkraft durch das Drehmoment am Antrieb, die Kettengeschwindigkeit, die Kettenlängung und das Temperaturverhalten dauerhaft überwacht. Im letzten Kapitel der Arbeit wurde eine Überwachungsstation für unterschiedliche Baugrößen von Staurollenketten entwickelt und die Funktionsweise durch Versuche nachgewiesen. / This dissertation is dealing with the investigation of the load behaviour of accumulation roller chains. Initially, the structures of different types of accumulation roller chains are described, properties are compared and categorised. Based on the created understanding of acting tribological pairing and friction mechanisms, FEM analysis have been performed to evaluate occurring stresses and determine the thermal behaviour of the various material combinations. Within the testing procedures, breaking strength and fatigue strength have been investigated in accordance with DIN ISO 15654 [cf. DIN04]. A test bench has been developed for practically relevant testing of the chains, where determination of characteristic values can be done under hard testing conditions for two different chain types. The test bench ensures measurement and survey of accumulation forces, tensile chain forces (by torque moment at drive), chain speed, chain elongation and chain temperature during whole testing time. The last chapter of the dissertation deals with the development of a 'control and monitoring unit' for accumulation roller chains with various dimensions including proof of function by trials.

L'énorme disparité qui caractérise la distribution des revenus au Brésil représente une remarquable dette sociale à combler, car il est inacceptable qu'un pays aussi riche que le Brésil soit si inégalitaire et si injuste pour la majorité de ses citoyens. Malgré le changement de la politique socio-économique intervenu dans les deux dernières décennies et ciblant une politique sociale plus active et dirigée vers la redistribution du revenu, l'inégalité de la société brésilienne reste criante. L'étude du développement du capitalisme national, à travers ses racines, implantées dès la colonisation, est indispensable si l'on veut comprendre comment la nation est parvenue à une telle situation. La formation structurelle et institutionnelle du capitalisme brésilien a engendré plusieurs distorsions dans le partage de la richesse et les politiques économiques et sociales adoptées n'ont pas été capables de construire une société juste pour l'ensemble de la population. Une analyse détaillée de l'historique de la croissance économique et de l'accumulation du capital dans l'économie brésilienne montre la trajectoire de la concentration du revenu, et souligne la responsabilité des politiques gouvernementales, peu favorables à un partage plus équitable de la richesse nationale. Les élites dominantes ont pris les rênes de la machine gouvernementale pour maintenir leurs privilèges et s'approprier la richesse nationale produite, en l'absence de toute volonté politique d'améliorer la distribution du revenu dans l'ensemble de la nation. Le principal objectif ici est donc d'étudier les effets des politiques gouvernementales dans l'accumulation du capital et dans la distribution du revenu au Brésil, en tenant compte de l'insertion brésilienne dans le système capitaliste et des résultats des politiques publiques nationales. La méthode de l'économie politique, fondée sur la théorie de distribution du revenu de Kalecki, est présente tout au long de l'analyse.

Surface structure, chemical composition, bonding configuration, film polarity, and electronic properties of InN layers grown by high pressure chemical vapor deposition (HPCVD) have been investigated. Sputtering at an angle of 50-70 degrees followed by atomic hydrogen cleaning (AHC) was successful in removing the carbon contaminants. AHC is found to be the most effective cleaning process to remove oxygen contaminants from InN layers in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) system and produced a well ordered surface. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) confirmed the cleanliness of the surface, and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) yielded a 1×1 hexagonal pattern demonstrating a well-ordered surface. High resolution electron energy loss spectra (HREELS) taken from the InN layers exhibited loss features at 550 cm-1, 870 cm-1 and 3260 cm-1 which were assigned to Fuchs-Kliewer phonon, N-H bending, and N-H stretching vibrations, respectively. Assignments were confirmed by observation of isotopic shifts following atomic deuterium dosing. No In-H species were observed indicating N-termination of the surface and N-polarity of the film. Broad conduction band plasmon excitations were observed centered at 3100 cm-1 to 4200 cm-1 in HREEL spectra acquired with 25 eV electrons, for a variety of samples grown with different conditions. Infrared reflectance data shows a consistent result with HREELS for the bulk plasma frequency. The plasmon excitations are shifted about 300 cm-1 higher in HREEL spectra acquired using 7 eV electrons due to the higher plasma frequency and carrier concentration at the surface than in the bulk, demonstrating a surface electron accumulation. Hydrogen completely desorbed from the InN surface upon annealing for 900 s at 425 ºC or upon annealing for 30 s at 500 ºC. Fitting the coverage versus temperature for anneals of either 30 or 900 s indicated that the desorption was best described by second order desorption kinetics with an activation energy and pre-exponential factor of 1.3±0.2 eV and 10-7.3±1.0 cm2/s, respectively. Vibrational spectra acquired from HREEL can be utilized to explain the surface composition, chemical bonding and surface termination, and film polarity of InN layers. The explanation of evidence of surface electron accumulation and extraction of hydrogen desorption kinetic parameters can be performed by utilizing HREEL spectra.

The highway bridge infrastructure system within the United States is rapidly deteriorating and a significant percentage of these bridges are approaching the end of their useful service life. Deterioration mechanisms affect the load resisting capacity of critical structural components and render aging highway bridges more vulnerable to earthquakes compared to pristine structures. While past literature has traditionally neglected the simultaneous consideration of seismic and aging threats to highway bridges, a joint fragility assessment framework is needed to evaluate the impact of deterioration mechanisms on bridge vulnerability during earthquakes. This research aims to offer an efficient methodology for accurate estimation of the seismic fragility of aging highway bridges. In addition to aging, which is a predominant threat that affects lifetime seismic reliability, other stressors such as repeated seismic events or simultaneous presence of truck traffic are also incorporated in the seismic fragility analysis. The impact of deterioration mechanisms on bridge component responses are assessed for a range of exposure conditions following the nonlinear dynamic analysis of three-dimensional high-fidelity finite element aging bridge models. Subsequently, time-dependent fragility curves are developed at the bridge component and system level to assess the probability of structural damage given the earthquake intensity. In addition to highlighting the importance of accounting for deterioration mechanisms, these time-evolving fragility curves are used within an improved seismic loss estimation methodology to aid in efficient channeling of monetary resources for structural retrofit or seismic upgrade. Further, statistical learning methods are employed to derive flexible parameterized fragility models conditioned on earthquake hazard intensity, bridge design parameters, and deterioration affected structural parameters to provide significant improvements over traditional fragility models and aid in efficient estimation of aging bridge vulnerabilities. In order to facilitate bridge management decision making, a methodology is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed multi-dimensional fragility models to estimate the in-situ aging bridge reliabilities with field-measurement data across a transportation network. Finally, this research proposes frameworks to offer guidance to risk analysts regarding the importance of accounting for supplementary threats stemming from multiple seismic shocks along the service life of the bridge structures and the presence of truck traffic atop the bridge deck during earthquake events.

In the 1980s, Laws No: 2981 and 3290 were putting forward important amount of development rights creation by improvement plans. This promise of development by party politics provided potential of political rent. This study will not take into account this political rent created but the realization of this development promised. The development by improvement plans could not be realized. In some areas, transformation from gecekondu to apartment blocks occurred by the hands of market mechanism and construction sector. However in some areas, the intervention of the public sector was necessary for transformation. The aim of this study is to discuss the planning and development issues under the mixed economies through dynamics of urban transformation and the phenomena of urban non-transformation in areas where development rights by improvement plans were assigned in the case of Ankara city under a comparative approach. The comparative case study puts forward the existing situation as a concrete problem and analyzing it with reference to direct observation, interviews with various actors, historicity (historical development of Ankara macroform among inter-relations between planning decisions, macroeconomy and legal regulations thus public and capital) and the quantitative data. Then, improvement planning in Turkish case is evaluated by reference to similar World examples. This evaluation leads us to the inter-relational concepts of public policy and rent concerning gecekondu improvement thus to the evaluation of improvement areas by reference to rent concept and Turkish urban land and housing market covering the urban growth and capital accumulation issues. Then the study is concluded.

ABSTRACT THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF THE 1923 GRECO-TURKISH POPULATION EXCHANGE UPON TURKEY Alpan, Aytek Soner M. Sc., Department of Economics Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Onur Yildirim August 2008, 167 pages The Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations signed on January 30, 1923 at Lausanne resulted in the first compulsory population exchange under the auspices of an international organization, namely the League of Nations. The Greco-Turkish Population Exchange marked a turning point for Greece and Turkey with regard to its demographic, social, political and economic effects. Although the multifaceted effects of the Exchange upon Greece have been extensively studied by the scholars of different disciplines, the Turkish scholarship is very limited in terms of documenting and analyzing the role of this event in the history of modern Turkey. The present study aims to fill this gap by assessing the economic effects of this event upon Turkey. This thesis fulfils the above task by examining the transformation of the basic sectors in the Turkish economy during the post-Exchange period. We argue that the Population Exchange had significant effects upon the Turkish economy. For example, in the agricultural sector the capitalist property relations on land were reinforced and the production patterns in certain agricultural crops were subject to a considerable degree of change. As far as the industry is concerned, the production of certain commodities deteriorated due to the rising competition between Turkey and Greece over the manufactured goods. The worsening international economic conditions exacerbated the effects of this competition upon the Turkish economy. Lastly, with the transfer of the Anatolian Greek merchants to Greece, Anatolia&rsquo / s commercial links with foreign markets weakened much to the detriment of the Turkish economy. The intermediary position of the Greek merchants was gradually substituted by the newly-emerging Turkish mercantile bourgeoisie after the Exchange. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the subject and provides a survey of the related literature. Chapter 2 examines the effects of the Exchange upon agriculture and land tenure system. Chapter 3 is designed to evaluate the transformation of the industrial base inherited from the Ottoman Empire by certain factors including the Exchange. Chapter 4 deals with the effects of the transfer of the Anatolian Greeks and the arrival of the refugees upon the commerce. Chapter 5 presents general and specific conclusions in the light of previous chapters.

20th century witnessed fundamental changes in capital accumulation regime and mode of regulation. The whole set of advanced capitalist countries and developing countries witnessed these changes in different forms depending on their historical cultural background. These fundamental changes also brought about transformations of the welfare regime of countries which constitutes the important fundamental component of a mode of regulation. This study developed a criticism of rising liberal-conservative approach to poverty in post-1980s by adopting as a structural and historical background the concerning fundamental changes in capital accumulation regime with its imposed constraints and opportunities on welfare regimes of countries. This study intends to make this criticism of liberal-conservative approach to poverty in the context of Turkey by selecting Deniz Feneri Association and Social Assistance and Solidarity General Directorate as case studies. Building upon the information acquired from interviews carried out by Deniz Feneri Association and Social Assistance and Solidarity General Directorate, this study identifies the liberal-conservative approach to poverty as the dominant approach to poverty in Turkey after 1980s. Furthermore, depending on the analysis of interviews depoliticization of poverty, rising moral language in poverty, and denial of social rights perspective which are identified to be the major foundational components of liberal-conservative approach to poverty are also identified to a great extent be in a reproduction relation with respect to the requirements of new capital accumulation regimes.

Privatization, which is the most important component of neo-liberal policies since the 1980s, has been legitimized by the neo-liberal doctrine through a purely economic and technical terminology. Contrary to this, this thesis maintains that privatization is a highly political process, shaped by intertwined class- and identity-based interests in different countries. To support this argument, the thesis makes a comparative analysis of the privatizations of large-scale state economic enterprises in Turkey in the 2000s, namely Petrol Ofisi, T&Uuml / PRAS, ERDEMIR, T&uuml / rk Telekom and PETKIM, as part of the neo-liberal transformation of the Turkish state. It concludes that the privatizations of large-scale SEEs in Turkey represent typical examples to what David Harvey terms as &ldquo / accumulation by dispossession&rdquo / throughout which wealth has been transferred from the laboring classes to capital by the active involvement of the state though the Turkish experience has its own historical specificities. Political preferences made by governments in charge since the late 1990s in general and by the Islamist AKP government after 2002 in particular have to be understood to make sense of these specificities.