L'objectif de ce mémoire est de construire une analyse abstraite des crises économiques propres au système capitaliste à l'aide de la théorie marxiste et de la théorie de la régulation. Nous cherchons à étudier les processus fondamentaux qui mènent à l'éclatement d'une crise majeure, ou crise structurelle, du capitalisme. Cette démarche comprend trois étapes principales. Premièrement, nous verrons, à l'aide des écrits de Marx, pourquoi et comment les phénomènes extrêmes que sont les crises économiques sont endogènes à l'accumulation de capital. Deuxièmement, nous verrons, à l'aide de la théorie de la régulation, comment il se développe dans le système capitaliste un régime d'accumulation, ensemble institutionnel chargé de réguler l'accumulation et d'enrayer les crises. Troisièmement, nous verrons comment la relation contradictoire entre l'accumulation de capital et l'ensemble institutionnel chargé de le réguler mène éventuellement à l'éclatement d'une crise structurelle qui annonce une époque de conflits ouverts et de profondes mutations pour le système. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Crises économiques, régulation, financiarisation, capitalisme, monnaie

No description available.

The objective of this research is to comprehensively compare bulk accumulation and inversion MOSFETs, and find application areas where each is superior.Short channel effect (SCE) models for accumulation and inversion MOSFETs are derived that accurately predict threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, and subthreshold current. A source/drain junction depth dependent characteristic length is derived that can be used to rapidly assess the impact of junction depth scaling on minimum channel length. A fast circuit simulation methodology is developed that uses physically based I-V models to simulate inversion and accumulation MOSFET inverter chains, and is found to be accurate over a wide range of supply voltages. The simulation methodology can be used for rapid technology optimization, and performance prediction. Design guidelines are proposed for accumulation MOSFET design; the guidelines result in a low process sensitivity, low SCE, and a subthreshold current less than the allowable limit. The relative performance advantage of accumulation/inversion MOSFETs is gate-technology dependent. In critical comparisons, on-current is evaluated by means of a full band Monte Carlo device simulation. Gate-leakage, and band-to-band tunneling leakage at the drain-substrate region are included in the performance analysis. For mid-bandgap metal gate, accumulation MOSFETs perform better than inversion MOSFETs for hi-performance (HiP) and low-operating power (LOP) applications. For tunable metal gate technology, inversion MOSFETs always perform better than accumulation MOSFETs. For dual poly technology, accumulation MOSFETs perform better than inversion MOSFETs for low standby power (LSTP) applications. A comprehensive scaling analysis has been performed on accumulation and inversion MOSFETs using both SCE models and 2-D simulations. Results show that accumulation MOSFETs can scale better than inversion MOSFETs for mid-bandgap metal gate HiP, and LOP applications; and poly gate LSTP applications.

Ninty three yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, the fork length ranged from 80 to 168 cm were collected from the waters around Seychelles by two longline fishing vessels from April to December in 2006. The muscle and liver samples were analyzed for total mercury (THg) and organic mercury (OHg) concentrations.The concentrations of THg and OHg of the muscle were similar to previous studies. The concentrations of THg and OHg form the muscles and livers were positive-linearly regressed with the fish of Fork Length larger than 113 cm (big fish group), but only THg concentration of muscle was negative- linearly regressed 80- 112 cm (small fish group). Such patterns were first found in yellowfin tuna. It might be related to the ¡§growth rate¡¨ . Only one THg concentration of liver were over the standard set by the European Commission Decision (1 mg / kg THg wet wt.), other samples were in accordance with standard set by the European Commission Decision and the US-FDA food safty standard (1 mg / kg MeHg wet wt.). According to the dietary recommendations set by the Department of Health, Executive Yuan, yellowfin tuna can replace 86% animal protein source per week of people.

This dissertation examines the effect of changes in the stock of human capital on the labor force participation decision of women aged 25-54. Without the option of homebased work, some women choose to leave the labor market and stay at home temporarily for family reasons. Working women realize that time out of the labor force could impose penalties on their work careers. This is because during the break, they do not accumulate any new human capital while the existing job skills continuously depreciate. Nowadays, home-based work becomes possible for many jobs because rapid development in personal computers and advances in information and communications technology have reduced employers’ cost of offering home-based work arrangements. Working women can resolve the time conflict between demand for paid work and family responsibility by working from home. In a previous study, the home-based work decision depends on the fixed cost of working and potential home production. Women who are disabled, have small children, or live in rural areas are likely to work from home because they have high fixed costs of working and high potential home production. However, none of the existing studies applies the human capital theory of labor supply to the home-based work decision. Using data on the female labor force from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) of housing units from the 2000 U.S. Census, I estimate a nested logit model to examine the effects of expected costs of non-participation, in terms of forgone earnings, forgone human capital accumulation and human capital depreciation, on women’s labor force participation decision. I find that, other things being equal, women aged 25 to 44 who have potentially high human capital accumulation and high human capital depreciation are likely to stay in the labor force. In the case that the value of their home time is so high that they choose to stay at home, they prefer to work for pay at home than to be out of the labor force.

This dissertation describes the work done on two distinct projects. In the first part I sought to unravel the mechanisms that underlie the activity-dependent modulation of response in the excitation-secretion coupling of the neurohypophysis. In the second part, I optically monitored and analyzed the secondary structure changes accompanying amyloid fibril formation along multiple pathways, under both denaturing and near-physiological conditions. Neuronal plasticity plays an important role in regulating various biological systems by modulating release of hormones or neurotransmitters. The changing response to the same stimulus, depending on the context and previous stimulation events, is also the basis of learning and all higher order brain functions. The mechanisms behind this modulation are widely varied, and are often poorly understood in specific tissues. In this work, we examined excitation-secretion coupling in the neurohypophysis, a tissue composed of densely packed axons that secretes the hormones arginine vasopressin and oxytocin. The release of hormones depends not only on the overall level of activity in the gland, but also upon the specifics of the temporal pattern of stimulation. By optically monitoring the electrical activity using voltage sensitive dyes, we were able to investigate this plasticity in the intact gland. Varying extracellular potassium concentration in the bath, increasing interstitial space via hypertonic saline, and retarding potassium reuptake with ouabain all showed that extracellular potassium accumulation drives the depression of excitability. This effect is hidden from glass micro-electrode recordings because of the inevitable damage sustained by the surrounding tissue. Furthermore, no calcium mediated release mechanism played any significant role in the depression. Numerical simulations confirmed the findings and give more insight to the details of the mechanism. Deposits of amyloid fibrils, long, unbranched polymeric protein aggregates, are the molecular hallmark for a variety of human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and type II diabetes. While the amyloid fibrils all share a characteristic cross-beta sheet structure, the proteins that make up the aggregates have no unifying theme in either native structure or function. In this research, I characterized the structural reordering that accompanies this aggregation using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Hen egg white lysozyme forms fibrillar aggregates with two distinct morphologies, depending on the growth conditions. At acidic pH with low ionic concentrations, lysozyme forms the fibrils with standard amyloid morphology. These aggregates are long and stiff but with the cross sectional area of a single monomer. At higher salt concentrations, the aggregation follows another pathway, under which oligomers initially form and later assemble into protofibrils. The oligomeric protofibrils are thicker than the monomeric filaments, but are much more curvilinear. These fibrils are not universally recognized as amyloidogenic aggregates. Using FTIR, I showed that both this aggregates are indeed amyloid structures, but that they are structurally distinct. While it is generally accepted that partial unfolding of the protein is a prerequisite for amyloid fibril formation, we found that native protein can be the substrate for amyloid growth when seeded with preformed oligomeric or protofibrillar aggregates. These seeded fibrils grown under near-physiological conditions are structurally indistinguishable from those grown from partially unfolded protein under denaturing conditions. This incorporation and restructuring of native monomers is characteristic of prion-like assembly.

No description available.

The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of winter season for the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in humic and clear-water boreal aquatic systems. The study was conducted in 16 experimental ponds in northern Sweden during the winter of 2013. Half of the ponds had a higher concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). CO2, CH4, DOC and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were measured repeatedly under the ice from January to April. The results show that CO2 was accumulated continually during winter. No difference in winter accumulation were found between humic and clear ponds. CH4 was rarely accumulated in neither humic nor clear ponds, and was not an important part of the gas flux at spring ice melt. At ice melt, the flux from humic ponds accounted for 1.6 g C m-2 and 1.7 g C m-2 from clear ponds, which was equivalent for 15.6% respective 100% of the annual gas emissions. On a whole-year basis humic ponds acted as a source of 10.3 g C m-2, while clear ponds acted as a sink of 14.7 g C m-2. 76 mg m-2 d-1 DOC was consumed in humic and 59 mg m-2 d-1 DOC in clear ponds while the DIC accumulation was 125 mg m-2 d-1 in humic and 118 mg m-2 d-1 in clear ponds. This study stresses the importance of ice-covered boreal aquatic systems as a significant parts of the global carbon cycling.

During the period of 1992-1998, Russia underwent a transition from a centralized economy to a market economy with devastating socioeconomic consequences, and industrial decline, which has resulted in demographic crises. The central argument driving this thesis is that during its transition to a market economy, through shock therapy from 1992-1998, Russia’s social and economic infrastructure went through a regression in the form of refeudalization, which is empirically revealed through health and demographic indicators. Remarkably, the effects of this socioeconomic regression was buffered from further devastation through a set of social compromises between workers, unions and industrial managers, which stabilized the brunt of shock therapy, but still resulted in the refeudalization of Russian society. The objective of this study is to construct a comprehensive model to conceptualize Russia’s socioeconomic regression during the period of transition from 1992-1998, and to explain the causes for the regression within the model. / This thesis conceptualizes socioeconomic regression as a feature of political economy within a mode of production model, and applies the model to explain Russia's socioeconomic transition during the period from 1992 to 1998.

<p> <p>&nbsp / </p> </p> <p align="left">IP multicast is an efficient mechanism for simultaneously transmitting bulk data to multiple receivers. Many applications can benefit from multicast, such as audio and videoconferencing, multi-player games, multimedia broadcasting, distance education, and data replication. For either technical or policy reasons, IP multicast still has not yet been deployed in today&rsquo / s Internet. Congestion is one of the most important issues impeding the development and deployment of IP multicast and multicast applications.</p>