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Participation of out-of-school youth in agricultural programmes in Bushbuckridge, Nothern ProvinceMkansi, Norah Nkhesani January 2003 (has links)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts (Community Work ) in the Department of Social Work University of Zululand, South Africa, 2003. / Bushbuckridge is an area that is largely (approximately 90%) rural. The rural areas are characterized by a scarcity of job opportunities as opposed to the abundance of such opportunities in certain designated areas. As a matter of fact the availability of job opportunities would arguably place the out- of -school youth in good stead of employment. The only prevalent opportunity for the youth is in agriculture.
The study was conducted within New Forest and Orinnocco where a larger portion of the population is made up by youth below the age of 35 years and who are unemployed. There is a New Forest irrigation scheme, and on the scheme the larger population of farmers are aging farming population, very few young population is actively involved in agriculture. The study investigate the attitudes of out- of- school youth towards participation in agriculture.
The findings of the study indicated that the majority of the out- of-school youth are less aware of the agriculture in terms of providing job for them. Consequently, they are affected socially and psychologically and are rendered vulnerable to engage in criminal activities.
Various recommendations have been advanced. The researcher indicated the need for integration of theory and practical work to be initiated at a primary school level so that children can develop basic agricultural skills as well as community awareness campaigns and skill training among youth targeting on changing the attitudes of parents and youth. This can be effected through agricultural programmes for youth to participate and create jobs for themselves. The findings cannot be generalized in an inclusive way to cover the whole population of South Africa due to the size of the population from which the researcher collected data.
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Diferenciais de salários nas atividades agrícolas brasileiras: aspectos estruturais e determinantes regionais / Wages differentials in Brazilian agricultural activities: structural features and regional determinantsJuliana Sampaio Mori 09 May 2008 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os diferenciais de salários das pessoas empregadas em atividades classificadas como agrícola pelo IBGE, com base nos dados individuais da PNAD de 2005. Busca-se verificar as diferenças de salários para uma mesma atividade agrícola, e entre as diversas atividades agrícolas, de forma a identificar quais são as variáveis que determinam o comportamento dos salários nessas atividades, tais como cor, sexo, educação, idade, região geográfica, entre outros. Além disso, estima-se o efeito de interações entre as regiões e as atividades agrícolas, bem como o efeito de interações entre o nível de escolaridade e a região de referência. As equações de salários ajustadas para os quatro primeiros modelos, os quais permitem mostrar os diferenciais de salários entre as diversas atividades agrícolas, mostram que os efeitos das interações entre escolaridade e região e das interações entre as regiões e atividades agrícolas pouco afetam as estimativas dos coeficientes das variáveis idade, número de horas trabalhadas na semana, sexo, posição na ocupação, categoria do emprego e cor. A variável cor, por sua vez, não tem um efeito relevante na explicação dos diferenciais de salários nas atividades agrícolas, como ocorre em outros setores da economia. Observa-se também que o principal condicionante do salário é o número de horas trabalhadas por semana, superando até mesmo a contribuição da região, atividade, ocupação, escolaridade, sexo e cor. Os retornos específicos a cada nível educacional no quarto modelo mostram que o efeito da educação sobre os salários se torna muito mais intenso a partir de 11 anos de escolaridade, onde ocorre um salto brusco na declividade da função. A análise dos diferenciais salariais para uma mesma atividade agrícola, ou seja, para as atividades cultivo de milho, cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, cultivo de soja e criação de bovinos, mostra novamente a importância da variável número de horas trabalhadas por semana, principalmente para as atividades cultivo de milho e criação de bovinos. Os resultados obtidos para a atividade cultivo de soja mostram que a variável escolaridade é tão importante quanto a variável região para explicar as diferenças de salários nessa atividade. Por outro lado, no cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, a variável categoria do emprego é a que apresenta a maior contribuição marginal na parcela explicada pelos salários. / The aim of this research is to analyze wages differentials of persons employed in activities classified as agricultural by the IBGE, based on the individual data of the PNAD 2005. Search to verify wages differentials for the same agricultural activity, and among different agricultural activities, in order to identify what are the variables that determine the behavior of wages in these activities, such as color (race), gender, schooling, age, geographic region, among others. Moreover, it is estimated the effect of interactions between regions and agricultural activities, as well as the effect of interactions between the level of schooling and the region of reference. The earnings equations adjusted for the first four models, which allow to show wages differentials of among different agricultural activities, show that the effects of interactions between schooling and region and the interactions between regions and agricultural activities don\'t have strong effects on the estimates of the coefficients of the variables age, weekly working time, sex, position in the occupation, category of employment and color (race). The variable color, in turn, doesn\'t have a relevant effect on the explanation of the wages differentials in agricultural activities, as occurs in others sectors of the economy. It is also observed that the main conditioner of the salary is weekly working time, dominating the contribution of the region, activity, occupation, schooling, sex and color. The specific returns to each educational level in the fourth model shows that the effect of education on wages becomes more intense from 11 years of schooling, when a sudden jump in the slope of the function occurs. The analysis of wages differentials by agricultural activity, in other words, for the production activities of maize, sugar cane, soybeans and livestock shows again the importance of the variable weekly working time, mainly for the activities production of maize and livestock. The results for soybean production show that the variable education is as important as the variable region to explain wages differentials in this activity. Furthermore, in sugar cane production the variable category of employment is the one that presents the largest marginal contribution in the share explained by wages.
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Neurbanizuotų ir pusiau urbanizuotų vietovių gyventojų ūkinės veiklos ir visuomeninio aktyvumo skatinimas Radviliškio rajone / Non-urbanized and semi-urbanized localities, the population of economic activity and stimulation of public activity in Radvilishkis districtPotapovienė, Rasa 28 September 2010 (has links)
Darbo tikslas - išanalizuoti kaip skatinti pažangą neurbanizuotose ir pusiau urbanizuotose vietovėse. Iškreipta neurbanizuotų vietovių plėtros galimybių samprata, primityvus šių vietovių vaidmens tapatinimas tik su agrariniu sektoriumi, ignoruojant šiuolaikines Europos Sąjungos (ES) darnios plėtros tendencijas daro esminę žalą tiek tolesnei kaimo raidai, tiek visos valstybės pažangai. Žinių visuomenėje gyvybingų kaimiškųjų vietovių ir nedidelių miestų bei miestelių ekonomikoje vyrauja paslaugų sektorius. Kaimiškųjų vietovių paskirtis – puoselėti nacionalines istorines, kultūrines ir gamtos vertybes visuomenei. / The aim – to examine how to promote progress in non-urbanized and semi-urbanized localities. Distorted non-urbanized areas, the concept of broadening possibility, a rudimentary role in identification of these areas only in agraran sector, ignoring of contemporary European Unijon the tendencies of harmonious broadening. Society of knowledge, the viability of rural areas and towns dominate the service industry. Rural areas purpose is to foster the nacional historical, cultural and natural values for society.
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Análise das vulnerabilidades dos assentamentos rurais e o papel da comissão pastoral da terra/sertão no processo de reforma agrária no município de Cajazeiras/PB.FREITAS, Janierk Pereira de. 11 September 2018 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-09-13 / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as vulnerabilidades social, econômica, à seca, ambiental, tecnológica, cultural e política dos sete assentamentos rurais do município de Cajazeiras – PB, Santo Antônio, Frei Damião, Frei Beda, Edvaldo Sebastião, Valdecir Santiago, Mãe Rainha e Santa Cecília, como também a história de vida dos assentados que se dispuseram a relatar suas histórias no sentido de rememorá-las. O diálogo entre o passado e o presente dos personagens reconstitui suas experiências cotidianas vividas, levando para uma compreensão detalhada das crenças, atitudes, lembranças e valores dos mesmos. Analisou-se também o papel da Comissão da Pastoral da Terra no processo de Reforma Agrária no Alto Sertão e sua participação no processo de desapropriação dos assentamentos pesquisados e sua contribuição nas práticas materiais de vida, de trabalho que esses agricultores vêm utilizando para a permanência nestes assentamentos rurais, a importância do ambiente e suas formas de proteção. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se da metodologia de História Oral apresentada como fio condutor dos caminhos delineados, permitindo o diálogo entre o passado e o presente dos personagens, assim os mesmos podem reconstituir suas experiências cotidianas vividas. Para analisar os fatores de vulnerabilidades utilizou-se da metodologia aplicada para o Diagnóstico de Vulnerabilidades, uma vez que esta metodologia responde pelo o resultado levantado dos Fatores de Vulnerabilidades (social, econômica, à seca, ambiental, tecnológica, cultural e política) nos assentamentos pesquisados. Quanto à técnica para coleta de dados, utilizou-se o estudo de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas (temáticas e de história de vida), questionários semiestruturados e observação participante. Para a sistematização dos resultados levantados procedeu-se com uma abordagem quali-quantitativa de forma comparativa, tratando-se de uma aproximação entre a análise qualitativa e quantitativa, e tendo uma abordagem quantitativa na sistematização de parte dos dados, estes sendo compilados em gráficos, tabelas e também discutidos à luz da narrativa descritiva. Os resultados obtidos no estudo atestam a importância da existência de iniciativas e reais mudanças na vida dos moradores dos assentamentos pesquisados. Para às famílias entrevistadas, a Comissão Pastoral da Terra/Sertão foi a entidade principal pelos resultados das conquistas alcançadas por eles, tanto no momento inicial pela desapropriação, como nos anos iniciais de assentamento pelas mudanças significativas no modo de vivência dos assentados. Por outro lado, o estudo das vulnerabilidades aponta que a maioria dos assentamentos apresenta vulnerabilidade alta e muito alta. O alto índice de vulnerabilidade, algo preocupante para política de Reforma Agrária do INCRA, pois atestam que as condições socioeconômicas, ambiental políticas e cultural das comunidades assentadas são precárias. O alto índice de vulnerabilidade é atribuído à escassez de chuvas nos últimos anos, à suspensão da assessoria técnica rural por parte do INCRA e à demora da liberação de empréstimo das linhas de crédito do Pronaf para alguns assentamentos. As linhas de crédito do Pronaf são de suma importância para a manutenção dos assentados nas comunidades rurais, pois criam condições para o alcance, por parte dos agricultores assentados, de uma qualidade de vida digna no campo. A assessoria técnica rural deve interagir e capacitar as famílias assentadas de forma a orientar e facilitar a execução de suas ações, tornando-as mais fortalecidas e enraizadas no lugar. / The present research aims to analyze the social, economic, drought, environmental, technological, cultural and political vulnerabilities of the seven rural settlements of the municipality of Cajazeiras – PB, Santo Antônio, Frei Damião, Frei Beda, Edvaldo Sebastião, Valdecir Santiago, Mãe Rainha and Santa Cecilia, as well as the life history of the settlers who set out to report their stories in order to recall them. The dialogue between the past and the present of the characters reconstitutes their lived daily experiences, leading to a detailed understanding of their beliefs, attitudes, memories and values. The role of the Pastoral Land Commission in the process of Agrarian Reform in Alto Sertão and its participation in the process of expropriation of the settlements surveyed and its contribution to the material life-work practices that these farmers have been using for the permanence in these settlements, the importance of the environment and its forms of protection. In order to carry out the research, Oral History methodology was used as the guiding thread of the outlined paths, allowing the dialogue between the past and the present of the characters, so that they can reconstruct their lived experiences. In order to analyze the vulnerability factors, the methodology used for the Vulnerability Diagnosis was used, since this methodology responds by the result of the Vulnerability Factors (social, economic, drought, environmental, technological, cultural and political) in the settlements researched. As for the technique for data collection, field study, semi-structured interviews (thematic and life history), semi-structured questionnaires and participant observation were used. In order to systematize the results obtained, a qualitative-quantitative approach was carried out in a comparative way, being an approximation between the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and taking a quantitative approach in the systematization of part of the data, being compiled in graphs, tables and also discussed in the light of descriptive narrative. The results obtained in the study attest to the importance of the existence of initiatives and real changes in the life of the inhabitants of the researched settlements. For the interviewed families, the Land/Sertão Pastoral Commission was the main entity because of the results achieved by them, both at the time of expropriation, and in the initial years of settlement due to the significant changes in the way the settlers lived. On the other hand, the study of vulnerabilities indicates that the majority of the settlements present high and very high vulnerability. The high index of vulnerability, something of concern for INCRA's Agrarian Reform policy, because they attest that the socioeconomic, political, and cultural conditions of settled communities are precarious. The high level of vulnerability is attributable to the scarcity of rainfall in recent years, the suspension of rural technical assistance by INCRA and the delay in the loan release of the PRONAF credit lines for some settlements. The PRONAF credit lines are of great importance for the maintenance of the settlers in the rural communities, as they create the conditions for settled farmers to have a decent quality of life in the countryside. The rural technical advisory must interact and train the settled families in order to guide and facilitate the execution of their actions, making them more strengthened and rooted in the place.
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Análise da intensidade agrícola dos municípios de alguns estados brasileiros nos anos de 2000 e 2010 / Analysis of agricultural intensity in the municipalities of some brazilian states in the years 2000 and 2010Alysson Luiz Stege 19 June 2015 (has links)
Nas últimas quatro décadas, em especial, o meio rural brasileiro vem apresentando uma nova dinâmica em sua população e atividades, o que gera uma nova configuração. Esta nova configuração pode ser observada com relação à ocupação das pessoas no meio rural, com queda do número de pessoas ocupadas em atividades agrícolas com residência no meio rural no século XXI. Observando a nova configuração do meio rural para os estados de São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato do Grosso e Goiás, observa-se que os mesmos têm apresentado os fenômenos acima citados. Entretanto, a dinâmica da ocupação do meio rural no Brasil não ocorre de forma homogênea. Isto posto, busca-se, através desta tese, analisar a distribuição e os determinantes da intensidade agrícola no meio rural dos municípios do estado de São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso e Goiás para os anos de 2000 e 2010. Através da análise fatorial foram gerados três indicadores (representados pelos escores fatorais dos fatores extraídos) a saber: o indicador de ruralidade, da agriculturalização (intensidade das atividades agrícolas no meio rural) e da renda não agrícola. Analisando a distribuição espacial destes indicadores, representados pelos escores fatorais dos fatores extraídos, foi constatado que a ruralidade pouco se alterou entre os anos de 2000 e 2010. Também foi observado um aumento na intensidade das atividades agrícolas no meio rural e da renda não agrícola nos municípios pertencentes aos estados do Mato Grosso do Sul e Mato Grosso entre os dois anos analisados. Foram encontradas diferentes associações dos escores fatoriais ruralidade, agriculturalização e renda não agrícola. Levando a conclusão de que não existe um único padrão de evolução e associação entre ruralidade, agriculturalização e renda não agrícola nos estados analisados nos anos de 2000 e 2010. Por meio da análise exploratória de dados espaciais, constatou-se a presença de clusters espaciais Alto-Alto e Baixo-Baixo nas fronteiras dos estados e que a intensidade das atividades agrícolas do município i sofre influência das atividades agrícolas dos municípios vizinhos. A partir desse resultado, buscou-se estimar os determinantes da intensidade das atividades agrícolas no meio rural, utilizando os conceitos de variáveis de primeira e de segunda natureza, e empregando a econometria espacial. Os resultados das estimativas indicam a presença do efeito transbordamento, ou seja, um alto valor na variável intensidade das atividades agrícolas nos municípios vizinhos, aumenta o valor dessa variável no município i e que as variáveis valor total do crédito agrícola para custeio, valor da produção agrícola dividido pela área explorada, área explorada dividida pela área total dos estabelecimentos agropecuários, área não agrícola e distância do município até a capital estadual possuem relevância para explicar a intensidade das atividades agrícolas no meio rural dos estados analisados. Entretanto, as variáveis área explorada dividida pela área dos estabelecimentos agropecuários, distância do município até à capital estadual e área não agrícola são as mais importantes para determinar a agriculturalização dos municípios, indicando que a intensidade das atividades agrícolas nos municípios está mais ligada a eficácia do uso da terra. / In the last four decades, in particular, the Brazilian countryside has been showing a new dynamic in its population and activities, which leads to a new configuration. This new setting can be observed with respect to the occupation of the people in rural areas, with fall of the number of persons employed in agricultural activities with rural residence in the 21th century. Noting the new rural setting to the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás, noted that they have presented the aforementioned phenomena. However, the dynamics of rural occupation in Brazil does not occur homogeneously. That said, we seek to, through this thesis, analyzing the distribution and determinants of agricultural intensity in rural areas of the municipalities of the State of São Paulo, Paraná, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goias for the years 2000 and 2010. Through factor analysis were generated three indicators (represented by fatorais scores of factors extracted) namely: the indicator of rurality, the agriculturalização (intensity of agricultural activities in rural areas) and of non-agricultural income. Analyzing the spatial distribution of these indicators, represented by fatorais scores of factors extracted, it has been found that the rurally little changed between the years 2000 and 2010. Was also observed an increase in the intensity of agricultural activities in rural areas and non-agricultural income in the municipalities belonging to the states of Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso among the two years analyzed. Different associations have been found of factorials, agriculturalização and rurality scores income non-agricultural.Leading to the conclusion that there is no single pattern of evolution and association between rurality, agriculturalização and non-agricultural income in the states examined in the years 2000 and 2010. Through the exploratory analysis of spatial data, it was found the presence of clusters High-High and Low-Low spatial-bass on borders and states that the intensity of agricultural activities of the municipality i suffer influence of agricultural activities of neighboring municipalities. From this result, sought to estimate the determinants of the intensity of agricultural activities in rural areas, using the concepts of variables and nature, and employing spatial Econometrics. The results of the estimates indicate the presence of spillover effect, i.e., a high value in the variable intensity of agricultural activities in the neighboring municipalities, increases the value of this variable in the municipality i and that the total value of the agricultural credit variables for costing, value of agricultural production divided by the area explored, exploited area divided by the total area of agricultural establishments, non-agricultural area and distance from the municipality to the State capital have relevance to explain the intensity of agricultural activities in rural areas of the states examined. However, the variables explored area divided by the area of agricultural establishments, away from the municipality to the state capital and non-agricultural area are the most important to determine the agriculturalização of the municipalities, indicating that the intensity of agricultural activities in the municipalities ir more on the effectiveness of land use.
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Landscape Evaluation of Bagan Cultural Heritage Site in Myanmar / ミャンマーのバガン文化遺産地域における景観評価Min, Zar Ni Aung 23 March 2020 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22501号 / 農博第2405号 / 新制||農||1077(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5281(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 神﨑 護, 教授 德地 直子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
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Strategy for viable, sustainable urban agriculture in a dynamic, urbanising societyLeech, Michael Graham 08 1900 (has links)
At Constitutional level, legislation in South Africa entrenches the provision of food and water for all its citizens. In instances where citizens are unable to provide in these basic requirements for themselves, social assistance should be provided to ensure a healthy life for all. In this regard, legislation and Town Planning ordinances and regulations are in place to ensure that built-up environments in which we live and work are healthy and safe for all. However, this study revealed that food provisioning by community gardeners is peripheral in legislation, ordinances and regulations and the practice of urban agriculture is, in many instances, in conflict with the principle of safe and healthy food for all.
Community gardeners/urban agriculturists are food farmers within the city who produce food for themselves and others without the checks and balances that are otherwise applicable to food brought into the city from outside. While food production on any piece of available land is vital for these community gardeners for their sustenance and survival, it could become a potential health hazard if no checks or testing measures are in place to ensure that the food being produced is safe for human consumption.
The study sought the views and perceptions of community gardeners, residents, Environmental Health Practitioners and Town Planners in the eThekwini Metro region with regards to community gardening/urban agriculture and its impact on food provisioning to citizens. For data collection, a one-on-one interviewing survey method was used with all four groups and results were calculated and converted to average percentages and analysed.
The results revealed that there was conflict between legislation, ordinances and regulations regarding the production of food in the built-up environment of the EThekwini Municipality. It was also revealed that there was no cohesive policy to control the production of food produced and sold by community gardeners in the study area.
The need for control measures and regulations regarding food production and sale by community gardeners was highlighted. Moreover, where ineffective or none such measures or controls exist, a transparent and consultative process involving all stakeholders must take place in order to establish up viable and sustainable control
measures. The people who will be most affected by these rules, namely the community gardeners, should be pivotal role players in the establishment of a sustainable urban agriculture policy.
Recommendations to address the problems illuminated by the study are presented. / Environmental Sciences / Ph.D. (Environmental Management)
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Jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumo skatinimas / Encouragement of Young Farmers' EntrepreneurshipGudaitienė, Gražina 16 June 2014 (has links)
Tyrimo objektas – jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumo ugdymas.
Darbo tikslas – atlikus jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumo skatinimo būklės analizę, pagrįsti verslumo skatinimo prioritetus ir kryptis inovatyvaus ūkininkavimo kontekste.
Tyrimo tikslui pasiekti darbe numatyti išspręsti šie uždaviniai:
1. Išanalizuoti verslumo ugdymo modelius ir jų teorinius aspektus.
2. Išanalizuoti jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumo skatinimo priemonių poveikį jų versliniam aktyvumui.
3. Pagrįsti jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumo skatinimo prioritetus ir kryptis inovatyvaus ūkininkavimo kontekste.
Tyrimo metodai. Verslumo ugdymo modelių ir teorinių aspektų analizė atliekama mokslinės literatūros, dokumentų, content, lyginamosios analizės, sisteminimo ir apibendrinimų metodais. Jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumo skatinimo būklei nustatyti naudojama statistinių bei antrinių duomenų lyginamoji analizė. Jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumo skatinimo prioritetų išskyrimui naudojamas reikšmingumo laukų metodas. Jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumo skatinimo krypčių pagrindimui taikomas loginio modeliavimo metodas.
Magistrantūros studijų baugiamąjį darbą sudaro 3 dalys. Pirmoje dalyje atskleistas verslumo skatinimo aktualumas, verslumo skatinimo veiksniai, būdai ir modeliai. Antroje darbo dalyje pateikta jaunųjų ūkininkų verslumą skatinančių priemonių poveikio jų versliniam aktyvumui tyrimo metodika ir apibendrinti tyrimo rezultatai. Trečioje darbo dalyje išskirti jaunųjų ūkininkų prioritetai, kryptys ir priemonės.
Tyrimo rezultatai buvo pristatyti pranešimais ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research object: development of entrepreneurship among young farmers. The aim of the thesis is to conduct analysis of the status of young farmer entrepreneurship incentives and consequently to justify the priorities and directions of entrepreneurship incentives in the context of innovative farming. To objectives:
1. to analyse entrepreneurship education models and their theoretical aspects;
2. to analyse the impact of young farmer entrepreneurship incentive tools on their entrepreneurial pro-activeness;
3. to justify the priorities and directions of young farmer entrepreneurship incentives in the context of innovative farming.
Research methods. Analysis of entrepreneurship education models and theoretical aspects using scientific literature, document, and content comparative analysis, systematization, and generalization methods. Comparative analysis of statistical and secondary data is used to determine the status of young farmer entrepreneurship incentives. The method of importance levels is used to identify the priorities of young farmer entrepreneurship incentives and logic simulation techniques are employed to justify the directions of young farmer entrepreneurship incentives. The master's thesis consists of 3 parts. The first part reveals the relevance, factors, methods and models of entrepreneurship incentives. Part Two describes the methodology of research into the impact of young farmer entrepreneurship incentive tools on their entrepreneurial pro-activeness and... [to full text]
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Διερεύνηση της επίδρασης γεωργικών δραστηριοτήτων στην κατανομή θρεπτικών αλάτων σε παράκτιο θαλάσσιο περιβάλλονΜυλωνή, Δήμητρα 28 September 2010 (has links)
Η έννοια του περιβάλλοντος στις μέρες μας αποτελεί ίσως ένα από τα πλέον καυτά θέματα συζήτησης όχι μόνο στους κόλπους της επιστημονικής κοινότητας αλλά και στην καθημερινότητα των σύγχρονων ανθρώπων. Η παρουσία του ανθρώπου σε ένα οικοσύστημα, το οποίο έχει προσαρμοστεί στις ανάγκες του και τροποποιηθεί ανάλογα, με στόχο να καλύπτει τις απαιτήσεις του έχει ως αποτέλεσμα να δέχεται εισροές από το εξωτερικό περιβάλλον και να παράγει εισροές με την σειρά του για άλλα συστήματα.
Σήµερα η απειλή από ένα πλήθος περιβαλλοντικών πιέσεων καθιστά αναγκαία τη γνώση εκείνων των παραγόντων που οδηγούν στην υποβάθµιση των υδάτινων οικοσυστηµάτων.
Μια από τις πλέον επιβαρυντικές δραστηριότητες του ανθρώπου όσο αναφορά την ποιότητα των υδάτων είναι η γεωργία. Η ευρεία και τις περισσότερες φορές ανεξέλεγκτη χρήση αγροχημικών σκευασμάτων, τα οποία χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως από τους καλλιεργητές με κύριο στόχο την αύξηση της απόδοσης της αγροτικής παραγωγής τους, αλλά και την προστασία των προϊόντων αυτής από τη δράση επιβλαβών οργανισμών, έχει ως αποτέλεσμα την επιβάρυνση των υδάτων με υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις ρυπογόνων ή και τοξικών χημικών ουσιών.
Αντικείµενο της παρούσας µελέτης είναι η έρευνα και καταγραφή των θρεπτικών στοιχείων καθώς και άλλων παραμέτρων στο νερό των ποταμών, των ρεμάτων και της θαλάσσιας ακτογραμμής, των αγροτικών κατά κύριο λόγο περιοχών που επιλέχθηκαν για μελέτη. Επιχειρείται η διερεύνηση της επιρροής των γεωργικών απορροών στο υδάτινο παράκτιο περιβάλλον μέσω της διακίνησης και κατανομής μακροστοιχείων που αποτελούν και τα κύρια συστατικά των εφαρμοζόμενων λιπασμάτων. / -
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Otimização da renda das atividades produtivas de uma propriedade rural familiar / Income optimization of the productive activities from a rural family propertyWickert, Liro Sebaldo 18 August 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work seeks to identify and to analyze the agricultural activities which optimize income in
a rural family property using linear programming, called software Lindo, considering limits or
restrictions of size, labor and financial resources. The methodology included the IBGE data
analysis, among other official data sources to define the main agricultural activities of the
region, including forest production or reforestation activities, fruits and vegetables,
characterized as optimization model. Six scenarios were considered in the model, varying the
amount of labor, as a restriction in each scenario. The results showed that, regardless of the
amount of labor used, garlic is the main activity of the model, being cultivated in all
scenarios, with demand of approximately 70% of all labor. Another clear point of the result in
the optimization model is that in the scenarios with greater availability of labor the model opt
for more intensive activities, this happens in the scenarios 04, 05 and 06, from the use of four
people or above , during the year, with peach and strawberry cultivation. In contrast, with less
labor availability, as in scenarios 01, 02 and 03, it opts for the use of most of the area with
less labor-intensive activities, such as soybeans with maize (crop and mini crop) and soybean
(crop and mini crop). Although the size of the property is a limiting factor, with the use of a
larger number of people, that is, of labor, income generation is possible and feasible,
respecting the choice of activities that compensate for its use. / Este trabalho procura identificar e analisar as atividades agrícolas que otimizam a renda em
uma propriedade familiar rural utilizando-se da programação linear, por meio do software
Lindo, considerando limites ou restrições de tamanho, mão de obra e recursos financeiros. A
metodologia incluiu a análise de dados do IBGE, dentre outras fontes de dados oficiais para
definição das principais atividades agrícolas da região, incluindo atividades de produção
florestal ou reflorestamento, frutas e verduras, caracterizadas como modelo de otimização.
Foram considerados seis cenários no modelo, variando a quantidade de mão de obra, como
restrição em cada cenário. Os resultados apontaram que independentemente da quantidade de
mão de obra utilizada, o alho é a principal atividade do modelo, sendo cultivada em todos os
cenários, com demanda de aproximadamente 70% de toda a mão de obra. Outro apontamento
claro do resultado do modelo de otimização, é que nos cenários com maior disponibilidade de
mão de obra o modelo opta por atividades mais intensivas por esta, isto acontece nos cenários
04, 05 e 06, a partir do uso de quatro pessoas ou acima, durante o ano, com cultivo também de
pêssego e morango. De modo contrário com menor disponibilidade de mão de obra, como nos
cenários 01, 02 e 03, opta pelo uso da maior parte da área com atividades menos intensivas
em mão de obra, como soja com milho (safra e safrinha) e soja (safra e safrinha). Apesar do
tamanho da propriedade ser um fator limitante, com o uso de um maior número de pessoas, ou
seja, de mão de obra, a geração de renda é possível e viável , respeitando-se a escolha de
atividades que compensem a sua utilização.
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