Les patients atteints de stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NAFLD) développent fréquemment des manifestations cardiovasculaires. Bien que souvent liées à l'obésité, ces anomalies peuvent également se développer chez des patients non obèses atteints de NAFLD impliquant que cette pathologie hépatique joue, en soi, un rôle dans la pathogenèse des complications cardiaques. Pour répondre à cette question et étudier les mécanismes sous-jacents indépendamment de toutes perturbations métaboliques et comorbidités préexistantes, nous avons utilisé un modèle murin arborant une déficience mitochondriale hépatique associée à un défaut d'assemblage du complexe IV de la chaîne respiratoire. Ce modèle murin avait préalablement été caractérisé au niveau hépatique mettant alors en évidence le développement d'une stéatose microvésiculaire et un profil lipidomique similaire à celui observé chez les patients atteints d'une NAFLD sans obésité. L'identification des mécanismes qui sous-tendent le développement et la progression de la NAFLD sans obésité et de ces répercussions extra-hépatiques ne faisant pas l'objet d'un très grand nombre d'études fondamentales, l'objectif principal était donc d'étudier l'axe foie-coeur. Dans le cadre des travaux de ce mémoire, nous avons cherché à approfondir la caractérisation hépatique, préalablement faite à l'âge de 5 semaines et ayant fait l'objet de publications par des laboratoires collaborateurs. Nous avons par la suite investigué la glycémie, l'insulinémie et le profil des lipoprotéines plasmatiques pour finir par l'analyse du métabolisme et de la fonction cardiaque. L'ensemble de ces expériences ont été faites en prenant en compte l'impact non négligeable du sexe sur la physiopathologie de la NAFLD. Nos résultats ont dévoilé un important remodelage phénotypique sexe-dépendant allant au-delà des lésions hépatiques. Les mâles un peu plus que les femelles présentaient une hypoglycémie à jeun et une sensibilité accrue à l'insuline. Ils présentaient un léger dysfonctionnement diastolique soutenu par un remodelage des lipoprotéines circulantes et dans une certaine mesure, par un remodelage du lipidome cardiaque. À l'inverse, les femelles ne manifestaient aucun dysfonctionnement cardiaque, mais présentaient des déficiences cardiométaboliques soutenues par une altération de l’intégrité et la fonction mitochondriale, un remodelage des lipoprotéines circulantes et une accumulation intracardiaque de triglycérides. À la lumière de ces résultats, cette étude souligne que les défauts métaboliques dans le foie peuvent entraîner des anomalies significatives et dépendantes du sexe affectant à la fois le phénotype mitochondrial/métabolique et la fonction contractile indépendamment de l'obésité. Ce modèle expérimental pourrait s'avérer utile dans la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents à la variabilité liée au sexe dans la progression de la NAFLD chez l'homme non obèse. / Cardiac abnormalities often develop in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although frequently linked to obesity, these abnormalities can also develop in patients with lean-NAFLD, implying that the liver pathology per se plays a role in the pathogenesis of cardiac complications. To address this question and investigate the underlying mechanisms independent of any pre-existent metabolic disruptions and comorbidities, we used a murine model of hepatic mitochondrial deficiency associated with a defect in the assembly of respiratory chain complex IV. This mouse model had previously been characterized at the hepatic level, showing the presence of microvesicular steatosis, and a lipidomic profile similar to that observed in patients with lean-NAFLD. Because few fundamental studies have adressed the identification of mechanisms underlying the development and progression of lean-NAFLD and its extrahepatic repercussions, the main aim was to study the liver-heart axis. As a part of this master's project, we sought to deepen the hepatic characterization of this mouse model, previously done at 5-weeks of age, and published by collaborators. We then investigated glycemia, insulinemia and plasma lipoprotein profile, and finally examined cardiac metabolism and function. All these experiments were done in consideration of the non-negligible impact of sexe on the pathophysiology of NAFLD. Our results unveiled a sex-dependent multi-faceted phenotypic remodeling that went beyond liver damage. Males, slightly more than females, showed fasting hypoglycemia and increased insulin sensitivity. They exhibited mild diastolic dysfunction supported by remodeling of the circulating lipoproteins, and to some extent remodeling of cardiac lipidome. Conversely, females did not manifest cardiac dysfunction, but exhibited cardiometabolic impairments supported by impaired mitochondrial integrity and function, remodeling of circulating lipoproteins, and intracardiac accumulation of triglycerides. In light of these findings, this study underscores that metabolic defects in the liver can result in significant sex-dependent abnormalities that affect both the mitochondrial/metabolic phenotype and contractile function independent of obesity. This experimental model may prove useful to better understand the mechanisms underlying the sex-related variability in the progression of lean-NAFLD in humans.

La protéine mitochondriale LRPPRC (leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat motif containing), codée par le gène nucléaire du même nom, est impliquée dans la stabilisation des ARNm mitochondriaux, particulièrement les ARNm codants pour l’assemblage du complexe IV (COX) de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale (OXPHOS). Le syndrome de Leigh de type canadien français (LSFC) est une maladie mitochondriale neurodégénérative caractérisée par une mutation spécifique A354V du gène Lrpprc, et par une déficience de l’activité de COX. Les organes les plus affectés sont le foie et le cerveau mais, les mécanismes associés à la progression de la maladie restent encore peu compris. Un modèle murin à délétion hépato-spécifique en LRPPRC (H-LRPPRC KO) a été créé dans le but d’étudier l’aspect hépatique du LSFC caractérisé par des dommages et une stéatose hépatique. Représentant l’objectif 1 de ce mémoire, le modèle H-LRPPRC KO a été utilisé pour une étude de caractérisation de la stéatose hépatique non-alcoolique (SHNA) sans obésité dans laquelle nous avons pu mettre en évidence une progression plus avancée de la pathologie hépatique chez les souris mâles associée à la présence d’une dysfonction cardiaque diastolique. L’objectif 2 de ce mémoire a pour but la caractérisation d’un nouveau modèle murin plus représentatif du LSFC pour ultimement trouver de nouvelles signatures/approches thérapeutiques. Nous utilisons cette fois un modèle murin développé par nos collaborateurs, à délétion inductible (KI), par le tamoxifène, de Lrpprc sur un allèle tandis que le deuxième exprime la mutation A354V spécifique au LSFC pour ainsi caractériser la maladie d’un point de vue biochimique et moléculaire. Nos premiers résultats montrent des signatures et caractéristiques comparables à celles observées chez les patient(e)s LSFC et dans le modèle H-LRPPRC KO avec une perte de poids drastique, une diminution des niveaux de la protéine LRPPRC et de COX et plusieurs perturbations du profil lipidomique dans le foie, le plasma et le cerveau. Ces résultats posent les bases biochimiques et moléculaires de ce modèle pour justifier son utilisation ultérieure pour l’évaluation des manifestations cliniques comme les atteintes musculaires et encore cognitives tel qu’observé chez les personnes atteintes de LSFC. / The mitochondrial protein LRPPRC (leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat motif containing), encoded by the nuclear gene of the same name, is involved in the stabilization of mitochondrial mRNAs, particularly those coding for the assembly of complex IV (COX) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (OXPHOS). Leigh syndrome French Canadian type (LSFC) is a mitochondrial neurodegenerative disease characterized by a specific A354V mutation in the Lrpprc gene as well as a deficiency in COX activity. The most affected organs are the liver and brain, but the mechanisms associated with disease progression remain poorly understood. A hepato-specific knockout of LRPPRC mouse model (H-LRPPRC KO) was created to study the hepatic aspect of LSFC which includes liver damage and steatosis. Defined as the first objective of this master’s thesis, the H-LRPPRC KO model was used for the characterization of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis (NAHS) without obesity in which we were able to highlight a more advanced progression of liver pathology in male mice associated with the presence of cardiac diastolic dysfunction. Furthermore, the second objective of this master’s thesis aims to characterize a new mouse model more representative of LSFC to ultimately find new therapeutic signatures/approaches. Here, we use a mouse model developed by our collaborators with tamoxifen-inducible deletion (KI) of Lrpprc on one allele, while the second one expresses the LSFC-specific A354V mutation, to characterize the disease from a biochemical and molecular perspective. Our initial results show signatures and characteristics comparable to those observed in LSFC patients as well as in the H-LRPPRC KO model, with drastic weight loss, reduced protein levels of LRPPRC and COX, and several disturbances of the lipidomic profile in liver, plasma and brain. These results lay the biochemical and molecular foundations of this model, justifying its future use in the evaluation of clinical manifestations such as muscular and cognitive impairment as observed in LSFC patients.

INTRODUÇÃO: A esteato-hepatite não alcóolica (NASH) é considerada problema de saúde pública, dada sua crescente incidência e seu possível papel na carcinogênese hepato-celular. Terapias atuais envolvem alterações de dieta e estilo de vida, mas têm seu resultado prejudicado pela baixa aderência dos pacientes. Abordagens farmacológicas ainda são precárias. Uma grande dificuldade no manejo de NASH reside no limitado entendimento de sua fisiopatologia, que parece envolver complexas alterações metabólicas e inflamatórias. Ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 (AGPIs n-3) são reconhecidos por suas propriedades moduladoras do metabolismo lipídico e da inflamação, e estão diminuídos em pacientes com NASH. O uso clínico de AGPIs n-3 tem mostrado benefício no controle da esteatose e na produção de marcadores da resposta metabólica e inflamatória em NASH, embora com algumas observações contraditórias. A compreensão de mecanismos moleculares modulados por AGPIs n-3 em NASH podem ser úteis para identificar alvos moleculares que auxiliem no desenho de intervenção farmacológica efetiva. Nesse sentido, ciências ômicas são particularmente úteis para a compreensão de mecanismos moleculares com alto valor translacional para a prática clínica e podem contribuir para a identificação desses alvos. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo avaliou a resposta proteômica hepática e lipidômica plasmática de pacientes com NASH perante o tratamento com AGPIs n-3. MÉTODO: As avaliações proteômicas e lipidômicas foram desenvolvidas por espectometria de massas e/ou cromatografia gasosa em amostras de biópsias hepáticas e plasma coletadas de pacientes envolvidos em estudo preliminar, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O referido estudo envolveu pacientes adultos, de ambos os sexos e com diagnóstico de NASH tratados diariamente, durante 6 meses, com 3 cápsulas contendo mistura de óleo de linhaça e óleo de peixe [0,315 g AGPIs: sendo 0,065 g de ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA), 0,050 g de docosahexaenoico (DHA) e 0,2 g alfa linolênico (ALA) por cápsula]. Pacientes, após o tratamento com AGPIs n-3, que apresentaram altas concentrações plasmáticas de ALA e/ou DHA e/ou baixas de ácido araquidônico (AA) mostraram melhora parcial das alterações de histologia hepática. No presente estudo, avaliamos as vias proteômicas e marcadores lipidômicos resultantes do tratamento com AGPIs n-3. Isto foi feito por meio da comparação, antes (grupo AT) e depois do tratamento (grupo DT), de pools de tecido hepático (análise por interactoma) e amostras de plasma (OPLS-DA). RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas proteínas hepáticas, exclusivamente e/ou alteradamente expressas, no grupo DT, relacionadas com vias de matriz celular, metabolismo lipídico, de estresse oxidativo, e de retículo endoplasmático e respiração celular. Com excessão da via de matriz celular, a análise do interactoma revelou alteração funcional significativa das vias moduladas por essas proteínas. Em conjunto, essas alterações foram sugestivas de diminuição de lipotoxicidade, estresse oxidativo e respiração anaeróbia, e aumento de respiração aeróbia após tratamento com AGPIs n-3. Estas modificações são marcadores potenciais de melhora de função de retículo endoplasmático e mitocondrial. Em adição, após o tratamento com AGPIs n-3, o perfil lipidômico plasmático mostrou-se alterado com significativo aumento de glicerofosfolípides, ALA e EPA, e diminuição de ácido araquidônico (n-6) e da razão AGPIs n-6/n-3. Estes dados são concordantes com potencial melhora das funções de retículo endoplasmático e mitocondriais. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com AGPIs n-3 em pacientes com NASH influenciou favoravelmente o perfil proteômico hepático e lipidômico sistêmico. Em conjunto, essas alterações sugerem melhora da função de retículo endoplasmático e mitocondrial, com potencial impacto na homeostase celular, por meio da modulação de diferentes vias biológicas / INTRODUCTION: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered a public health problem, given its increasing incidence and its possible role in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Current therapies involve diet and lifestyle changes, but its applicability suffers from low patients adherence. Pharmacological approaches are still missing. A main difficulty in the NASH management lies in the limited understanding of its pathophysiology, which seems to involve complex metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are recognized for its modulatory properties on lipid metabolism and inflammation and are decreased in patients with NASH. The clinical use of these PUFAs has shown benefit in controlling steatosis and the production of metabolic and inflammatory response markers in NASH, despite some conflicting reports. Understanding mechanisms modulated by n-3 PUFAs in NASH may be useful for identifying molecular targets that could assist in the design of effective pharmacologic interventions. In this sense, omics sciences are particularly useful for understanding molecular mechanisms with high translational value to clinical practice and may contribute to the identification of these targets. AIM: This study evaluated the liver proteomic and plasma lipidomics responses of patients with NASH towards treatment with n-3 PUFAs. METHODS: The proteomic and lipidomic evaluations were studied by mass spectrometry and / or gas chromatography in samples from liver biopsies and plasma collected from patients enrolled in a preliminary clinical trial of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. This study involved adult patients of both sexes diagnosed with NASH treated daily for 6 months, with 3 capsules containing a mixture of linseed and fish oils [0.315 g PUFAs: 0.065 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) , 0.050 g docosahexaenoic (DHA) and 0.2 g alpha linolenic acid (ALA) per capsule]. Patients, after treatment with n-3 PUFAs, with higher concentrations of ALA and DHA and lower arachidonic acid (AA) showed improvement of liver histology alterations. In the present study we evaluated the proteomics pathways and lipidomics markers resulted from treatment with PUFAs n-3. This was performed by comparing, before (BT group) and after (AT group) treatment, liver tissue pools (analysis interactome) and plasma samples (OPLS-DA). RESULTS: It was identified, in a way exclusive and altered, the expressed liver proteins in AT group, related to pathways of cellular matrix, lipid metabolism, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellular respiration. With the exception of cell matrix, the analysis of the interactome revealed substantial functional alterations of the pathways modulated by these proteins. Together, these changes were suggestive of decreased lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and anaerobic respiration and increased aerobic respiration following treatment with PUFAs n-3. These modifications are potential markers of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions improvement. In addition, after treatment with n-3 PUFAs, the lipidomics profile was modified, with significant increase in glycerophospholipids, ALA and EPA and decrease of arachidonic acid (AA) and n-6/n-3 AGPIs ratio. These findings are concordant with potential improvement of reticulum endoplasmic and mitochondrial functions. CONCLUSION: In patients with NASH the treatment with n-3 PUFAs favorably influenced hepatic proteomic and systemic lipidomics profiles. Together, these changes suggest improved endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions, with potential impact on cellular homeostasis through the modulation of different biological pathways

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: A esteato-hepatite não alcóolica (NASH) é considerada problema de saúde pública, dada sua crescente incidência e seu possível papel na carcinogênese hepato-celular. Terapias atuais envolvem alterações de dieta e estilo de vida, mas têm seu resultado prejudicado pela baixa aderência dos pacientes. Abordagens farmacológicas ainda são precárias. Uma grande dificuldade no manejo de NASH reside no limitado entendimento de sua fisiopatologia, que parece envolver complexas alterações metabólicas e inflamatórias. Ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 (AGPIs n-3) são reconhecidos por suas propriedades moduladoras do metabolismo lipídico e da inflamação, e estão diminuídos em pacientes com NASH. O uso clínico de AGPIs n-3 tem mostrado benefício no controle da esteatose e na produção de marcadores da resposta metabólica e inflamatória em NASH, embora com algumas observações contraditórias. A compreensão de mecanismos moleculares modulados por AGPIs n-3 em NASH podem ser úteis para identificar alvos moleculares que auxiliem no desenho de intervenção farmacológica efetiva. Nesse sentido, ciências ômicas são particularmente úteis para a compreensão de mecanismos moleculares com alto valor translacional para a prática clínica e podem contribuir para a identificação desses alvos. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo avaliou a resposta proteômica hepática e lipidômica plasmática de pacientes com NASH perante o tratamento com AGPIs n-3. MÉTODO: As avaliações proteômicas e lipidômicas foram desenvolvidas por espectometria de massas e/ou cromatografia gasosa em amostras de biópsias hepáticas e plasma coletadas de pacientes envolvidos em estudo preliminar, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. O referido estudo envolveu pacientes adultos, de ambos os sexos e com diagnóstico de NASH tratados diariamente, durante 6 meses, com 3 cápsulas contendo mistura de óleo de linhaça e óleo de peixe [0,315 g AGPIs: sendo 0,065 g de ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA), 0,050 g de docosahexaenoico (DHA) e 0,2 g alfa linolênico (ALA) por cápsula]. Pacientes, após o tratamento com AGPIs n-3, que apresentaram altas concentrações plasmáticas de ALA e/ou DHA e/ou baixas de ácido araquidônico (AA) mostraram melhora parcial das alterações de histologia hepática. No presente estudo, avaliamos as vias proteômicas e marcadores lipidômicos resultantes do tratamento com AGPIs n-3. Isto foi feito por meio da comparação, antes (grupo AT) e depois do tratamento (grupo DT), de pools de tecido hepático (análise por interactoma) e amostras de plasma (OPLS-DA). RESULTADOS: Foram identificadas proteínas hepáticas, exclusivamente e/ou alteradamente expressas, no grupo DT, relacionadas com vias de matriz celular, metabolismo lipídico, de estresse oxidativo, e de retículo endoplasmático e respiração celular. Com excessão da via de matriz celular, a análise do interactoma revelou alteração funcional significativa das vias moduladas por essas proteínas. Em conjunto, essas alterações foram sugestivas de diminuição de lipotoxicidade, estresse oxidativo e respiração anaeróbia, e aumento de respiração aeróbia após tratamento com AGPIs n-3. Estas modificações são marcadores potenciais de melhora de função de retículo endoplasmático e mitocondrial. Em adição, após o tratamento com AGPIs n-3, o perfil lipidômico plasmático mostrou-se alterado com significativo aumento de glicerofosfolípides, ALA e EPA, e diminuição de ácido araquidônico (n-6) e da razão AGPIs n-6/n-3. Estes dados são concordantes com potencial melhora das funções de retículo endoplasmático e mitocondriais. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento com AGPIs n-3 em pacientes com NASH influenciou favoravelmente o perfil proteômico hepático e lipidômico sistêmico. Em conjunto, essas alterações sugerem melhora da função de retículo endoplasmático e mitocondrial, com potencial impacto na homeostase celular, por meio da modulação de diferentes vias biológicas / INTRODUCTION: Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is considered a public health problem, given its increasing incidence and its possible role in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Current therapies involve diet and lifestyle changes, but its applicability suffers from low patients adherence. Pharmacological approaches are still missing. A main difficulty in the NASH management lies in the limited understanding of its pathophysiology, which seems to involve complex metabolic and inflammatory disturbances. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are recognized for its modulatory properties on lipid metabolism and inflammation and are decreased in patients with NASH. The clinical use of these PUFAs has shown benefit in controlling steatosis and the production of metabolic and inflammatory response markers in NASH, despite some conflicting reports. Understanding mechanisms modulated by n-3 PUFAs in NASH may be useful for identifying molecular targets that could assist in the design of effective pharmacologic interventions. In this sense, omics sciences are particularly useful for understanding molecular mechanisms with high translational value to clinical practice and may contribute to the identification of these targets. AIM: This study evaluated the liver proteomic and plasma lipidomics responses of patients with NASH towards treatment with n-3 PUFAs. METHODS: The proteomic and lipidomic evaluations were studied by mass spectrometry and / or gas chromatography in samples from liver biopsies and plasma collected from patients enrolled in a preliminary clinical trial of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. This study involved adult patients of both sexes diagnosed with NASH treated daily for 6 months, with 3 capsules containing a mixture of linseed and fish oils [0.315 g PUFAs: 0.065 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) , 0.050 g docosahexaenoic (DHA) and 0.2 g alpha linolenic acid (ALA) per capsule]. Patients, after treatment with n-3 PUFAs, with higher concentrations of ALA and DHA and lower arachidonic acid (AA) showed improvement of liver histology alterations. In the present study we evaluated the proteomics pathways and lipidomics markers resulted from treatment with PUFAs n-3. This was performed by comparing, before (BT group) and after (AT group) treatment, liver tissue pools (analysis interactome) and plasma samples (OPLS-DA). RESULTS: It was identified, in a way exclusive and altered, the expressed liver proteins in AT group, related to pathways of cellular matrix, lipid metabolism, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress and cellular respiration. With the exception of cell matrix, the analysis of the interactome revealed substantial functional alterations of the pathways modulated by these proteins. Together, these changes were suggestive of decreased lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and anaerobic respiration and increased aerobic respiration following treatment with PUFAs n-3. These modifications are potential markers of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions improvement. In addition, after treatment with n-3 PUFAs, the lipidomics profile was modified, with significant increase in glycerophospholipids, ALA and EPA and decrease of arachidonic acid (AA) and n-6/n-3 AGPIs ratio. These findings are concordant with potential improvement of reticulum endoplasmic and mitochondrial functions. CONCLUSION: In patients with NASH the treatment with n-3 PUFAs favorably influenced hepatic proteomic and systemic lipidomics profiles. Together, these changes suggest improved endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions, with potential impact on cellular homeostasis through the modulation of different biological pathways

This study explores the possible efficacy of a low carbohydrate and high fat nutritional intervention (LCHF) as a treatment possibility aiming to improve the ability of self-control and regulation in the context of carbohydrate-addiction. The study first outlines why increased simple carbohydrate consumption has been implicated as a risk-factor in numerous chronic conditions, and then explores the possibility that a reduction of such consumption could lower general medical expenditure in the healthcare sector of already overburdened institutions, especially in developing countries like South Africa. Since the neurobiological evidence for food addiction is compelling, this study investigates the impact of a low carbohydrate and high fat eating (LCHF) regimen by measuring the change in the severity of addictive behaviour in relation to a reduced carbohydrate consumption. Results indicate that a LCHF nutritional intervention lessened addictive behaviour after just 30 days, resulting in a statistically significant decrease in addiction symptoms from day 1 to day 30. The weight and BMI values of the participants recorded at the end of the study showed a reduction from those obtained during the pre- treatment stage, and the self-perceived ‘feeling in control’ also improved in all participants after the intervention. The introduction of a LCHF nutritional intervention presents a relatively cost-effective treatment and preventative measure to combat carbohydrate over-consumption and its numerous health complications, and it is therefore hoped that the positive findings of this study will foster further research, using larger samples, into this type of nutritional intervention against addictive eating behaviour. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)