Dans la conception et la fabrication des structures, l'assemblage des composants est une étape cruciale en termes de durabilité et de fiabilité. Les techniques l'assemblage dites mécaniques telles que le boulonnage, le rivetage et le soudage entre autres, ont longtemps été celles traditionnelles. Toutefois, les avancées dans l'étude et l'analyse de la fissuration au sein des matériaux ont permis de mettre en évidence certains de leurs inconvénients en tant que cause de rupture de ces structures à travers les concentrations de contraintes localisées et/ou l'altération mécanique ou thermique des propriétés locales des pièces assemblées. Ainsi, des techniques alternatives tel que le collage structural ont été développées permettant de s'affranchir ou plutôt de réduire ces effets indésirables lors de l'assemblage, pour le peu que le processus soit bien maîtrisé. Parmi les avantages les plus connus, le collage permet d'une part une meilleure transmission et répartition des efforts à l'interface réduisant ainsi l'endommagement en fatigue et augmentant la durée de vie de l'assemblage, et d'autre part, de conserver l'intégrité des pièces à assembler. D'autres avantages proviennent également de la conception des adhésifs structuraux qui, après l'application de traitements physico-chimiques permettent d'ajouter des propriétés thermiques, acoustiques et d'étanchéité.Malgré ces avantages, le collage souffre d'une réputation de non fiabilité due aux manques d'outils de prédiction du comportement des joints collés. En effet, les paramètres qui influent sur le comportement de l'interface sont nombreux et sont souvent sources de variabilité sur la résistance du joint de colle. L'étude de cette ténacité des joints d'adhésif s'effectue grâce à des essais de fissuration selon différents modes de rupture qui cherchent à mesurer l'énergie de fissuration de l'assemblage. La connaissance de cette énergie permet d'être prédictif dans la plupart des cas sur la propagation des fissures pour le peu que nous soyons en mesure de décrire et de prédire le comportement de l'interface.D'un point de vue numérique, de nombreuses techniques et formulations de loi de comportement ont été proposées dans un souci de reproduire le comportement de l'interface au sein des assemblages. Parmi ces dernières, celle des lois de zone cohésive semble être une voie des plus prometteuses en terme de modélisation et de simulation des interfaces par son caractère local et discret. Parmi les avantages qu'elles procurent demeurent la prise en compte intrinsèque de l'endommagement et des phénoménologies du comportement du joint collé. En outre, de nombreuses études ont été entreprises pour identifier ces lois de zone cohésive en comparant des observations issues d'essais de fissuration et des sorties de modèle où elles sont utilisées. Cette identification se fait au moyen d'algorithmes itératifs de minimisation d'une fonction coût qui mesure la métrique entre observations et sorties de modèles. Toutefois, peu d'importance est attachée d'une part, aux sensibilités des techniques de mesure employées par rapport aux paramètres de loi de zone cohésive, et d'autre part, sur les incertitudes associées aux paramètres de loi de zone cohésive identifiés. À notre connaissance, aucun travail sur ces deux derniers aspects n'a été mené et constitue ainsi le principal propos de ce mémoire de thèse. [...] / In the design and manufacture of structures, assembly of components is a crucial step in terms of durability and reliability. Mechanical assembly techniques such as bolting, riveting and welding, among others, have long been traditional. However, advances in the study and analysis of cracks within materials have made it possible to highlight some of their disadvantages as a cause of rupture of these structures through localized stress concentrations and / Mechanical or thermal alteration of the local properties of the assembled parts. Thus, alternative techniques such as structural bonding have been developed which make it possible to eliminate or rather reduce these undesirable effects during assembly, for the little that the process is well controlled. Among the best known advantages, bonding allows, on the one hand, a better transmission and distribution of forces at the interface, thus reducing fatigue damage and increasing the service life of the assembly and, on the other hand, maintain the integrity of the parts to be assembled. Other advantages also arise from the design of structural adhesives which, after the application of physicochemical treatments, make it possible to add thermal, acoustic and sealing properties.Despite these advantages, bonding suffers from a reputation for unreliability due to the lack of tools for predicting the behavior of bonded joints. Indeed, the parameters which influence the interface behavior are numerous and are often sources of variability on the strength of the bonded joint. The study of this toughness of the adhesive joints is carried out by means of crack tests according to different modes of fracture which seek to measure the assembly crack energy. The knowledge of this energy makes it possible to be predictive in most cases on cracks propagation for the little that we are able to describe and predict the interface behavior.From a numerical point of view, numerous techniques and formulations of interface law have been proposed in order to reproduce the interface behavior within the assemblies. Among the latter, that of the cohesive zone laws seems to be one of the most promising ways in terms of modeling and simulation of the interfaces by its local and discrete character. Among the advantages that they provide are the intrinsic consideration of damage and behavior phenomenologies of bonded joint. In addition, numerous studies have been undertaken to identify these cohesive zone laws by comparing observations from crack tests and model outputs where they are used. This identification is done by means of iterative minimization algorithms of a cost function which measures the metric between observations and models outputs. However, little importance is attached, on the one hand, to the sensitivities of the measurement techniques used in relation to the cohesive zone law parameters and, on the other hand, to the uncertainties associated with the identified cohesive zone law parameters. To our knowledge, no work on these two aspects has been conducted and is thus the main purpose of this thesis. [...]

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o comportamento estrutural do sistema misto madeira-concreto para tabuleiros de pontes, com ênfase na análise dinâmica dos conectores de cisalhamento, para dois tipos de conectores: \"vertical\" e em \"X\". Foram efetuadas duas principais abordagens, numérica e experimental, além de um amplo levantamento teórico sobre o tema com base na literatura disponível. Os ensaios experimentais foram realizados em corpos-de-prova de madeira como também em corpos-de-prova mistos e vigas mistas de madeira-concreto. Todos os corpos-de-prova e vigas foram submetidos a solicitações estáticas e dinâmicas, considerando-se os diversos materiais envolvidos na ligação. A análise numérica dos sistemas mistos foi efetuada com base no método dos elementos finitos, a partir da utilização do software ANSYS. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que ambos os sistemas de conexão perderam efetivamente rigidez para um total de 1 x \'10 POT.6\' ciclos de carga aplicados, sendo a maior parcela desta perda verificada para os ciclos iniciais. Além disso, o sistema de conexão \"vertical\" apresentou maior facilidade de execução quando comparado com o sistema de conexão em \"X\". A partir dos resultados numéricos constatou-se que a perda de rigidez ocorreu devido ao acúmulo do dano localizado nos materiais, nas regiões dos conectores. Os resultados numéricos mostraram uma boa concordância com os resultados experimentais. Para finalizar, foram propostos os valores dos níveis máximos e mínimos de carga cíclica, como também da frequência de excitação a serem utilizados nos ensaios dinâmicos para a verificação da rigidez dos sistemas mistos de conexão. / In this work was evaluated the structural behavior of log-concrete composite deck bridge system, with emphasis in the dynamic analysis of the shear connectors using two types of connectors: \"vertical\" and \"X\". Two main approaches were considered, numeric and experimental, besides a wide theoretical study about the theme with base in the available literature. The experimental studies were accomplished in specimens of wood, wood-concrete specimens and wood-concrete beams. All of the specimens and beams were subjected to static and dynamic loads considering several materials in the composed connection system. The numeric analyze of the composed systems was made with base in the method of the finite elements using the software ANSYS. The experimental results showed that both connection systems reduced stiffness really for 1 x \'10 POT.6\' applied load cycles, and the largest portion of this reduction happens in the initial cycles. Besides, the system of \"vertical\" connection presented larger execution easiness when compared with the system \"X\" connection. The numeric results showed that the reduced stiffness of the connection systems happened due to the accumulation of the located damage of the materials in the areas of the connectors. The numeric and experimental results comparison showed a good agreement. It was proposed values for the maximum and minimum levels of cyclical load, as well as for the frequency to be used in the dynamic tests for the verification of the reduced stiffness of the composite system of connection.

As pontes tradicionais de madeira no Brasil, nem sempre atingem as condições plenamente satisfatórias em estradas vicinais, exigem manutenção contínua e a maioria não está adequada ao tráfego pesado usual. As pontes mistas de madeira e concreto destacam-se como alternativa econômica apresenta grande resistência e rigidez além de exigir baixa manutenção. Neste trabalho os estudos dos tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto para pontes desenvolveram-se em três fases: estudo da ancoragem de barras de aço coladas em peças estruturais de madeira; estudo dos conectores de cisalhamento formados por barras de aço coladas na madeira em corpos-de-prova mistos de madeira e concreto e, estudos; construções e análises de protótipos de tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto. Nos estudos de ancoragens, as barras de aço com superfície deformada, do tipo CA-50 com tensão de escoamento 'F IND.Y,K' = 500 MPa, foram coladas em furos com diâmetros maiores, inclinadas de '0, 45 e 90 GRAUS' em relação às fibras das madeiras. Utilizaram-se quatro tipos de resina epóxi e uma poliuretana, considerando as principais variáveis que influenciam na resistência de ancoragem. Os corpos-de-prova foram construídos com amostragens de madeiras de: Eucalyptus citriodora (ρ 12% = 1000 kg/'M POT.3') e Pinus oocarpa shiede (ρ 12% = 550 kg/'M POT.3'). Os testes de ancoragem apresentam as estimativas das resistências médias obtidas por meio de análise de regressão múltipla e as resistências características, obtidas pelo limite inferior do intervalo de confiança a 90%. Nos estudos dos conectores de cisalhamento utilizaram-se corpos-de-prova mistos, do tipo push out, executados com madeira roliça natural de Eucalyptus citriodora tratada com CCA e concreto armado de média resistência. Os conectores de cisalhamento, em três variações, foram executados com barras de aço do tipo CA-50 ancoradas na madeira, com a resina epóxi SIKADUR 32 fluido e inclinados de '45 GRAUS' em relação às fibras, os resultados apresentam, as resistências últimas médias, as resistências características; os valores médios e os valores característicos dos módulos de deslizamento da conexão. Nos estudos, projetos e execuções de dois tabuleiros mistos, de madeira e concreto, utilizaram-se toras de Eucalyptus citriodora tratadas com CCA, concreto armado de média resistência e conectores de barras de aço coladas com resina epóxi no formato X. Análises estáticas foram realizadas submetendo os tabuleiros às provas de carga, utilizando caminhões. Os deslocamentos na linha central transversal foram medidos e comparados com os valores teóricos calculados usando um modelo de cálculo que considera o tabuleiro misto como uma placa ortotrópica equivalente. Os conectores apresentaram alta resistência; alta rigidez e modo de ruptura uniforme. Os tabuleiros mistos de madeira e concreto apresentaram muito bom desempenho, confirmaram-se as hipóteses fundamentais e o modelo de cálculo proposto. / The traditional timber bridges in secondary roads in Brazil not always meet the requirements of quality, but they also demand continuing maintenance and adequacy to heavy traffic. The mixed wood-concrete deck bridges arise as a viable alternative, because of its low construction cost, low maintenance and its high strength and stiffness. In this thesis the mixed wood concrete deck bridge studies was showed in three phases: the experimental pull out strength results of bonded-in steel rods in wood beams studs; the experimental analysis on shear connectors in mixed wood concrete specimens using bonded-in steel bars and, designs; constructions and statistics tests on log-concrete composed deck bridges was presented too. In the anchorage studies the deformed and reinforced CA-50 steel bars, with the minimum yield strength of 500 Mpa, were bonded in holes drilled at angles of '0, 45 and 90 DEGREES' between the rods and on the direction of grain. Four types of epoxy and one polyurethane adhesive were used regarding the influence of the most significant variables. The specimens were made using Eucalyptus citriodora (ρ 12% = 1000 kg/'M POT.3') and Pinus oocarpa shiede (ρ 12% = 550 kg/'M POT.3') beams. The pull out tests presents the median strength results estimated by multiple regression analysis and the characteristics response estimated by the lower range in 90% of the confidence interval. In the shear connections studies were carried using specimens of push out tests type made of logs of Eucalyptus citriodora treated with CCA and medium strength reinforced concrete. The shear connectors, in three shapes, were made with CA-50 steel bars bonded-in wood with SIKADUR 32 fluid epoxi resin, with '45 DEGREES' angles between the rods and on the direction of grain. The results presents the ultimate limit strength median, the characteristics strength, the slip modulus medians and the characteristics slip modulus. In the studies, designs and executions of two mixed wood-concrete decks bridge were used made of logs of Eucalyptus citriodora treated with CCA, medium strength reinforced concrete, and bonded-in steel CA-50 rods, as shear connectors in X format. Same static loads test on the bridges was carried out using a truck. Deflections in the medium span transversal directions were measured and analytically predicted using an equivalent orthotropic plate model. The shear connectors showed high ultimate strength and stiffness and, uniforms failure mode. The results showed a very good performance to the composed log-concrete deck bridges, it confirms the fundamental hypothesis and calculus model suggested.

Devido a suas vantagens comparadas aos métodos tradicionais de união mecânica, a utilização de juntas coladas estruturais só tende a crescer, entretanto, devido suas propriedades e modos de falha dependerem de diversos parâmetros (tratamento superficial, geometria, material, condições de tralho, etc.) uma utilização mais ampla desta técnica ainda é restrita pela ausência de modelos de falhas confiáveis. O presente trabalho consiste na apresentação de métodos para fabricação de juntas coladas em material compósito e verificação da influência da espessura da camada adesiva na resistência de juntas simples coladas (single lap joints) submetidas à tração. São também apresentados métodos para fabricação dos aderentes, corpos de prova de adesivo puro para ensaios de caracterização e realização de ensaios mecânicos para obtenção das propriedades mecânicas tanto dos aderentes quanto do adesivo. As propriedades mecânicas dos aderentes e do adesivo foram obtidas através de ensaios realizados em uma máquina de tração universal com o auxílio da técnica de correlação digital de imagem, e a obtenção das energias críticas de resistência à fratura (GIc,GIIc) da camada adesiva foram calculadas através de ensaios Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) e End Notched Flexure (ENF). Foram estudados métodos para gerar falha coesiva nas juntas adesivas, sendo que o melhor método encontrado foi o de tratamento superficial dos aderentes com jateamento abrasivo seguido pela limpeza superficial com acetona. O controle preciso da espessura da camada adesiva foi alcançado através do desenvolvimento de um dispositivo de fácil construção, compostos por suportes de madeira, hastes e linhas de nylon. Nos ensaios em juntas coladas foi constatado uma relação inversamente proporcional entre a espessura da camada adesiva e a resistência máxima suportada pela junta, ou seja, quanto maior a espessura do adesivo menor sua resistência. Os métodos aqui apresentados foram os resultados de vários meses de estudo e compreensão das normas e técnicas disponíveis na literatura, o aprimoramento das técnicas foram frutos de um ciclo compostos por fabricação, testes e análise de resultados. / Amongst the joining techniques, adhesively bonding joints are one of the most commonly applied nowadays. However, a lack of reliable failure criteria still exists, limiting in this way a more widespread application of adhesively bonded joints in principal load-bearing structural applications. An accurate strength prediction of the adhesively bonded joints is essential to decrease the amount of expensive testing at the design stage. This work consists to show methods for manufacturing single lap joints and to verify the adhesive thickness influence on the joint resistance. The manufacturing process of the composite adherends and adhesives for bulk tests was also covered. The mechanical properties of the adherends and bulk adhesive were performed on a universal testing machine with assistance of a digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The fracture toughness energy release rates (GIc,GIIc) of the adhesive layer were obtained respectively through Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) and End Notched Flexure (ENF) tests. Cohesive failure was achieved by grit blasting the adherents followed by cleaning with acetone. A constant adhesive thickness was guaranteed by placing nylon fishing lines between the adherents. Single lap joints tests showed that the joint resistance decrease with increasing adhesive thickness.

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da adição do ácido oléico na moagem de alta velocidade/energia na obtenção de pós magnéticos em escala nanométricas da liga Pr12Fe65,9Co16B6Nb0,1. A primeira etapa deste trabalho, envolveu a obtenção de pós magnéticos por meio do processo de hidrogenação, desproporção, dessorção e recombinação (HDDR), utilizando a pressão de H2 de 930 mbar (hidrogenação e desproporção) e temperatura de dessorção e recombinação de 840 ºC. Inicialmente, os pós HDDR foram submetidos à moagem de alta velocidade/energia a 900 rpm, com variação do volume do meio de moagem (ciclohexano) sem adição de ácido oleico. Em seguida, os pós HDDR foram submetidos à moagem com adição de ácido oleico, variando o tempo de moagem. Após a moagem, foi realizado tratamento térmico dos pós a 700 ºC ou 800 ºC durante 30 min., com a finalidade de cristalização do pó. Foi verificado que, a utilização de 6,6 ml de ciclohexano como meio de moagem e com adição de ácido oleico há uma melhora na eficiência da moagem dos pós. Para adições de surfactante, de 0,02 a 0,05 ml e tempos de moagem até 360 minutos, não ocorre a aglomeração dos pós magnéticos no pote de moagem, obtendo acima de 90% de eficiência na moagem. A segunda etapa deste trabalho envolveu a caracterização dos pós magnéticos: utilizando magnetômetro de amostra vibrante, microscopia eletrônica de Varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e difração de raios-X. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a adição de ácido oléico na moagem de alta velocidade/energia proporciona uma melhora nas propriedades magnéticas. Com a variação do tempo de moagem a fase Fe-α presente no pó HDDR apresenta diminuição no tamanho do cristalito (de 35 para ~ 10 nm) enquanto que, na fase Pr2Fe14B verifica-se menor grau de cristalinidade. / This work verified the effect caused by adding the surfactant in the high speed/energy milling in order to obtain Pr12Fe65.9Co16B6Nb0.1 magnetic nanopowders. The first part of this work involved the magnetic powder obtainment through the process of hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption and recombination (HDDR). The pressure of H2 during the hydrogenation and disproportion steps was 930 mbar and the temperature of desorption and recombination was 840 ºC. Initially, the HDDR powders were subjected a highspeed milling process at 900 rpm, with quantity variations of the milling medium (cyclohexane) and without the addition of oleic acid. Then, the HDDR powders were subjected to the milling process with the addition of oleic acid and with milling time variations. After the milling process, heat treatments of the powder were carried out at 700 °C or 800 °C for 30 minutes in order to obtain the crystallization of the powder. By performing the procedures, it was verified that the milling efficiency improved with the addition of 6.6 ml of cyclohexane as the milling medium and with the addition of oleic acid. It was determined that for the surfactant additions of 0.02 ml to 0.05 ml, with a milling time of up to 360 minutes, powder agglomeration does not occur in the milling pot and the milling efficiency is higher than 90%. The second stage of this work involved the magnetic powders characterization obtained by using vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Through the characterizations it was found that the powders magnetic properties improved when the addition of oleic acid in a high-speed /energy milling occurred. It was also verified that the α-Fe phase, present in the powder, shows a crystallite size decrease (from 35 nm to ~ 10 nm) when the time milling variation occurred; meanwhile, the crystallinity degree was lower in the Pr2Fe14B phase when the time milling variations was carried out.

OBJETIVO: o Fator-C é normalmente usado para predizer a tensão de contração em interfaces compósito-dente. Foi delineado um estudo para contribuir a esclarecer os elementos que permitem prever a tensão em interfaces de restaurações adesivas. Teoricamente, a tensão varia em função da oposição à contração (rigidez do substrato), da complacência e das dimensões e propriedades mecânicas do compósito. MÉTODOS: foram obtidos pelo Método de Elementos Finitos (MEF) 8 modelos estilizados 3D não-lineares de cavidades Classe I mantendo constantes o volume (20 mm3) e a espessura das paredes (20 mm) e com variação do Fator-C (1,9 a 13,5). Foi simulado contato tipo glue entre compósito e dente. A contração de polimerização, por analogia térmica do compósito, foi 1%. Foram analisadas as tensões e deformações principais. Foi também idealizado um método para calcular por MEF a complacência regionalizada e foi avaliada sua validade pela comparação do resultado obtido por este método com o valor de complacência calculada analiticamente para um cubo de dentina de 1 mm de lado fixado numa de suas faces. Foi ainda idealizado um método para calcular, para cada formato de cavidade, o volume útil de compósito capaz de influir para aumentar o pico de tensão na interface. Por fim, com os elementos anteriores, foi calculado para cada cavidade um valor de Fator-CA, dependente da complacência na região de pico e do volume útil de compósito. Foi avaliada a capacidade de predizer o pico de tensão mediante o teste de correlação (Pearson) entre o pico de tensão e o Fator-CA, bem como entre o pico de tensão e o Fator-C. RESULTADOS: os picos de tensões provocadas pela contração em cavidades de classe I tendem a diminuir em função do aumento do Fator-C, embora o teste de Pearson evidenciou significância apenas para a tensão Máxima Principal na parede XZ e no eixo Z. O cálculo da complacência regional obtido por MEF foi de 0,0652 m/N, bem próximo ao valor analítico (0,0666 m/N). O Fator-CA correlacionou significantemente e positivamente com as três tensões obtidas na quina (Von Mises, Máxima Principal e Máxima Cisalhante). CONCLUSÕES: o aumento do Fator-C não conduz ao aumento dos picos de tensão em cavidades de classe I. O método de cálculo de complacência é válido para estruturas complexas. O Fator-CA permite predizer os picos de tensão em compósitos aderidos em cavidades de classe I. / OBJECTIVES: The C-Factor is normally used to predict the shrinkage stress at composite-tooth interfaces. A study was outlined for clarifying the elements which allows providing the stress at bonded restorations interface. Theoretically, the stress varies as a function of the opposition to the shrinkage (substrate stiffness), the compliance, dimensions and mechanical properties of the composite. METHODS: Eight 3D non-linear stylized models of Class I cavities were obtained by the Finite Element Method (FEM), maintaining the volume (20 mm3) and wall thickness (2 mm) constant and varying the C-Factor (1.9 through 13.5). A \'glue\' contact between the composite and teeth was simulated. A 1% polymerization shrinkage was simulated by using thermal analogy of the composite. Principal stresses and strains were analyzed. A method for calculating the local compliance by FEM was also idealized as well as its validity of comparing the obtained result with the analytical compliance value of a 1 mm dentin cube, with fixation at one of its faces. A method for calculating, for each cavity shape, the \'useful volume\' of the composite, which is able to influence on the stress peak increase at the interface, was further idealized. And finally, using elements mentioned before, a compliance dependent value, so-called CA-Factor, was calculated for each cavity, at peak and \'useful volume\' of the composite regions. The capability on predicting the stress peak by the correlation test (Pearson) between the stress peak and the CA-Factor as well as between the stress peak and the C-Factor was also evaluated. RESULTS: the stress peaks generated by the shrinkage on Class I cavities tend to decrease as a function of the C-Factor, though the Pearson only showed the significance for the maximum principal stress at the XZ wall and Z axis. The local compliance calculation obtained by FEM was 0.0652 m/N, which was very close to the analytical one (0.0666 m/N). The CA-Factor presented a positive and significant correlation with all three stresses obtained at the trihedral angle formed by two occlusal edges. (Von Mises, maximum principal and maximum shear stresses). CONCLUSION: the increase of the C-Factor does not lead to the increase of the stress peaks in Class I cavities. The method for calculating the compliance is valid for complex structures. The CA-Factor allows providing the stress peaks for bonded composites on Class I cavities.

O presente trabalho consiste basicamente no desenvolvimento de um programa de engenharia denominado SAJ (sistema de análise de juntas) capaz de realizar uma análise detalhada do comportamento de dois dos diversos tipos de juntas coladas existentes, a junta simples colada (\"single lap joint\") e a junta dupla colada (\"double lap joint\"). Sendo que foram analisadas juntas coladas com aderentes de material compósito ou, então, compostas de aderentes de compósitos e metal. O programa de engenharia desenvolvido possibilita o cálculo das tensões, dos esforços e dos deslocamentos nessas juntas. Para validar o referido programa, os resultados obtidos do mesmo foram confrontados com os resultados obtidos para condições semelhantes utilizando \"softwares\" comerciais de elementos finitos e de cálculo de juntas. Após a validação do programa, são apresentados alguns estudos de fatores que influenciam na resistência da junta colada, verificando a influência do comprimento de \"overlap\" (sobreposição), a rigidez do adesivo e a espessura da camada adesiva. Também é apresentada uma análise de falha dos aderentes de compósito evidenciando assim, as potencialidades e limitações desta ferramenta computacional para a área de desenvolvimento de produto. / This work consists on the development of software called SAJ which can analyze a bonded joint behavior in detail, not only for single lap joint, but also, for double lap joint. These joints could be made of composite/composite materials or metal/composite as adherentes. The software developed can calculate the joints stresses, loads and displacements. The results obtained are compared to the results obtained using commercial software and the same problems proposed. After the validation of SAJ, some studies were performed in order to determine how some characteristics affect the joint stresses distribution as overlap length, adhesive elastic modulus, adhesive thickness and a failure analysis of composite adherents showing the potential and limitation of this computational tool for the product development area.

Dans des contextes industriels spécifiques, coller un revêtement épais élastomère à des canalisations en acier constitue le meilleur moyen de les protéger de la corrosion en milieu marin. Ce travail de thèse a principalement pour objectif de mieux appréhender le comportement à long terme de ces assemblages acier/colle/revêtement en milieu marin. Deux approches complémentaires ont été définies. La première se base sur des outils statistiques pour traiter les données de caractérisations physico-chimiques des matériaux issus des assemblages utilisés en service depuis plus de trente ans. A partir de ces données hétérogènes (les assemblages sont différents en termes de formulations des matériaux, de procédé de collage et de conditions de vieillissement); des groupes homogènes présentant des scénarios de vieillissement identiques ont été identifiés et les mécanismes majeurs de dégradation du revêtement ont été établis. La seconde approche se focalise sur les assemblages actuellement utilisés dans les opérations de rénovation. Une démarche expérimentale a donc été mise en place en laboratoire afin d’accélérer de manière contrôlée le vieillissement des matériaux et assemblages. Les objectifs sont multiples. Pour chaque matériau (revêtement et colle), il s’agissait de comprendre les mécanismes de dégradation et les cinétiques d’absorption d’eau qui expliquent les évolutions de propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques observées au cours du vieillissement. De même, les interfaces ont été caractérisées et les paramètres de procédé qui influent sur la tenue de l’interface métallique ont été identifiés. Cette approche découplée a permis de mieux comprendre le comportement en milieu marin de l’assemblage d’étude à partir de celui des matériaux et interfaces présentes. / In some industrial applications, bonding rubber coatings to metallic pipelines is a suitable solution to protect them from marine corrosion. This study deals with the long term behavior of such metallic coated pipelines in a marine environment. Two different approaches have been developed. The first focuses on degradation data of pipelines used for around thirty years in normal service conditions. As these bonded assemblies are different in terms of material formulations, manufacturing processes and aging conditions, statistical tools were used to identify homogeneous groups with identical aging mechanisms. Also, based on these results, the main degradation mechanisms of the rubber coating were established. The second approach focused on pipelines used currently in renovation operations. An experimental methodology was developed in the laboratory to accelerate aging processes. The bulk materials, surfaces and interfaces were characterized physically, chemically and mechanically before and after natural sea water ageing. This enabled an understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics governing adhesion and degradation to be developed. It also allowed the influence of sea water aging on the failure strength of the assembly of interest to be investigated.

Abstract Most of the iron in the world is produced using a blast furnace process, which has iron ore (iron oxides) and coke as its raw materials. When pellets are used in a blast furnace, the iron burden material is charged in the form of pellets and fine, iron-rich by-products are charged typically in the form of cold-bonded briquettes at the top of the blast furnace. Coke is the primary fuel and reductant in the blast furnace. Coke reacts with the oxygen of the blast air and forms carbon monoxide in the up-flowing gas, which reduces the descending iron oxide burden. In addition, carbon and hydrogen bearing reductants are injected from the tuyeres in the lower part of the furnace. Hydrogen partially replaces the carbon monoxide as a reducing agent and changes the composition of the reducing gas. The high temperature properties of the burden have a significant effect on the flow of reducing gas and formation of the cohesive zone which markedly affect the furnace efficiency. The raw materials are commonly stored outdoors and therefore include moisture in varying amounts. In addition, the briquette contains chemically bound water. The rate of injected reductants, the high temperature properties and the water content of the raw materials have significant effects on blast furnace performance. They cause various phenomena in the blast furnace which set limitations on the process. The limiting phenomena related to the use of pellets in the blast furnace were studied in this doctoral thesis with the aim of obtaining additional knowledge about the limiting phenomena. The results show that hydrogen increases the reduction rate of iron oxides at temperatures below 850 °C. High water vapour concentration causes a rapid conversion through a catalysed water-gas shift reaction at above 300 °C in a gas mixture similar to the one in the upper part of the blast furnace. The reduction rate of the cold-bonded briquette is higher than pellets due to a self-reducing effect. The phase transformations occurring in the briquette during reduction follow the path of phase equilibria. The softening of the pellet is caused by the formation of melt which initiates wüstite dissolution in the surrounding slag phase. / Tiivistelmä Suurin osa maailmassa valmistettavasta raudasta tuotetaan masuuniprosessilla, jonka pääraaka-aineita ovat rautarikaste eli raudan oksidit ja koksi. Masuunissa, jossa käytetään pellettiä, rautarikaste panostetaan pelletin muodossa ja hienojakeiset rautapitoiset sivutuotteet tyypillisesti kylmäsidottuna brikettinä masuunin huipulta. Koksi on masuunin pääasiallinen polttoaine ja pelkistin, joka masuunin sisään puhallettavan ilman hapen kanssa reagoidessaan muodostaa ylöspäin virtaavaan kaasuun hiilimonoksidia, joka pelkistää masuunin kuilussa vajoavat rautaoksidit. Lisäksi yleensä käytetään hiiltä ja vetyä sisältäviä pelkistysaineita, jotka injektoidaan masuuniin alaosan hormeilta. Vety korvaa osittain hiilimonoksidia rautaoksidien pelkistimenä ja muuttaa pelkistävän kaasun koostumusta. Panosmateriaalien korkealämpötilaominaisuudet vaikuttavat suuresti kuilun kaasuvirtauksiin ja koheesiovyöhykkeen muodostumiseen masuunissa, mitkä vaikuttavat merkittävästi masuunin tehokkuuteen. Suurista määristä johtuen raaka-aineet varastoidaan usein ulkona, joten ne sisältävät kosteutta vaihtelevissa määrin. Lisäksi briketti sisältää kemiallisesti sitoutunutta vettä. Injektoitavien pelkistysaineiden käyttömäärällä, raaka-aineiden korkealämpötilaominaisuuksilla ja vesipitoisuudella on merkittäviä vaikutuksia masuunin toimintaan. Ne aikaansaavat masuunissa erilaisia ilmiöitä, jotka asettavat prosessille rajoituksia. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin näitä masuunille rajoituksia asettavia ilmiöitä ja pyrittiin lisäämään tietämystä niistä. Tulokset osoittavat, että vety nopeuttaa rautaoksidien pelkistymistä alle 850 °C lämpötilassa. Suuri vesihöyrymäärä johtaa nopeaan konversioon masuunin yläkuilun aluetta vastaavassa kaasuseoksessa yli 300 °C lämpötilassa katalysoidun vesikaasun siirtoreaktion kautta. Kylmäsidottu briketti pelkistyy pellettiä nopeammin itsepelkistymisen vaikutuksesta. Briketin pelkistyessään läpikäymät faasitransformaatiot seuraavat faasien tasapainotiloja. Pelletin pehmenemisen aiheuttaa sulan muodostuminen, joka laukaisee wüstiitin liukenemisen sitä ympäröivään sulaan kuonafaasiin.

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