Wir präsentieren die Analyse der Daten, die in den Jahren 2002-2004 mit dem 27.56 GeV Positronenstrahl des HERA Speicherrings am DESY und dem internen transversal polarisierten Wasserstofftarget (''fixed target'') des HERMES Experiments aufgenommen wurden. Ereignisse mit einem gestreuten Positron und einem erzeugter Pion wurden selektiert. Die ausschließliche Erzeugung eines einzelnen Pions, e p -> e'' n pi+, wird durch die Anforderung gewährleistet, daß die fehlende Masse des Ereignisses der Masse des Neutrons, das nicht gemessen wird, entspricht. Der Streuquerschnitt für diesen Prozess hängt von der Bjorken-Skalenvariable, den Vierer-Impulsübertrag und den Transversalimpulsübertrag, deren durchschnittliche Werte für unsere Datensätze bei =0.12, =2.3 GeV^2, =-0.18 GeV^2 liegen, sowie zwei azimuthale Winkel: der Winkel phi zwischen den Streu- und Produktionsebene (die Schnittlinie der Ebenen enthält das virtuelle Photon), und der Winkel phi_S zwischen der Streuebene und dem Polarisationsvector des Targets. Die Asymmetrie, auch Transversal-Target-Einzelspin-Azimuthalasymmetrie genannt, wird als das Verhältnis der Differenz zur Summ der Streuquerschnitte für die positive und negative Targetpolarisation definiert. Es wird durch sechs azimuthale Sinus-Modulationen charakterisiert, deren Amplituden von -1 bis 1 varieren können. Wir messen die Asymmetrie eines Datensatzes von 2093 Ereignissen mit einem Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis von 1:1. Im Durchschnitt wurden geringe oder mit Null übereinstimmende Amplitudenwerte gefunden, abgesehen von der Amplitude von der sin(phi_S) Modulation, allerdings innerhalb der großen exprimentellen Unsicherheiten. Ein direkter und genauerer Vergleich der Daten mit der Theorie verlangt größere Statistik und verbesserte Fähigkeiten des Detektor als für die vorliegende Messung vorhanden waren. / We present the analysis of data taken in the years 2002-2004 with the 27.56 GeV positron beam of the HERA storage ring at DESY and the internal transversely polarised hydrogen fixed target of the HERMES experiment. Events with a scattered positron and a produced pion are selected. Exclusive production of single pions, e p -> e'' n pi+, is ensured by requiring the missing mass in the event to be equal to the mass of the neutron, which is not detected. The cross section for this process depends on the Bjorken scaling variable, the four-momentum transfer, and the transverse four-momentum transfer, whose average values for our sample are =0.12, =2.3 GeV^2, =-0.18 GeV^2, respectively, and two azimuthal angles: the angle phi between the scattering and production planes (their common line contains the virtual photon), and the angle phi_S between the scattering plane and the target polarisation vector. The asymmetry, also called transverse-target single-spin azimuthal asymmetry, is defined as the ratio of the difference to the sum of the cross sections for positive and negative target polarisation. It is characterised by six azimuthal sine modulations, whose amplitudes can vary from -1 to 1. We measure the asymmetry from a sample of 2093 events with a signal-to-background ratio of 1:1. At average kinematics, the values of the amplitudes are found to be small or consistent with zero, except for the amplitude of the sin(phi_S) modulation, however, within their large statistical uncertainties. A direct and more precise data-to-theory comparison requires larger statistics and improved detector capabilities than available for the present measurement.

Introdução - As práticas de alimentação no início da vida podem afetar diretamente o estado nutricional, crescimento, desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência infantil. Entre os indicadores de saúde infantil propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo até 6 meses de idade (AME: quando a criança recebe somente leite materno direto da mama, ordenhado, ou de ama de leite, sem outros líquidos ou sólidos, com exceção de gotas ou xaropes contendo vitaminas, sais de reidratação oral, suplementos minerais ou medicamentos, podendo ser desagregado nos grupos etários 0-1, 2-3, 4-5 e 0-3 meses) é fundamental para o monitoramento das ações para promoção, proteção e apoio à amamentação. Objetivos - Investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados à prática de AME aos 30 dias de vida em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Métodos - Análise de dados do estudo de coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil: Materno-INfantil no Acre. Entre julho de 2015 e junho de 2016, mães internadas para parto no Hospital Estadual da Mulher e da Criança do Juruá do município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, foram entrevistadas sobre dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e história de saúde após aceite à participação no estudo. Para a presente análise, o desfecho de interesse -aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida?, foi obtido 30 a 45 dias após o parto por meio de entrevista telefônica e classificado segundo critério da OMS (2010). Medidas de tendência central e dispersão, frequências absolutas e relativas, intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e teste de homogeneidade &#967;2 foram calculados segundo prática do AME. A análise de sobrevida por meio do estimador Kaplan-Meier foi utilizada para estimar a probabilidade e o efeito de fatores associados à prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida. O efeito dos preditores sobre a duração do AME no primeiro mês foi investigado em modelos múltiplos de regressão tempo de vida acelerado. A análise estatística foi realizada com auxílio do pacote estatístico Stata 14.0 ou superior, ao nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados - No total, 962 mães responderam a entrevista telefônica de acompanhamento no puerpério. A prevalência de AME aos 30 dias de vida foi 36,7% e o tempo mediano para os que interromperam o AME nesse intervalo foi 16 dias. Quando consideradas todas as crianças nascidas no período e elegíveis ao seguimento, a probabilidade de AME aos 30 dias foi 43,7% e a mediana de AME foi 30 dias. Os fatores associados à duração do AME no período estudado foram: número de filhos vivos, uso de chupeta e história de chiado no peito. Observou-se que a duração do AME (time ratio - TR) foi 28% mais prolongada entre os bebês que tinham irmãos (1,28; IC95% 1,11-1,48). O uso de chupeta e história de chiado no peito foram associados à redução no tempo de AME em 33% (0,67; IC95% 0,58-0,78) e 20% (0,80; IC95% 0,69-0,93), respectivamente. Conclusões - A prática de aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, foi aquém das recomendações nacionais e internacionais. Mães primíparas interromperam o AME mais precocemente durante o primeiro mês quando comparadas às mães com mais de um filho; bebês que usaram chupeta ou apresentaram história de chiado no peito apresentaram menor duração do AME no primeiro mês de vida. Dada a importância do AME para a saúde materno-infantil e para a duração total do AM, os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a necessidade de ações intensivas para promoção, apoio e proteção da amamentação antes do primeiro mês de vida nesta população. / Introduction - Early life feeding practices can directly affect nutritional status, growth, development, and child survival. Among the indicators of child health proposed by the World Health Organization, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age (EBF: when the baby receives only breastmilk, including milk expressed or from a wet nurse, without other liquids or solids, except for drops or syrups containing vitamins, oral rehydration salts, mineral supplements or medicines, which can be disaggregated in the age groups 0-1, 2-3, 4-5 and 0-3 months) is essential for monitoring actions to promote, protect and support breastfeeding. Objectives - To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days of life in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Methods - Data analysis of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort study in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre state, Western Brazilian Amazon. Mothers of babies born from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016 at the only maternity hospital in the region were enrolled in this study after signing a free, informed consent form. Women were interviewed soon after giving birth and by telephone at 30-45 days postpartum. Socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric, infant feeding practices, child health and lifestyle data were collected. The outcome of interest was exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days of life, classified according to WHO guidelines (2010). Descriptive statistical data, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and chi-square tests were calculated. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate the median duration and the probability of EBF at the end of the first month of life. In order to explore factors associated with time to EBF cessation, accelerated failure-time (AFT) models were run, following a conceptual framework hierarchical model for determinants of EBF. All analyses were done in Stata 14.0, at p<0.05. Results - During the follow-up period, 962 mothers answered the postpartum telephone interview. The prevalence of EBF at 30 days of life was 36.7% and the median duration was 16 days. Considering all children born in the study period and eligible for follow-up, the probability of EBF in the first month of life was 43.7% and the median duration was 30 days. Factors associated with time to EBF cessation were: having one or more children, pacifier use and history of wheezing. It was observed that duration of EBF (time-ratio - TR) was 28% longer among infants who had siblings (1.28; 95% CI, 1.11-1.48). Use of a pacifier and history of wheezing were associated with reduced EBF duration by 33% (0.67, 95% CI 0.58-0.78) and 20% (0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.93), respectively. Conclusions - The exclusive breastfeeding practice at 30 days of life in Cruzeiro do Sul was considerably below nacional and international recommendations. Primiparous mothers stopped EBF earlier in the first month when compared to mothers with more than one child; infants who used pacifiers or had history of wheezing presented higher risk of not being exclusively breastfed in the first month of life. Given the importance of EBF for maternal and child health and for total duration of breastfeeding, the results of this study may provide a basis for intensive actions to promote, support and protect breastfeeding before the first month of life in this population.

Desenvolve-se, neste trabalho, um modelo de simulação estocástica para o sistema de transporte por táxi com viagens exclusivas. Basicamente, o modelo simula a geração da demanda pelo serviço e as formas alternativas de oferta: ponto privativo, ponto livre e rádio táxi. A validação do modelo é realizada através da comparação entre o sistema de táxi observado na cidade de Bauru (SP) e o sistema simulado através da aplicação do modelo. A comparação é feita para a alternativa de oferta com pontos privativos, a única existente na cidade. Os resultados indicam que o modelo de simulação proposto reproduz bem a demanda e a oferta de viagens por táxi em cidades de porte médio. Apresenta-se, além disso, uma análise comparativa das simulações realizadas para as duas outras alternativas fictícias de operação na cidade de Bauru (SP); os resultados destas, quando comparados aos da situação existente, mostram uma significativa economia nos custos variáveis. Conclui-se que o modelo pode constituir-se num instrumento de análise e avaliação das diferentes políticas de operação de táxi e apontar a mais adequada para uma determinada cidade de porte médio. / In this work, a stochastic simulation model for the exclusive-ride taxi system is developed. The model simulates the demand generation for taxi service and the alternative forms of service supply: private pickup point, free pickup point, and radiotaxi. The model validation is carried out by comparing the taxi system observed in Bauru (SP) with that simulated using data set collected in it. The comparison is concerning to the operation with private pickup point because in Bauru there is only this type of operation. The results indicate that the proposed simulation model reproduces adequately the taxi demand and supply in medium sized cities. It is also presented a comparative analysis between existent system and other operation systems simulated. The analysis shows that a significative cost saving is obtained if the operation system is changed in Bauru. It is concluded that the proposed model may constitute an important tool to analyze and evaluate the different operational policy and indicate the most adequate one for the medium sized cities.

Introdução - As práticas de alimentação no início da vida podem afetar diretamente o estado nutricional, crescimento, desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência infantil. Entre os indicadores de saúde infantil propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, a prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo até 6 meses de idade (AME: quando a criança recebe somente leite materno direto da mama, ordenhado, ou de ama de leite, sem outros líquidos ou sólidos, com exceção de gotas ou xaropes contendo vitaminas, sais de reidratação oral, suplementos minerais ou medicamentos, podendo ser desagregado nos grupos etários 0-1, 2-3, 4-5 e 0-3 meses) é fundamental para o monitoramento das ações para promoção, proteção e apoio à amamentação. Objetivos - Investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados à prática de AME aos 30 dias de vida em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Métodos - Análise de dados do estudo de coorte de nascimentos MINA-Brasil: Materno-INfantil no Acre. Entre julho de 2015 e junho de 2016, mães internadas para parto no Hospital Estadual da Mulher e da Criança do Juruá do município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, foram entrevistadas sobre dados socioeconômicos, demográficos e história de saúde após aceite à participação no estudo. Para a presente análise, o desfecho de interesse -aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida?, foi obtido 30 a 45 dias após o parto por meio de entrevista telefônica e classificado segundo critério da OMS (2010). Medidas de tendência central e dispersão, frequências absolutas e relativas, intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) e teste de homogeneidade &#967;2 foram calculados segundo prática do AME. A análise de sobrevida por meio do estimador Kaplan-Meier foi utilizada para estimar a probabilidade e o efeito de fatores associados à prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida. O efeito dos preditores sobre a duração do AME no primeiro mês foi investigado em modelos múltiplos de regressão tempo de vida acelerado. A análise estatística foi realizada com auxílio do pacote estatístico Stata 14.0 ou superior, ao nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados - No total, 962 mães responderam a entrevista telefônica de acompanhamento no puerpério. A prevalência de AME aos 30 dias de vida foi 36,7% e o tempo mediano para os que interromperam o AME nesse intervalo foi 16 dias. Quando consideradas todas as crianças nascidas no período e elegíveis ao seguimento, a probabilidade de AME aos 30 dias foi 43,7% e a mediana de AME foi 30 dias. Os fatores associados à duração do AME no período estudado foram: número de filhos vivos, uso de chupeta e história de chiado no peito. Observou-se que a duração do AME (time ratio - TR) foi 28% mais prolongada entre os bebês que tinham irmãos (1,28; IC95% 1,11-1,48). O uso de chupeta e história de chiado no peito foram associados à redução no tempo de AME em 33% (0,67; IC95% 0,58-0,78) e 20% (0,80; IC95% 0,69-0,93), respectivamente. Conclusões - A prática de aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 30 dias de vida em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, foi aquém das recomendações nacionais e internacionais. Mães primíparas interromperam o AME mais precocemente durante o primeiro mês quando comparadas às mães com mais de um filho; bebês que usaram chupeta ou apresentaram história de chiado no peito apresentaram menor duração do AME no primeiro mês de vida. Dada a importância do AME para a saúde materno-infantil e para a duração total do AM, os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a necessidade de ações intensivas para promoção, apoio e proteção da amamentação antes do primeiro mês de vida nesta população. / Introduction - Early life feeding practices can directly affect nutritional status, growth, development, and child survival. Among the indicators of child health proposed by the World Health Organization, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age (EBF: when the baby receives only breastmilk, including milk expressed or from a wet nurse, without other liquids or solids, except for drops or syrups containing vitamins, oral rehydration salts, mineral supplements or medicines, which can be disaggregated in the age groups 0-1, 2-3, 4-5 and 0-3 months) is essential for monitoring actions to promote, protect and support breastfeeding. Objectives - To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days of life in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre. Methods - Data analysis of the MINA-Brazil birth cohort study in Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre state, Western Brazilian Amazon. Mothers of babies born from July 1, 2015 to June 30, 2016 at the only maternity hospital in the region were enrolled in this study after signing a free, informed consent form. Women were interviewed soon after giving birth and by telephone at 30-45 days postpartum. Socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric, infant feeding practices, child health and lifestyle data were collected. The outcome of interest was exclusive breastfeeding at 30 days of life, classified according to WHO guidelines (2010). Descriptive statistical data, 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) and chi-square tests were calculated. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate the median duration and the probability of EBF at the end of the first month of life. In order to explore factors associated with time to EBF cessation, accelerated failure-time (AFT) models were run, following a conceptual framework hierarchical model for determinants of EBF. All analyses were done in Stata 14.0, at p<0.05. Results - During the follow-up period, 962 mothers answered the postpartum telephone interview. The prevalence of EBF at 30 days of life was 36.7% and the median duration was 16 days. Considering all children born in the study period and eligible for follow-up, the probability of EBF in the first month of life was 43.7% and the median duration was 30 days. Factors associated with time to EBF cessation were: having one or more children, pacifier use and history of wheezing. It was observed that duration of EBF (time-ratio - TR) was 28% longer among infants who had siblings (1.28; 95% CI, 1.11-1.48). Use of a pacifier and history of wheezing were associated with reduced EBF duration by 33% (0.67, 95% CI 0.58-0.78) and 20% (0.80, 95% CI 0.69-0.93), respectively. Conclusions - The exclusive breastfeeding practice at 30 days of life in Cruzeiro do Sul was considerably below nacional and international recommendations. Primiparous mothers stopped EBF earlier in the first month when compared to mothers with more than one child; infants who used pacifiers or had history of wheezing presented higher risk of not being exclusively breastfed in the first month of life. Given the importance of EBF for maternal and child health and for total duration of breastfeeding, the results of this study may provide a basis for intensive actions to promote, support and protect breastfeeding before the first month of life in this population.

O aleitamento materno é um dos principais instrumentos para a promoção da saúde infantil. O leite materno é o alimento completo para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das crianças até os 6 meses. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as práticas do aleitamento materno entre as crianças de 0 a 6 meses cadastradas em Núcleos de Saúde da Família da cidade de Ribeirão Preto (SP) e caracterizar as mães quanto a variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas, assistência pré–natal e natal, às características dos recém-nascidos; verificar a associação do aleitamento materno exclusivo com as variáveis e analisar a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Foi realizado inquérito domiciliar com uma amostra de 53 crianças, através de questionários, para caracterizá-las de acordo com as variáveis e verificar a duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo. Na análise da duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e suas variáveis foi utilizada a curva de Kaplan-Meier. A duração mediana do aleitamento materno exclusivo foi de 70 dias. Encontramos associação positiva entre duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e as seguintes variáveis: crianças nascidas em Hospital Amigo da Criança, não uso de chupeta, não uso de mamadeira, realização de puericultura em unidade de saúde da família. / Breastfeeding is one of the most important tools to promote children’s health. Breast milk is a complete food for children’s growth and development until the sixth month. The objective of this study is to evaluate the breastfeeding practices in Ribeirão Preto city, state of São Paulo (SP), Brazil and to characterize the mothers regarding social, economical and demographic variables, prenatal and natal assistance and newborn characteristics, verify the relation between variables and exclusive breastfeeding and also, verify the exclusive breastfeeding duration. A domiciliary inquire, through questionnaire, was fulfilled with a sample of 53 children, to characterize them according to the variables and to verify the duration of breastfeeding. In the analysis of the breastfeeding duration and its variables, the Kaplan-Meier curve was used. The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 70 days. We found positive association between exclusive breastfeeding duration and the following variables: born in Baby Friendly Hospital, no use of pacifiers, no use of bottle and children accomplishment in Family Health Units.

Desenvolve-se, neste trabalho, um modelo de simulação estocástica para o sistema de transporte por táxi com viagens exclusivas. Basicamente, o modelo simula a geração da demanda pelo serviço e as formas alternativas de oferta: ponto privativo, ponto livre e rádio táxi. A validação do modelo é realizada através da comparação entre o sistema de táxi observado na cidade de Bauru (SP) e o sistema simulado através da aplicação do modelo. A comparação é feita para a alternativa de oferta com pontos privativos, a única existente na cidade. Os resultados indicam que o modelo de simulação proposto reproduz bem a demanda e a oferta de viagens por táxi em cidades de porte médio. Apresenta-se, além disso, uma análise comparativa das simulações realizadas para as duas outras alternativas fictícias de operação na cidade de Bauru (SP); os resultados destas, quando comparados aos da situação existente, mostram uma significativa economia nos custos variáveis. Conclui-se que o modelo pode constituir-se num instrumento de análise e avaliação das diferentes políticas de operação de táxi e apontar a mais adequada para uma determinada cidade de porte médio. / In this work, a stochastic simulation model for the exclusive-ride taxi system is developed. The model simulates the demand generation for taxi service and the alternative forms of service supply: private pickup point, free pickup point, and radiotaxi. The model validation is carried out by comparing the taxi system observed in Bauru (SP) with that simulated using data set collected in it. The comparison is concerning to the operation with private pickup point because in Bauru there is only this type of operation. The results indicate that the proposed simulation model reproduces adequately the taxi demand and supply in medium sized cities. It is also presented a comparative analysis between existent system and other operation systems simulated. The analysis shows that a significative cost saving is obtained if the operation system is changed in Bauru. It is concluded that the proposed model may constitute an important tool to analyze and evaluate the different operational policy and indicate the most adequate one for the medium sized cities.

Talent Management (TM) is of growing interest within academia and in the strategic HRM literature in particular. Despite many attempts to study TM from different perspectives, it remains an ambiguous and elusive concept that is difficult to define and hence challenging to explore and address. Studies on TM are based within Western contexts and therefore it is questionable whether TM models and theories are transferable to other nations and contexts. This research examines the nature of TM in the Middle Eastern context of Oman, from the perspective of Institutional Theory. Through a qualitative, multiple case-study approach, data was collected from four banking and petroleum-sector organisations through semi-structured interviews. The findings suggest that the different influences of institutional pressures (e.g. nationalisation, competition, organisational characteristics) have significantly shaped TM in these organisations. The findings show that TM effectiveness and sustainability depends upon a range of factors including: generational differences, employee expectations, the role of expatriates and national culture. Thus, TM and its approach has to be understood and framed within the context of institutions which interact with organisational characteristics; this shapes the way in which the organisations define their TM approach in order to seek legitimacy, business continuity and effectiveness.

Thesis (MPH. ) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and practices of mothers with regard to exclusive breastfeeding in the Mahwelereng Local Area of the Waterberg District, Limpopo Province. A quantitative study was conducted by using a researcher-administered structured questionnaire at six clinics in the Mahwelereng Local Area. A simple random sampling method was used to select the hundred and seventy five mothers who had babies of less than six months old from whom data was collected. Data was analysed with the assistance of the statistician by using the SPSS software program. Data is presented applying descriptive and inferential statistics. Less than half (74; 42.3%) of the responding mothers were practising exclusive breastfeeding despite the fact that 137 (78.3%) of them were given information about exclusive breastfeeding. There is an association between knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding (Chi-Square= 14.039; Sig=0.000 p<0.05) and exclusive breastfeeding practice. There is no association between exclusive breastfeeding practice and HIV status (Chi-Square=2.444; Sig=0.118; p>0.05). Challenges that mothers faced in relation to practising exclusive breastfeeding were work-related, school-related, health-related, pressure from family to mix-feed, and a lack of knowledge. However, 42.9% of the respondents indicated that they did not have any challenges with regard to the practice of breastfeeding. It was, therefore, recommended that one-on-one counselling about exclusive breastfeeding needs to be intensified and maternity leave should be extended to six months. The majority of respondents showed adequate knowledge of what exclusive breastfeeding was because they were counselled about breastfeeding although they were not practising it. Key words: Exclusive breastfeeding, mothers, knowledge, practices, mix-feeding.

Al no contar con una vía exclusiva los corredores en muchas ciudades, causan a menudo conflictos con los vehículos particulares. Para aliviar este problema, se muestra una forma viable de reducir la congestión del tráfico en las principales vías de una ciudad con gran demanda de viaje. Esto a través de una propuesta de implementación de un carril exclusivo con paradas en la parte derecha de la vía a diferencia de un Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). De esta manera se aprovecha el espacio vial que se encuentra orientado al transporte público y a los peatones. Mediante el software VISSIM 9.0 se obtuvo mejoras en el incremento de velocidad en promedio 140% y frecuencias del transporte público en 3.24 veces de la situación actual. Finalmente, los niveles de servicio de la situación general del tramo de estudio pasan de E a D. / Since there are no exclusive routes, runners in many cities often cause conflicts with private vehicles. To alleviate this problem, a viable way to reduce traffic congestion on the main roads of a city with high travel demand is shown. This through a proposal to implement an exclusive lane with stops on the right side of the road unlike a Rapid Transit Bus (BRT). In this way, the road space that is oriented to public transport and pedestrians is used. Through VISSIM 9.0 software, improvements were obtained in the speed increase on average 140% and frequencies of public transport in 3.24 times of the current situation. Finally, the service levels of the general situation of the study section go from E to D. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>In a Manila hospital, 204 mothers were randomized into three groups: two intervention groups receiving home-based counseling visits, one of them (n=68) by counselors trained to use a locally developed, two-tiered program of breastfeeding counseling, and the other by counselors trained in general childcare (n=67), were compared with a control group of mothers (n=69) who did not receive any counseling. All infants were scheduled for seven visits to the hospital for follow-up. During hospital visits, maternal and infant body measurements were made and an independent interviewer asked the mothers individually to recall how the infant had been fed. One study physician, blind to participant groups, was consulted at all scheduled and unscheduled infant visits.</p><p>At six months, 44% of the breastfeeding-counseled mothers, 7% of the childcare-counseled mothers and none of the mothers in the control group were exclusively breastfeeding. Twenty- four mothers breastfed exclusively during the first six months, of whom 22 received breastfeeding counseling and 2 had no breastfeeding counseling. Among 24 infants who were exclusively breastfed from birth to six months there were no episodes of diarrhea. All infants had gained in weight, length and head circumference. Mean maternal weight loss at six months was similar whether her breastfeeding was exclusive or partial.</p><p>The reasons why mothers without breastfeeding counseling introduced non-breast milk feeding before six months reflected lack of knowledge and support. Breastfeeding support during the first six months focusing on how to prevent and solve breastfeeding problems, particularly during the first two weeks, will enable mothers to choose to breastfeed exclusively up to six months. </p><p>This study has provided fundamental evidence of successful intervention by breastfeeding counseling to achieve six months of exclusive breastfeeding among term, low-birthweight infants. The locally developed training program in breastfeeding counseling, which successfully prepared volunteers to counsel mothers at home, could be incorporated into primary health care in the Philippines. Mothers who received breastfeeding counseling appreciated how this helped them to achieve their breastfeeding goals for the first six months. Improved breastfeeding practices as a result of breastfeeding counseling provided infants with protection from diarrhea and respiratory infections, contributing to their health and development.</p>