Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-61).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1942. / Printed also as a Kenan fellow study, University of North Carolina. cf. p. 5.

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This study examines the historical influence of literary works adapted to political purpose, with reference to two significant nineteenth-century French books about Russia: a memoir by Astolphe de Custine entitled Lettres de Russie (1843), and a novel by Jules Verne entitled Michel Strogoff (1876), each based on travelogue sources. Taken together, these two works framed the poles of an ongoing debate about Russian identity related to the long-term effects of the thirteenth-century Mongol invasions of Russia. Custine's memoir characterized Russia as a threatening Tartar horde at the gates of European civilization, while Verne portrayed Russia as a legitimate European great power engaged in taming its rebellious Tartar subjects. Uniquely among the corpus of nineteenth-century French texts on Russia, these books demonstrate exceptional influence. Indeed, political adaptations of both have resonated substantially in international relations. During the Cold War, Custine's Lettres de Russie was discovered and republished by American diplomats in a heavily abridged 1951 edition, to serve as a cipher for an imminent Russian threat. In 1880,Verne's Michel Strogoff was adapted for a theatrical production in Paris; for the next twenty years, the play served as a vehicle to express public support for the Franco-Russian Alliance negotiated between 1891 and 1893. Political adaptation of these works ultimately led to their entrenchment in cultural repertoires of America and France, where they persist today at the levels of state and popular culture. The analysis concludes that an insistent myth concerning Tartar identity remains embedded in the international imaginary concerning Russia. The characterization of Russia as legitimate great power or despotic aggressor continues to reflect earlier questions concerning whether it had tamed its Tartar past, or fallen victim to miscegenation.

Praktinės ir teorinės stilistikos studijos išskiria pakartojimo figūrą nuo antikinės retorikos laikų. Tačiau be tradiciškai teikiamų šios lingvistinės ir stilistinės priemonės formų ir reikšmių, kontekstiniai, pragmatiniai bei kognityviniai pakartojimo aspektai šiuolaikinės kalbotyros nėra pakankamai išnagrinėti. Darbas iliustruotas grožinės literatūros pavyzdžiais: V. Šeikspyro, E. Hemingvėjaus, F. S. Fitzgeraldo, J. Džoiso ir S. Heaney. Šiame darbe siekiame: 1) nagrinėti ir praplėsti pakartojimo figūros semantinį ir struktūrinį lauką tiek siaurame sakinio/pasakymo, tiek ir teksto kontekste; 2) atskleisti pakartojimo pragmatinę ir kognityvinę funkcijas; 3) tirti ir nustatyti intertekstinius ir struktūrinius šios kalbos ir stiliaus priemonės parametrus. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje pakartojimo figūros semantiniai ir stilistiniai bruožai nagrinėjami diachroniniu aspektu, remiantis įvairių baladžių tipų analize. Prieita išvados, kad pakartojimas, įsišaknijęs senovės prietaruose, vietiniuose papročiuose ir tautosakoje, atsirado kalbamojoje kultūroje ir yra perduodamas iš kartos į kartą. Šiuolaikinės literatūros pagrindu praplečiamos pakartojmo figūros klasifikacijos ir semantinės stilistinės funkcijos. Pakartojimo tyrimas sinchroniniu aspektu parodo, kad ši priemonė naudojama ne tik pasakymo loginio ir ekspresyvinio aspekto sustiprinimui, bet ir papildomų prasmių generavimui. Antrojoje dalyje analizuojamos leksinių ryšio priemonių kategorijos: pažodinis ir... [to full text]

The study analyses the value of freedom in literature and the questions of literary engagement in J.-P. Satre’s book Words. In this work the elations between the concept of existential freedom and “obligation” to act, to continuously complete the culture. The individual is free and he/she is identical to self when chooses (“form”) his/her essential traits, creates his/her future, but at the same time he/she represents certain order and relation to the surrounding environment. “Engagement” is related to the necessity to express clearly perceptible and enlightened things in consciousness in literature (especially in prose). The theoretical analysis of the work are the principles of existential outlook formed in J.-P. Satre's philosophy and his essay “What is Literature?”. Words is existentially open work. The freedom and engagement of literature can be interpreted in many ways. The depth of text’s meaning is great. Epic, psychological and symbolic codes hide one below another. The main problem lines can be seen in the autobiographical plot. Engagement directs us to the source and freedom and its form: the individual’s formation. The respective plot attempts to tell the reader “something” what could not be named in the narrative time, but constantly emerged in later periods of life. Childhood (adolescence) experience is in consciousness images and recollections which are independent from will and desires. The child’s world in Words is the world of people close to the narrator... [to full text]