The study analyses the value of freedom in literature and the questions of literary engagement in J.-P. Satre’s book Words. In this work the elations between the concept of existential freedom and “obligation” to act, to continuously complete the culture. The individual is free and he/she is identical to self when chooses (“form”) his/her essential traits, creates his/her future, but at the same time he/she represents certain order and relation to the surrounding environment. “Engagement” is related to the necessity to express clearly perceptible and enlightened things in consciousness in literature (especially in prose). The theoretical analysis of the work are the principles of existential outlook formed in J.-P. Satre's philosophy and his essay “What is Literature?”. Words is existentially open work. The freedom and engagement of literature can be interpreted in many ways. The depth of text’s meaning is great. Epic, psychological and symbolic codes hide one below another. The main problem lines can be seen in the autobiographical plot. Engagement directs us to the source and freedom and its form: the individual’s formation. The respective plot attempts to tell the reader “something” what could not be named in the narrative time, but constantly emerged in later periods of life. Childhood (adolescence) experience is in consciousness images and recollections which are independent from will and desires. The child’s world in Words is the world of people close to the narrator... [to full text]

Esta tese para o doutoramento em Letras, na área dos Estudos Comparados de Literaturas de Língua Portuguesa, investiga as questões relacionadas aos aspectos culturais, literários, transculturais e identitários presentes nas obras ficcionais: Nosso musseque (2003), do angolano José Luandino Vieira e Viva o povo brasileiro (1984), do brasileiro João Ubaldo Ribeiro, a partir da perspectiva do estudo comparativo da solidariedade das literaturas dos países de Língua Portuguesa. Analisa os principais processos determinantes da afirmação, (trans)formação e reconstrução da identidade nacional como: mestiçagem, hibridismo cultural e transculturação, como também identifica e compara a natureza do engajamento literário desses escritores. O presente estudo também busca evidenciar, nessas literaturas de Língua Portuguesa, as marcas identitárias construídas como autoafirmação das especificidades político-econômicas surgidas no século XX. Elas são a expressão poética de seus autores, pois pela importância que têm, representam um tempo, um espaço, um povo e também as culturas nelas reproduzidas. Tal investigação permite mostrar que as obras em estudo desempenham um papel relevante na representação da realidade sócio-histórica, em permanente projeção e (trans)formação de Angola e do Brasil. / This thesis in the area of comparative studies in Portuguese Language for a doctorate in arts faculty is based on researching issues related to cultural, literary, transcultural and identity aspects which are present in fictional works: Nosso musseque (2003), of the Angolan José Luandino Vieira and Viva o povo brasileiro (1984), of the Brazilian João Ubaldo Ribeiro, from the perspective of comparative study of the solidarity of the literatures of Portuguese-speaking countries, analyzing major processes that determine claim, (trans)formation and reconstruction of the national identity, such as: miscegenation, cultural, hybridity and transculturation, and also identify and compare the nature these writers literary engagement. This study also seeks to show in these literatures of Portuguese language brands identity constructed as self-affirmation of the political and economics specificities that arise in the twentieth century. They are poetic expression of their authors, as they have the importance that they represent not only a time, a space, a people, but also the culture reproduced in these respective literatures. Such research shows that the works play a important role in representing the socio-historical reality of Angola and Brazil in permanent projection and (trans)formation.

This thesis provides an examination and analysis of the social contexts of children's response to fiction in order to contribute to a theoretical perspective of literary response as a continuous process. The absence of a consideration of the way that readers are socially constructed renders any conception of literary response incomplete, and a discussion of textual, psychoanalytic and cultural theories of response reveals a gap which Children's Literature must fill. The marginalisation of Children's Literature within literary discourses silences children as readers by denying the recognition of literary engagement inherent in early experiences with fiction. In addition, an investigation of the meta-discourse which surrounds Children's Literature, through criticism, education and provision, demonstrates the way that adult mediations between children and fiction frequently interrupt an innate desire for an authoritative position for the reader within the text, replacing dynamic creative engagement with static modes of reading. In particular, an analysis of the position of children's books, including the processes for editing, selection and marketing, makes it clear, for the first time, that the social contexts of children's fiction, from jacket design to library selection, influence the construction of readers. A new method of empirical research, based on psychoanalysis, phenomenography and Chambers's 'Tell Me' approach to booktalk, provides evidence of the interplay of desire and control in the social construction of readers and reinforces the need for shared discourses. This method is illustrated by the Book Choice Study, consisting of seven individual case studies with children, their parents and teachers, which reveals the importance of an individual's reading history in the promotion of either dynamic or static modes of reading. The study shows that children who engage in a shared discourse about fiction are more likely to participate in a 'literary' engagement than those who experience a divided discourse, confirming the need for a construction of response that includes children and their books.

Esta tese para o doutoramento em Letras, na área dos Estudos Comparados de Literaturas de Língua Portuguesa, investiga as questões relacionadas aos aspectos culturais, literários, transculturais e identitários presentes nas obras ficcionais: Nosso musseque (2003), do angolano José Luandino Vieira e Viva o povo brasileiro (1984), do brasileiro João Ubaldo Ribeiro, a partir da perspectiva do estudo comparativo da solidariedade das literaturas dos países de Língua Portuguesa. Analisa os principais processos determinantes da afirmação, (trans)formação e reconstrução da identidade nacional como: mestiçagem, hibridismo cultural e transculturação, como também identifica e compara a natureza do engajamento literário desses escritores. O presente estudo também busca evidenciar, nessas literaturas de Língua Portuguesa, as marcas identitárias construídas como autoafirmação das especificidades político-econômicas surgidas no século XX. Elas são a expressão poética de seus autores, pois pela importância que têm, representam um tempo, um espaço, um povo e também as culturas nelas reproduzidas. Tal investigação permite mostrar que as obras em estudo desempenham um papel relevante na representação da realidade sócio-histórica, em permanente projeção e (trans)formação de Angola e do Brasil. / This thesis in the area of comparative studies in Portuguese Language for a doctorate in arts faculty is based on researching issues related to cultural, literary, transcultural and identity aspects which are present in fictional works: Nosso musseque (2003), of the Angolan José Luandino Vieira and Viva o povo brasileiro (1984), of the Brazilian João Ubaldo Ribeiro, from the perspective of comparative study of the solidarity of the literatures of Portuguese-speaking countries, analyzing major processes that determine claim, (trans)formation and reconstruction of the national identity, such as: miscegenation, cultural, hybridity and transculturation, and also identify and compare the nature these writers literary engagement. This study also seeks to show in these literatures of Portuguese language brands identity constructed as self-affirmation of the political and economics specificities that arise in the twentieth century. They are poetic expression of their authors, as they have the importance that they represent not only a time, a space, a people, but also the culture reproduced in these respective literatures. Such research shows that the works play a important role in representing the socio-historical reality of Angola and Brazil in permanent projection and (trans)formation.

A presente Tese apresenta uma reflexão acerca do papel do intelectual de Angola e da Guiné-Bissau diante da retomada da memória coletiva dos seus países. Ao discutir marcas do passado literário e cultural de seus países, procura definir perspectivas de afirmação histórica e política, através de atitudes individuais e dos movimentos culturais que impulsionaram a revolução da independência. Tornou-se necessária, nessa perspectiva, uma abordagem multidisciplinar, para caraterizar a figura do intelectual como construção literária do imaginário que, simultaneamente, constrói no fluxo da fruição textual, o caudal histórico da vitoriosa conquista revolucionária, tal como essa imagem aparece em dois escritores paradigmáticos das literaturas angolana e guineense: Pepetela e Filinto de Barros. Pepetela e Filinto de Barros, onde se associam o ficcionista e o cidadão, favorecem a discussão do papel do intelectual em seus países e das estratégias do discurso artístico de que se valeram, tendo como matéria histórica a luta de libertação nacional de seus países e as vicissitudes do período pós-independência. Nesse sentido, são problematizadas na tese o sentido da práxis literária desses escritores, diante desses dois momentos históricos, como também a relação que esta práxis estabelece com as sociedades africanas atuais, sempre pondo em relevo os jogos de representações do intelectual. / The present thesis introduces a reflection around the intellectual role of Angola and Guinea-Bissau before the collective memory recovery of these countries. When discussing marks from the literary and cultural past of these countries, it tries to define perspectives of historical and political affirmation, through individual attitudes and cultural movements that pushed the independence revolution. It has became necessary, under this perspective, a multi disciplinary approach in order to characterize the figure of the intellect as literary construction of the imaginary that, simultaneously, builds in the flow of the textual fruition the historic caudal of the victorious revolutionary achievement. As well as this image is present in two paradigmatic writers of the Angolan and Guinean literature: Pepetela and Filinto de Barros, where we find associated the fictionist and the citizen, they favor the discussion of the intellects role in their countries and of the artistic discourse strategies they took advantage from, having as historic subject the fight for national emancipation of their countries and the ups and downs of the after independence period. Therefore, in the thesis it is problematized the literary praxis sense of these writers, before these two historical moments, as well as the relation that this praxis establishes with the todays African societies, always emphasizing the intellects representation games.

A presente Tese apresenta uma reflexão acerca do papel do intelectual de Angola e da Guiné-Bissau diante da retomada da memória coletiva dos seus países. Ao discutir marcas do passado literário e cultural de seus países, procura definir perspectivas de afirmação histórica e política, através de atitudes individuais e dos movimentos culturais que impulsionaram a revolução da independência. Tornou-se necessária, nessa perspectiva, uma abordagem multidisciplinar, para caraterizar a figura do intelectual como construção literária do imaginário que, simultaneamente, constrói no fluxo da fruição textual, o caudal histórico da vitoriosa conquista revolucionária, tal como essa imagem aparece em dois escritores paradigmáticos das literaturas angolana e guineense: Pepetela e Filinto de Barros. Pepetela e Filinto de Barros, onde se associam o ficcionista e o cidadão, favorecem a discussão do papel do intelectual em seus países e das estratégias do discurso artístico de que se valeram, tendo como matéria histórica a luta de libertação nacional de seus países e as vicissitudes do período pós-independência. Nesse sentido, são problematizadas na tese o sentido da práxis literária desses escritores, diante desses dois momentos históricos, como também a relação que esta práxis estabelece com as sociedades africanas atuais, sempre pondo em relevo os jogos de representações do intelectual. / The present thesis introduces a reflection around the intellectual role of Angola and Guinea-Bissau before the collective memory recovery of these countries. When discussing marks from the literary and cultural past of these countries, it tries to define perspectives of historical and political affirmation, through individual attitudes and cultural movements that pushed the independence revolution. It has became necessary, under this perspective, a multi disciplinary approach in order to characterize the figure of the intellect as literary construction of the imaginary that, simultaneously, builds in the flow of the textual fruition the historic caudal of the victorious revolutionary achievement. As well as this image is present in two paradigmatic writers of the Angolan and Guinean literature: Pepetela and Filinto de Barros, where we find associated the fictionist and the citizen, they favor the discussion of the intellects role in their countries and of the artistic discourse strategies they took advantage from, having as historic subject the fight for national emancipation of their countries and the ups and downs of the after independence period. Therefore, in the thesis it is problematized the literary praxis sense of these writers, before these two historical moments, as well as the relation that this praxis establishes with the todays African societies, always emphasizing the intellects representation games.

Le récit magico-réaliste entretient avec l’écriture de l’histoire un rapport très étroit. Entre les années 1940 et les années 1980, dans toute l’aire géographique américaine, s’est développé et a évolué une fiction magico-réaliste qui se donne comme objectif la transcription de données anthropologiques, concernant les populations dominées américaines, qu’elles soient composées d’autochtones, d’esclaves ou de descendants d’esclaves, dans un univers romanesque où réalisme et magie se côtoient sans tensions. Ainsi, en abordant les périodes passées du continent américain, les auteurs de récits magico-réalistes ont construit un type de fiction qu’ils ont façonné dans le but de permettre une expression littéraire de l’opération historiographique, qui ne peut pas se substituer à la science historique, mais qui peut donner, d’une façon qui tire parti des potentialités de la fiction, une voix à ceux qu’un discours dominant et des structures de pouvoir ont longtemps laissés dans l’ombre. Nous étudierons donc comment les récits magico-réalistes écrivent l’histoire, et notamment restituent des visions du monde longtemps ignorées, dans une perspective proche de l’histoire des représentations. Une telle entreprise littéraire et historique constitue par-là même un phénomène structurant pour le champ littéraire américain, mais aussi caribéen. Notre corpus d’étude trilingue réunit des auteurs de tout le continent américain : Miguel Ángel Asturias, Alejo Carpentier, Juan Rulfo, Toni Morrison, Wilson Harris, Toni Cade Bambara, Jean-Louis Baghio’o, Jacques Stephen Alexis et Maryse Condé. / The magical realistic narrative is deeply linked with the writing of history. Between the 1940’s and the 1980’s, throughout the entire America, has been developed and has evolved the magic realism which let the authors of such narratives to transcribe anthropological datas, coming from dominated populations of America (Natives, slaves or former slaves) in novels in which realism and magic can mix without tension. Then, by describing the past periods of the American continent, the authors of magic realism narratives have built a kind of fiction able to imitate, but not replace, the historical investigation : they can, with the help of the specific resources of fiction, give a voice to those who where kept in the dark for so long. We will study how the authors of magic realism narratives write history, et transcribe the representations of people who were not considered before. Such a literary phenomenon is fundamental in the building of an American literary filed. Our trilingual corpus gathers these nine authors : Miguel Ángel Asturias, Alejo Carpentier, Juan Rulfo, Toni Morrison, Wilson Harris, Toni Cade Bambara, Jean-Louis Baghio’o, Jacques Stephen Alexis et Maryse Condé.