O uso do óxido de nióbio como promotor e como suporte tem sido investigado em numerosas aplicações catalíticas, tais como, na oxidação seletiva, conversão de hidrocarbonetos, polimerização, eliminação de poluentes (NOx), desidrogenação, etc. Sabe-se que a adição de nióbio na γ-Al2O3 melhora a acidez, a seletividade e a estabilidade térmica e, conseqüentemente, a atividade catalítica desses materiais. A atividade catalítica dos sistemas contendo nióbia suportada é decorrente das diferentes espécies redox do óxido de nióbio presentes nas superfícies do sólido. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência do teor de nióbio e vanádio no sistema catalítico V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 na reação de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano. A fim de alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: volumetria de N2 (área específica e volume de poros), redução a temperatura programada, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia Raman. As propriedades ácidas e/ou básicas dos suportes e catalisadores foram avaliadas através da reação de decomposição do isopropanol. / The use of niobium oxide as a promoter and as a support has been investigated in various catalyst applications, such as selective oxidation, hydrocarbonate conversion, polymerization, elimination of (NOx) pollutants, dehydrogenation, etc. It is known that adding niobium to γ-Al2O3 improves acidity, selectivity and thermal stability and consequently the catalyst activity of these materials. The catalyst activity of systems containing supported niobium is due to the different redox species of niobium oxide present on the solid surface. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the niobium and vanadium content in the V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 catalyst system in the propane oxidative dehydrogenation reaction. Aiming the target of this study, the following characterization techniques were used: N2 volumetry (specific area and pore volume), temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffractometry (DRX), and Raman spectroscopy. The acid-base properties of the supports and catalysts were studied through isopropanol decomposition reaction.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Cluster- und QM/MM-Einbettungsmodelle für geträgerte Vanadiumoxidkatalysatoren auf Siliziumdioxid mit Hilfe von DFT-Rechnungen untersucht. Es wurden Strukturen, Schwingungen und die Stabilität gegenüber Wasser und Sauerstoff unter Reaktionsbedingungen betrachtet. Ferner wurde die Reaktivität bei der Oxidativen Dehydrierung (ODH) von n-Propan zu n-Propen und der Oxidation von Methanol zu Formaldehyd untersucht. Zur Durchführung der Einbettungsrechnung wurde ein angepasstes Shell-Model-Potential verwendet. Bezüglich der Schwingungen zeigte sich, dass sich der Einfluss der Einbettung hauptsächlich auf die Kopplung von Schwingungen beschränkt, aber die Frequenzen kaum verändert werden. Die lokale Struktur um das Vanadiumatom beeinflusst die Vanadylschwingung wenig. Die Stabilitätsberechnungen haben gezeigt, dass die untersuchten Modelle unter Reaktionsbedingungen vorliegen und hydroxylierte Spezies keine Bedeutung haben. Bei der Untersuchung der beiden Reaktionen wird für die Cluster- und die QM/MM-Einbettungsrechnungen jeweils derselbe Mechanismus gefunden. Der Vorteil der Einbettungsrechnungen besteht darin, dass die lokale Struktur um das aktive Zentrum variiert werden kann. Bei der ODH von Propan hat die lokale Struktur einen eher geringen Einfluss auf die Reaktionsenergien, denn die Reaktion verläuft hauptsächlich am Vanadylsauerstoff. Der Übergangszustand des geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schrittes liegt bei der Einbettungsrechnung dennoch energetisch höher. Grund ist eine sterische Hinderung durch die Hydroxylgruppen der Oberfläche. Bei der Oxidation von Methanol ist der Einfluss der lokalen Struktur größer, denn die Reaktion verläuft sowohl über den Vanadylsauerstoff als auch über die Brückensauerstoffatome zum Trägermaterial. Für beide Reaktionen wird ein Einfluss der Vanadiumbeladung auf die Reaktionsenergien gefunden. Bei höherer Beladung werden die Reaktionen exothermer. / In this work cluster models and models for QM/MM-embedding for supported vanadia catalysts on silica were studied with help of DFT-calculations. The structures, vibrations and stability towards water and oxygen under reaction conditions were examined. Furthermore the reactivities towards the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of n-propane to n-propene and the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde were tested. For the embedding an adapted shell-model-potential was employed. Regarding the vibrations it was shown that the influence of the embedding lies mostly in the coupling of vibrations and not in their frequencies. The local structure surrounding the vanadium atom has only minor influence. The stability calculations have shown that the tested model systems exist under reaction conditions while hydroxylated species do not exist. When studying the reactivity of the two reactions always the same mechanism is found for cluster and embedded calculations. The benefit of the embedded calculations is the possibility to vary the local structure surrounding the active center. For the ODH of propane the local structure has only small impact on reaction energies because the reaction takes mainly place at the vanadyl oxygen. The transition state of the rate determining step nevertheless is energetically higher in the embedded calculations due to steric hindrance caused by the hydroxyl groups of the surface. The impact of local structure is more important for the oxidation of methanol since in this case vanadyl oxygen and bridging oxygens to the support are involved in the reaction. For both reactions an influence on reaction energies of the vanadia loading is found. With more loading the reactions becomes more exothermic.

Catalisadores baseados em óxidos metálicos têm sido muito utilizados nos últimos anos para a desidrogenação oxidativa de alcanos leves. Dentre os principais catalisadores, estão os sistemas contendo V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. O processo de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano (DOP) representa uma via alternativa importante para a produção de propileno sob menores temperaturas, porém sua prática vem sendo limitada pela diminuição dos valores de seletividade ao propeno com o aumento da conversão do reagente. Metais alcalinos, dentre eles o potássio, são frequentemente utilizados como promotores em reações de oxidação seletiva com o objetivo de proporcionar melhores seletividades catalíticas aos mecanismos de reação, devido à redução da acidez e ao aumento da basicidade na superfície dos catalisadores. O projeto proposto tem como objetivo principal criar uma metodologia de síntese de novos suportes Nb2O5-Al2O3 e catalisadores V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 dopados com potássio a serem utilizados em processos petroquímicos para a produção de olefinas leves. Para tanto, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectroscopia de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES), volumetria de N2, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (RTP). As características ácidas e/ou básicas e a atividade catalítica dos suportes e catalisadores foram medidas pelas reações de decomposição do isopropanol e de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano, respectivamente. / Catalysts based on metal oxides have been extensively used in recent years for the oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes. Among the main catalysts, there are the systems containing V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODH) provides a potential low-temperature route for the synthesis of propylene, but its practice has been limited by a marked decrease in propene selectivity with increasing conversion of reactant. Alkali metals, such as potassium, are frequently used as promoters in selective oxidation reactions with the objective of providing higher selectivity in catalytic reaction mechanisms, due to the reduced acidity and increasing basicity of the catalysts surface. The considered project has as major objective create a new synthesis methodology of Nb2O5-Al2O3 supports and V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 potassium-doped catalysts to be used in petrochemical processes for the production of light olefins. For in such a way, the following characterization techniques were used: atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), N2 volumetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The properties acid and/or basic and the catalytic activity of supports and catalysts were evaluated by the isopropanol decomposition and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane reactions, respectively.

Catalisadores baseados em óxidos metálicos têm sido muito utilizados nos últimos anos para a desidrogenação oxidativa de alcanos leves. Dentre os principais catalisadores, estão os sistemas contendo V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. O processo de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano (DOP) representa uma via alternativa importante para a produção de propileno sob menores temperaturas, porém sua prática vem sendo limitada pela diminuição dos valores de seletividade ao propeno com o aumento da conversão do reagente. Metais alcalinos, dentre eles o potássio, são frequentemente utilizados como promotores em reações de oxidação seletiva com o objetivo de proporcionar melhores seletividades catalíticas aos mecanismos de reação, devido à redução da acidez e ao aumento da basicidade na superfície dos catalisadores. O projeto proposto tem como objetivo principal criar uma metodologia de síntese de novos suportes Nb2O5-Al2O3 e catalisadores V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 dopados com potássio a serem utilizados em processos petroquímicos para a produção de olefinas leves. Para tanto, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: espectrometria de absorção atômica, espectroscopia de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES), volumetria de N2, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e redução à temperatura programada (RTP). As características ácidas e/ou básicas e a atividade catalítica dos suportes e catalisadores foram medidas pelas reações de decomposição do isopropanol e de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano, respectivamente. / Catalysts based on metal oxides have been extensively used in recent years for the oxidative dehydrogenation of light alkanes. Among the main catalysts, there are the systems containing V2O5, Nb2O5 e Al2O3. The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODH) provides a potential low-temperature route for the synthesis of propylene, but its practice has been limited by a marked decrease in propene selectivity with increasing conversion of reactant. Alkali metals, such as potassium, are frequently used as promoters in selective oxidation reactions with the objective of providing higher selectivity in catalytic reaction mechanisms, due to the reduced acidity and increasing basicity of the catalysts surface. The considered project has as major objective create a new synthesis methodology of Nb2O5-Al2O3 supports and V2O5-Nb2O5-Al2O3 potassium-doped catalysts to be used in petrochemical processes for the production of light olefins. For in such a way, the following characterization techniques were used: atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), N2 volumetry, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). The properties acid and/or basic and the catalytic activity of supports and catalysts were evaluated by the isopropanol decomposition and oxidative dehydrogenation of propane reactions, respectively.

O uso do óxido de nióbio como promotor e como suporte tem sido investigado em numerosas aplicações catalíticas, tais como, na oxidação seletiva, conversão de hidrocarbonetos, polimerização, eliminação de poluentes (NOx), desidrogenação, etc. Sabe-se que a adição de nióbio na γ-Al2O3 melhora a acidez, a seletividade e a estabilidade térmica e, conseqüentemente, a atividade catalítica desses materiais. A atividade catalítica dos sistemas contendo nióbia suportada é decorrente das diferentes espécies redox do óxido de nióbio presentes nas superfícies do sólido. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência do teor de nióbio e vanádio no sistema catalítico V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 na reação de desidrogenação oxidativa do propano. A fim de alcançar o objetivo deste trabalho, as seguintes técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas: volumetria de N2 (área específica e volume de poros), redução a temperatura programada, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia Raman. As propriedades ácidas e/ou básicas dos suportes e catalisadores foram avaliadas através da reação de decomposição do isopropanol. / The use of niobium oxide as a promoter and as a support has been investigated in various catalyst applications, such as selective oxidation, hydrocarbonate conversion, polymerization, elimination of (NOx) pollutants, dehydrogenation, etc. It is known that adding niobium to γ-Al2O3 improves acidity, selectivity and thermal stability and consequently the catalyst activity of these materials. The catalyst activity of systems containing supported niobium is due to the different redox species of niobium oxide present on the solid surface. This study aims to evaluate the influence of the niobium and vanadium content in the V2O5/Nb2O5-Al2O3 catalyst system in the propane oxidative dehydrogenation reaction. Aiming the target of this study, the following characterization techniques were used: N2 volumetry (specific area and pore volume), temperature-programmed reduction, X-ray diffractometry (DRX), and Raman spectroscopy. The acid-base properties of the supports and catalysts were studied through isopropanol decomposition reaction.

ABSTRACT VANADIUM AND MOLYBDENUM INCORPORATED MCM-41 CATALYSTS FOR SELECTIVE OXIDATION OF ETHANOL G&uuml / &ccedil / bilmez, YeSim Ph.D., Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Timur Dogu Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Suna Balci June 2005, 144 pages In this study, V-MCM-41, MCM-41 and Mo-MCM-41 catalysts were synthesized by the one-pot alkaline and acidic synthesis methods. The as-synthesized catalysts were found to have high BET surface areas (430-1450 m2/g), homogeneous pore size distributions (2-4 nm), good crystalline patterns and high metal loading levels (Metal/Si atomic ratio in the solid = 0.01-0.16) as determined by the characterization studies. MCM-41 and Mo-MCM-41 catalysts were highly active in the selective oxidation of ethanol with conversion levels of 56% and 71%, respectively, at 400oC for an O2/EtOH feed ratio of 0.5. Both catalysts had very high selectivities to acetaldehyde at temperatures below 300oC. Conversions exceeded 95% with the V-MCM-41 catalyst having a V/Si molar ratio (in the solid) of 0.04 in the temperature range of 300oC-375oC for the O2/EtOH feed ratios of 0.5-2.0. Acetaldehyde selectivities changed between 0.82-1.00 at the temperature range of 150oC-250oC. Ethylene, which is listed as a minor side product of the selective oxidation of ethanol in literature, was produced with a maximum yield of 0.66 at 400oC at the O2/EtOH feed ratio of 0.5. This yield is higher than the yields obtained in the industrial ethylene production methods such as thermal cracking and oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. Besides, the feedstock used in this work is a non-petroleum chemical, namely ethanol, which can be produced from sugar and crop wastes by fermentation. Thus, the findings of this study are also proposed as an alternative ethylene production method from a non-petroleum reactant at lower temperatures with higher yields. &Ouml / Z ETANOL&Uuml / N SE&Ccedil / iCi OKSiDASYONUNDA KULLANILMAK &Uuml / ZERE VANADYUM VE MOLiBDEN i&Ccedil / EREN MCM-41 KATALiZ&Ouml / RLERiNiN &Uuml / RETiMi G&uuml / &ccedil / bilmez, YeSim Doktora, Kimya M&uuml / hendisligi B&ouml / l&uuml / m&uuml / Tez Y&ouml / neticisi : Prof. Dr. Timur Dogu Ortak Tez Y&ouml / neticisi: Prof. Dr. Suna Balci Haziran 2005, 144 sayfa Bu &ccedil / aliSma kapsaminda, dogrudan sentez metoduyla, alkali ve asit ortamlarinda, V-MCM-41, MCM-41 ve Mo-MCM-41 kataliz&ouml / rleri sentezlenmiStir. Bu Sekilde sentezlenen kataliz&ouml / rlerin y&uuml / ksek BET y&uuml / zey alanlarina (430-1450 m2/g), homojen g&ouml / zenek boyutu dagilimlarina (2-4 nm), iyi kristal yapilarina ve y&uuml / ksek metal y&uuml / kleme oranlarina (Metal/Si katidaki molar orani =0.01-0.16) sahip olduklari karakterizasyon &ccedil / aliSmalari sonucunda g&ouml / r&uuml / lm&uuml / St&uuml / r. MCM-41 ve Mo-MCM-41 kataliz&ouml / rleri etanol&uuml / n se&ccedil / ici oksidasyonunda, 400oC&amp / #8217 / de ve reakt&ouml / r giriSinde 0.5&amp / #8217 / lik O2/EtOH oraninda, sirasiyla, 56% ve 71% d&ouml / n&uuml / S&uuml / m seviyeleriyle, y&uuml / ksek aktivite g&ouml / stermiSlerdir. Her iki kataliz&ouml / r de 300oC&amp / #8217 / nin altinda &ccedil / ok y&uuml / ksek asetaldehit se&ccedil / iciligi g&ouml / stermiStir. D&ouml / n&uuml / S&uuml / m degerleri, V/Si katidaki molar orani 0.04 olan V-MCM-41 kataliz&ouml / r&uuml / i&ccedil / in / 300oC-375oC araliginda ve 0.5-0.2 O2/EtOH reakt&ouml / r giriSi oranlarinda, 95%&amp / #8217 / i ge&ccedil / miStir. Asetaldehit se&ccedil / icilikleri, 150oC-250oC araliginda, 0.82-1.00 arasinda degiSmiStir. Literat&uuml / rde, etil alkol&uuml / n se&ccedil / ici oksidasyonunda &ouml / nemsiz bir yan &uuml / r&uuml / n olarak s&ouml / z&uuml / ge&ccedil / en etilen, 400oC&amp / #8217 / de ve 0.5&amp / #8217 / lik O2/EtOH reakt&ouml / r giriS oraninda 0.66 maksimum verimle &uuml / retilmiStir. Bu verim degeri isil par&ccedil / alanma ve etanin kismi oksidasyonu gibi end&uuml / striyel etilen &uuml / retim yollariyla elde edilen verimlerden daha y&uuml / ksektir. Ayrica, bu &ccedil / aliSmada kullanilan etanol petrol-bazli olmayan bir hammaddedir ve Seker pancari atiklarindan fermentasyonla &uuml / retilebilmektedir. Bu sebeple, bu &ccedil / aliSmadaki bulgular, petrol-bazli olmayan bir hammaddeden, daha d&uuml / S&uuml / k sicaklikta, daha y&uuml / ksek verimle etilen elde etmek i&ccedil / in alternatif bir &uuml / retim metodu olarak da &ouml / nerilmiStir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Etilen, Etil alkol, Se&ccedil / ici Oksidasyon, MCM-41, V-MCM-41, Mo-MCM-41, Oksidatif Dihidrojenasyon, Kismi Oksidasyon

Les réactions de déshydrogénation oxydante du propane et de l’éthane ont été étudiées respectivement sur des catalyseurs à base d’oxydes alcalino-terreux (OAT) dopés néodyme et des catalyseurs à base d’oxyde de nickel dopés par différents métaux. Deux méthodes de préparation des solides OAT dopés au néodyme ont été comparées. La caractérisation par analyses DRX montre la formation de solutions solides avec des défauts (lacunes, dislocations). La formation d’agglomérats de néodyme a été également observée. Les tests catalytiques réalisés montrent que le dopage au néodyme augmente la conversion du propane avec simultanément une augmentation de la sélectivité. Les catalyseurs à base d’oxyde de nickel sont eux très actifs dans la réaction de déshydrogénation oxydante de l’éthane. L’étude réalisée montre l’absence de formation de solutions solides étendues avec les dopants. L’addition de niobium et des ions oxalates permet l’isolation des sites actifs qui sont des ions O- et entraine une baisse d’activité mais conjointement une forte amélioration de la sélectivité en éthylène. De plus, elle modifie la texture de NiO en augmentant sa surface spécifique ce qui permet d’obtenir de meilleures conversions. La mise au point de ces catalyseurs est compromise par une désactivation: la caractérisation des solides avant et après désactivation par DRX, Raman, XPS, TEM, EDX et TPD de O2 montre que cette désactivation est due à la réduction lente et irréversible des ions Ni3+ entrainant la diminution du nombre des espèces O-. La formation de la phase NiNb2O6 lors de la désactivation a été également observée. / The oxidative dehydrogenations of propane and ethane have been studied on alkaline earth oxides doped with neodymium oxide (AEO) and nickel oxide doped with different metal oxides. Two types of synthesis have been compared for the preparation of AEO+Nd samples. The characterization by XRD showed the formation of solid solutions with different defects (cationic vacancies, dislocations). The formation of agglomerates of neodymium has also been observed. The catalytic testing showed that the presence of neodymium oxide increases both the conversion of propane and the selectivity to propylene. The addition of neodymium oxide increases the basicity of the catalysts, which seems to be beneficial to the selectivity. The nickel oxide based catalysts are very efficient in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. The study shows that there is no formation of extended solid solution. The addition of niobium and oxalates anions leads to the isolation of the active O- sites at the surface of the nickel oxide, which decreases the activity but strongly increases the selectivity to ethylene. Furthermore, it modifies textural properties of nickel oxide increasing its specific surface area leading to better conversions. However, the applicability of this type of catalysts stays under question because of a deactivation that has been evidenced with time on stream. The characterization of the fresh and deactivated catalysts by XRD, Raman, XPS, TEM, EDX and TPD of O2 showed that this deactivation is due to the slow and irreversible reduction of Ni3+ cations leading to a further decrease in number of the O- species. The formation of NiNb2O6 phase during the deactivation has been evidenced.

La thèse a porté sur l’étude de catalyseurs multi-éléments à base de molybdates et plus particulièrement de la phase M1 MoVTe(Sb)NbO, comme catalyseur dans la déshydrogénation oxydante de l’éthane et diverses autres réactions impliquant des alcanes légers ou des composés aromatiques. Les buts étaient de comprendre le rôle des divers éléments métalliques constituant le catalyseur, de rechercher de nouvelles méthodes de synthèse et de mettre au point un réacteur structuré. La thèse a permis entre autres de préparer des phases M1 à partir de képlérates comme précurseurs de départ, de comprendre l’effet de la teneur en vanadium dans la phase active, de montrer la faisabilité et l’efficacité d’un réacteur structuré avec la phase M1 ancrée sur un support de type mousse de carbure de silicium, de caractériser pour la première fois et de façon approfondie des phases M1 sans tellure ou antimoine, et enfin de monter l’efficacité des catalyseurs à base de phase M1 dans de nouvelles réactions comme l’ammoxydation de la picoline / The thesis is part of a general study of molybdates based multi-components catalysts and more precisely of the MoVTe(Sb)NbO M1 phase used for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and various other reactions implying light alkanes or aromatic compounds. The goals of the study were to progress in the understanding of the roles of the components and search for new preparation methods of the catalysts or ways to support them on structured micro-reactor. Among others, the thesis allowed, preparing the M1 phases using keplerates compounds as precursors, determining the effect of vanadium content of the active phase on its catalytic properties, demonstrating the feasibility of a structured reactor with the M1 phase deposited on a SiC foam, characterizing deeply M1 phases without Te or Sb and finally showing the efficiency of the catalysts in new reactions like the ammoxidation of picoline

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