Univ., Diss.-2003--Düsseldorf, 2002. / Literaturverz. S. [259] - 277.

abstract: This Thesis contends that if the designer of a non-biological machine (android) can establish that the machine exhibits certain specified behaviors or characteristics, then there is no principled reason to deny that the machine can be considered a legal person. The thesis also states that given a related but not necessarily identical set of characteristics, there is no principled reason to deny that the non-biological machine can make a claim to a level of moral personhood. It is the purpose of my analysis to delineate some of the specified behaviors required for each of these conditions so as to provide guidance and understanding to designers seeking to establish criteria for creation of such machines. Implicit in the stated thesis are assumptions concerning what is meant by a non-biological machine. I use analytic functionalism as a mechanism to establish a framework within which to operate. In order to develop this framework it is necessary to provide an analysis of what currently constitutes the attributes of a legal person, and to likewise examine what are the roots of the claim to moral personhood. This analysis consists of a treatment of the concept of legal personhood starting with the Greek and Roman views and tracing the line of development through the modern era. This examination then explores at a more abstract level what it means to be a person. Next, I examine law's role as a normative system, placing it within the context of the previous discussions. Then, criteria such as autonomy and intentionality are discussed in detail and are related to the over all analysis of the thesis. Following this, moral personhood is examined using the animal rights movement of the last thirty years as an argument by analogy to the question posed by the thesis. Finally, all of the above concepts are combined in a way that will provide a basis for analyzing and testing future assertions that a non-biological entity has a plausible claim for legal or moral personhood. If such an entity exhibits the type of intentionality and autonomy which humans view as the foundation of practical reason, in combination with other indicia of sentience described by "folk psychology", analytic functionalism suggests that there is no principled reason to deny the android's claim to rights. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Biology 2011

Bakgrund: Diabetes typ 2 är ett globalt växande hälsoproblem och antalet diagnostiserade fortsätter att öka. Sjukdomen kräver ett stort engagemang från personen på grund av de nya livsstilsförändringarna. Egenvården är därför en betydelsefull del för att kunna hantera sjukdomen. Förutsättningen för en fungerande egenvård är att personen är välinformerad samt upplever stöd från sin familj och omgivning. Hälso- och sjukvården har en betydelsefull roll i att informera, motivera och stödja personen i livsstilsförändringarna. Syfte: Var att beskriva personers upplevelse av egenvårdsmöjligheter vid diabetes typ 2. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på 14 kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserades utifrån Fribergs femstegsmodell. Ordet personer syftar på personer med diabetes typ 2. Resultat: Egenvårdshanteringen upplevdes som svår. Mat- och samhällskulturen sågs som ett hinder för att genomföra livsstilsförändringarna på grund av rädslan att hamna i utanförskap.  Stöd söktes från familj, religion eller samhället för att kunna hantera sjukdomen. Slutsats: Personen med diabetes typ 2 bär ansvaret att genomföra livsstilsförändringar. Motivationsfaktorer behövs för att personen ska kunna genomföra förändringarna.

O Renascimento deu início a Era Moderna, trazendo grandes inovações econômicas, sociais e culturais. Houve o surgimento do capitalismo mercantilista, decorrente da passagem do artesanato à manufatura. Culturalmente, o homem passou a ser o centro dos interesses, superando a religiosidade anterior, rumando se ao individualismo hoje imperante. O fato mais importante, para o nosso tema, foi o aparecimento do direito subjetivo, centrado no sujeito de direito, resultante da universalização da idéia de propriedade. Todos os homens tornaram-se pessoas. Com as revoluções do século XVIII e as conseqüentes alterações no modo de produção resultaram em mudanças sociais. A revolução industrial trouxe a divisão do trabalho a divisão da propriedade (proprietários de bens de produção e trabalhadores). Aqui começa a perda de substância do direito subjetivo pelo enfraquecimento do sujeito de direito. O direito subjetivo deixa de ser um poder e passa a ser uma função social. Relativamente às pessoas surgem as situações subjetivas. No século XX houve a crise do positivismo com as guerras mundiais. A revolução informática, a globalização e mercado financeiro, concorreram para a mudança de paradigma. Concomitante com a chamada pós-industrialização surgiu o pós-modernismo. A Expressão: direito subjetivo persiste como ferramenta de operar relações jurídicas. Não se levam em conta as relações pessoais que sustentam a sociedade. / Renaissance has its beggining in Modern Age. It brought great economical, social and cultural innovations. The economical changes of the production methods caused big social changes and merchant capitalism could arise due to the passage of the handicraft to manufacture. Culturally, man became the centre of interests, bigger than religion, pointing to the individualism that rules nowadays. For this work, the most important fact was the appearing of right, centralized in the subject of law, as a result of universalization of the idea of property. All man became persons. The revolutions of XVIII century and its changes of production ways brought social changes. The industrial revolution created the division of work, and the division of properties (the owners of productions resources and those who didn\'t owned them). At these point starts the lost of the substance of right by weakening of the person. The right is not a power any more and starts working as a social function. It appeared subjective situations related to the people. The juridical positivism began. In the 20 th century happened the positivism crises due to the world war. The informatics revolutions brought new social changes such as globalizations, ecology, financial market etc. At the same time of the called post modernism. The expression right now means a tool for the operation of juridical relationships. The person relationships that sustain society are not considered.

Generation y has received a sad image of them as employees, which has led to that employer’s has started to see them as difficult to manage. Because of this, a large amount of the literature has started to focus on highlighting the manageability of the generation. Knowledge has been made by comparing the characters of generation y to older generations, which has created a rather one- sided understanding. In 2015 a study was published making speculations about a weak fit between the audit profession and generation y. The fit between organizations and their employees has in existing research been referred to as Person-Organization fit. This research shows that a weak fit between the two gives a negative effect on the organizations overall performance. At the same time a study shows that eighty percent of the workforce within on of the big four audit firms consists of individuals from generation y in 2016, which indicates a strong entrance in the profession by them. This creates a need to generate a stronger fit with the generation. However, there is a lack of studies that investigates the real dynamic between the two and makes suggestions on how the fit can be increased between the generation and the audit profession. Because of this, this paper has the purpose of examine the fit between generation y and one of the big four audit firms and to discuss suggestions on how the fit between the two can be increased. The study was performed through a qualitative interview study with fourteen respondents from the firm. The study’s result shows a stronger fit between the generation and the audit firm then previous literature has suggested but still some incongruence is present. The incongruence emerged from structural and cultural factors, which decreased the effect of the socialization process from the firm. A suggestion is made to widen the hierarchical structure. A change that need culture changes which is seen to even the work load and strenghten the link between advancement and reward which is seen to create incentives to advance within the firm. Keyword: Generation y, Person-Organization fit / Generation y har i den befintliga litteraturen fått ett tråkigt skimmer över sig som arbetstagare vilket bidragit till att arbetsgivare har börjat se dem som vanskliga att hantera. Detta har gjort att studier har växt fram som påvisat hanterbarheten av generation y. Kunskap har skapats genom att jämföra generation y:s karaktärer mot äldre generationer vilket bidragit till en relativt ensidig förståelse av generationen. År 2015 publicerades en studie som antyder om en svag matchning mellan generation y och revisionsbranschen. Matchningen mellan organisationer och dess anställda har i befintlig forskning benämnts som Person-Organization fit (P-O matchning). Denna forskning visar på att en svag matchning mellan de båda parterna kan resultera i negativa effekter på organisationers prestationsförmåga. Generation y utgjorde år 2016 cirka 80 % av arbetskraften inom en av de fyra största revisionsbyråerna, vilket indikerar på att generationen på allvar har gjort inträde inom branschen. På grund av detta är det av vikt att en stark matchning mellan parterna infinner sig. En avsaknad av studier som undersöker den verkliga dynamiken och kommer med förslag på hur matchningen kan ökas mot generation y inom revisionsbranschen går att utläsa. På grund av detta är denna uppsats syfte att undersöka hur P-O matchningen mellan generation y och en av de fyra största revisionsbyråerna ser ut samt diskutera förslag på hur matchningen kan ökas mellan de två parterna. Studien har bedrivits som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fjorton respondenter inom revisionsbyrån. Studiens resultat visar på en starkare matchning än tidigare forskning antytt mellan parterna men fortfarande kvarligger ett antal inkongruenser. Inkongruenserna ses uppkomma av strukturella och kulturella faktorer som begränsar effekten av det närvarande socialiseringsarbete inom revisionsbyrån. Ett förslag ges om att bredda den hierarkiska strukturen inom revisionsbyrån. En förändring som ses kräva kulturförändringar vilket bidrar till en jämnare arbetsbelastning samt en förstärkt koppling mellan belöning och avancering för att skapa incitament för individerna att avancera inom revisionsbyrån.

The present paper critically examines the epistemic status of first-person accounts and first-person methods in Francisco Varela’s research program neurophenomenology, which integrates a phenomenological perspective in cognitive science. The paper also questions Varela’s description of neurophenomenology as an ontological recategorization of nature and a solution to the hard problem of consciousness.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a competitive corporate marketing strategy and gained increasingly more attention among organizations. Drawing from attribution theory, persuasion knowledge model and the first- and third-person effects, this study outlined a survey study designed to examine the relationships among consumers’ beliefs in CSR motives, perceived effects of CSR communication on self and others, and behavioral consequences. Also described is a structural equation model which allows for the testing of the research hypotheses. Data was collected from 202 college students via survey. The results supported that when consumers believe the motives of CSR are other-serving, perceived effects are more positive on self than other and they are able to take action to join. Results also showed that when consumers believe the motives are self-serving, perceived effects are negative on self.

M.Litt. et Phil.

Every day we encounter a variety of people, and we need to recognize their identity to interact with them appropriately. The most common ways to recognize a person's identity include the recognition of a face and of a voice. Recognizing a face or a voice is effortless, but the neural mechanisms that enable us to do so are complex. The face of a same person can look very different depending on the viewpoint and it can be partly occluded. Analogously, a voice can sound very different when it is saying different words. The neural mechanisms that enable us to recognize a person's identity need to abstract away from stimulus differences that are not relevant for identity recognition. Patient studies indicate that this process is executed with the contribution of multiple brain regions (Meadows, 1974; Tranel et al., 1997). However, the localization accuracy allowed by neuropsychological studies is limited by the lack of control on the location and extent of lesions. Neuroimaging studies individuated a set of regions that show stronger responses to faces than other objects (Kanwisher et al., 1997; Rajimehr et al., 2009), and to voices than other sounds (Belin et al., 2000). These regions do not necessarily encode information about a person's identity. In this thesis, a set of regions that encode information distinguishing between different face tokens were individuated, including ventral stream regions located in occipitotemporal cortex and the anterior temporal lobes, but also parietal regions: posterior cingulate and superior IPS. Representations of face identity with invariance across different viewpoints and across different halves of a face were found in the right ATL. However, representations of face identity and of voice identity were not found to overlap in ATL, indicating that in ATL representations of identity are organized by modality. For famous people, multimodal representations of identity were found in association cortex in posterior STS. / Psychology

Bakgrund: Diabetes typ 2 är en kronisk sjukdom som kanleda till en rad farliga komplikationer. Diabetes typ 2 är ett globalt hälsoproblem och en långtidssjukdom vilket kan medför allvarliga konsekvenser för individen samt enorma kostnader för samhället. För att personer med diabetes typ 2 ska kunna minska framtida komplikationer, är det viktigt att dessa personer accepterar sjukdomen, lär sig om sjukdomen samt får utbildning om egenvård. I det här sammanhanget blir sjuksköterskans roll ännu mer viktig i att utbilda patienter med diabetes typ 2 om egenvård samt uppmuntra den enskilde i att delta i sin vård och för att främja sin hälsa. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att beskriva personers upplevelser av att leva med diabetes typ 2. Metod: En litteraturöversikt har genomförts enligt Friberg och databaserna CINAHL Complete och PubMed användes i sökningen för att hitta vetenskapliga artiklar. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar valdes för att använda i resultatet och identifiera teman.  Resultat: I resultatet identifierades 4 teman;Att känna rädsla och oro för framtiden, Motivationens betydelse för att hantera sin sjukdom, Behovet av stöd från familj-, hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal och Betydelsen av vårdrelationenför egenvård. Slutsats: Socialt stöd (familj, vänner, släkter) och en godvårdrelationmed hälso- och sjukvårdpersonal är viktiga faktorer för personen med diabetes typ 2 för att få motiv delta i vården, främja förmåga att hantera sin sjukdom, utföra egenvård angående diabetes typ 2 och uppleva välbefinnande. / Background: Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that may lead to a number of dangerous complications. Type 2 diabetes is a global health problem and a long-term disease, which can have serious consequences for the individual and enormous costs for society. In order for people with type 2 diabetes to be able to reduce future complications, it is important that these people accept the disease, learn about the disease and receive training on self-care. In this context, the role of the nurse becomes even more important in educating patients with type 2 diabetes about self-care and encouraging the individual to participate in their care and to promote their health. Aim: The purpose of this literature review is to describe person's experiences of living with type 2 diabetes. Method: A literature review was conducted according to Friberg and the databases CINAHL Complete and PubMed were used in the search to find scientific articles. Nine scientific articles were selected to be used in the results and to identify themes. Results:The result revealed 4 themes; Feeling fear and anxiety about the future, The importance of Motivation in managing one's illness, The need for support from family, health and medical staff and The importance of the care relationship for self-care. Conclusion: Social support (family, friends, relatives) and a good care relationship with health care professionals are important factors for the person with type 2 diabetes to get motives to participate in care, promote the ability to manage their illness, perform self-care regarding type 2 diabetes and experience well-being.