The Occoquan Reservoir is a public water supply in northern Virginia. The Occoquan Watershed has developed over the years from rural land uses to metropolitan suburbs within easy commuting distance from Washington, DC. Due to this urbanization, the Occoquan Reservoir is especially vulnerable to hypereutrophication, which results in problems such as algal blooms (including cyanobacteria), periodic fish kills, and taste and odor problems. In the 1970's, a new management plan for the Occoquan Reservoir called for the construction of the Upper Occoquan Sewage Authority (UOSA), an advanced wastewater treatment plant that would take extraordinary measures for highly reliable and highly efficient removal of particulates, organics, nutrients, and pathogens. Eliminating most of the water quality problems associated with point source discharges in the watershed, this state-of-the-art treatment is the foundation for the successful indirect surface water reuse system in the Occoquan Reservoir today. A limnological analysis of thirty years of water quality monitoring data from the reservoir and its two primary tributaries shows that the majority of the nutrient and sediment load to the reservoir comes from nonpoint sources, which are closely tied to hydrometeorologic conditions. Reservoir water quality trends are very similar to trends in stream water quality, and the tributary in the most urbanized part of the watershed, Bull Run, has been identified as the main contributor of sediment and nutrients to the reservoir. Despite significant achievements in maintaining the reservoir as a source of high quality drinking water, the reservoir remains a phosphorus-limited eutrophic waterbody. / Master of Science

Os sistemas prediais de água não potável podem ser do tipo centralizado, quando os efluentes oriundos de diversas edificações são coletados e transportados para um único local de tratamento e redistribuídos para um conjunto de residências; ou descentralizado, quando a coleta, o tratamento e o transporte dos efluentes ocorrem próximos ao local de produção. Porém, tanto o sistema centralizado quanto o descentralizado possui particularidades que os fazem interessantes ou não em aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi formular modelos matemáticos que permitissem comparar o sistema centralizado com o descentralizado. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica com o intuito de coletar informações sobre as principais variáveis que interferem na tomada de decisão de cada tipo de sistema. A partir dos princípios da Programação Linear Inteira foram formulados três modelos que permitiram encontrar qual tipo de sistema apresenta o menor custo total acumulado, quanto é o valor desse custo ao longo do tempo e quantos sistemas são necessários instalar para atender a uma demanda específica. Com base nos dados da literatura consultada, o sistema centralizado apresentou-se mais vantajoso do que os sistemas descentralizados quanto aos custos de implantação, de manutenção e de operação considerando uma vida útil de 20 anos. Todavia, verificou-se que a escolha do sistema mais viável não deve se concentrar apenas nos custos, mas também devem ser consideradas variáveis qualitativas. Deste modo, as formulações gerais dos modelos permitem a inserção de outras variáveis de decisão e restrições para aprimorar a tomada de decisão quanto ao tipo de sistema predial de água não potável a ser implantado. / Non-potable water systems may be of the centralized type when effluents from several buildings are collected and transported to a single treatment site and redistributed to a set of residences; or decentralized, when the collection, treatment and transportation of the effluent occurs near the place of production. However, both the centralized and decentralized systems have particularities that make them interesting or not in social, economic and environmental aspects. In this way, the main objective of this research was to formulate mathematical models that allowed to compare the centralized system with the decentralized one. For the development of the study a bibliographic review was carried out in order to collect information on the main variables that interfere in the decision making of each type of system. From the principles of Linear Programming, three models were formulated that allowed to find out which type of system has the lowest cumulative total cost, what is the value of this cost over time and how many systems are needed to meet a specific demand. Based on the data of the literature, the centralized system was more advantageous than the decentralized systems in terms of the implantation, maintenance and operation costs considering a useful life of 20 years. However, it has been found that the choice of the most viable system should not only focus on costs but should also be considered as qualitative variables. In this way, the general models formulations allow the insertion of other decision variables and constraints to improve the decision making regarding the type of non-potable water system to be implanted.

A preocupação mundial com o cenário de escassez do recurso natural \"água\" é sintetizada no slogan adotado pela WateReuse Research Foundation em campanha pelo reuso de água: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once\". Progressivamente tem-se melhorado os processos de gestão da água, com controle de desperdício, procedimentos e utilização de fontes alternativas de abastecimento, não apenas na escala dos sistemas públicos, mas nos sistemas prediais. No Brasil, seguindo esta tendência global, existem iniciativas independentes de sistemas prediais de água não potável sendo instalados em edifícios residenciais e comerciais. Estas iniciativas, no entanto, contam hoje com pequeno respaldo técnico normativo, diretrizes ou legislação que orientem gestores, executores e profissionais sobre as práticas adequadas de implantação, gestão e monitoramento deste tipo de sistema, colocando em risco a segurança dos usuários e o sucesso da tecnologia. Considerando-se que para produzir um edifício de qualidade é fundamental atender às necessidades dos usuários, adequando as soluções ao uso que será feito do produto, a Avaliação Durante Operação (ADO) do edifício apresenta-se como uma ferramenta adequada para a análise da situação atual do sistema. Inserindo-se neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor uma ferramenta que auxilie a avaliação de desempenho de sistemas prediais de água não potável durante sua operação em edifícios residenciais, no que se refere à operação e manutenção. Para tanto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico sobre sistemas prediais de água não potável, tratamentos de água disponíveis e avaliação de desempenho. Seguindo a metodologia de ADO, foram realizados estudos de casos em edifícios residenciais para levantamento de dados atuais de desempenho. Ao término da análise dos casos selecionados, foi possível validar a ferramenta proposta e constatar que a falta de capacitação técnica, normas técnicas e legislações específicas que orientem projetistas, executores, gestores e usuários e padronizem os sistemas prediais de água não potável contribui para o cenário encontrado nos estudos, caracterizado por sistemas que operam com desempenho inferior ao adequado para atender às necessidades e garantir a segurança de seus usuários. / The global concern with the scenario of increasing natural resource scarcity is synthesized in the slogan adopted by WateReuse Research Foundation for a reuse campaign: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once.\" Progressively, the water management processes have been improved, by controlling waste, procedures and use of alternative sources of water supply, not only at the city level but also individually. In Brazil, following this global trend, there are independent initiatives of non-potable water systems being installed in residential and commercial buildings. These initiatives, however, have today little technical normative support, guidelines or legislation to orientate managers, performers and professionals on the appropriate practices for deployment, management and monitoring of this type of system, endangering the safety of users and the success of technology. Considering that to produce a quality building it is critical to meet the user\'s needs, suiting the solutions according to the product use, the evaluation during operation (EDO) presents itself as adequate tool for analyzing the current situation and proposing improvements on the system performance. In this context, this study aims to propose a tool that assists the performance evaluation of non-potable water systems during its operation in residential buildings, regarding the design, implementation, operation and maintenance. In order to do that, it was performed bibliographical survey on nonpotable water systems, available water treatments and performance evaluation. Following the EDO methodology, case studies were conducted in a sample of residential buildings for current performance data collection. Upon completion of the analysis of selected cases, the proposed tool was validated and it was found that the lack of technical training, technical standards and specific legislation to guide designers, performers, managers and users, and to standardize the non-potable water systems contributes to the scenario found in the case studies, characterized by systems operating with performance unsuited to meet the needs and ensure the safety of its users.

Water quality and availability are important issues in many developing countries where portions of populations still lack access to potable water. Throughout the English-speaking Caribbean and parts of Latin America, households and businesses invest in water supply systems even when they are connected to and pay for water services from a private or state owned provider. Inconsistent supplies of water from the water companies have led many people to invest in storage tanks which, if operated correctly, can provide water throughout the day even when the supply from the main is low or zero. While these individual systems help to guarantee a more constant supply of water, they may impact water quality when it does reach the household tap. The tanks could become breeding grounds for vectors of human disease and may also affect the concentrations of bacteria, heavy metals and organics in the water. The goal of this research was to understand how households use water storage tanks and determine the effect of these tanks and the individual practices on water quality. Target plots were used to visualize linkages between water quality parameters and household surveys of localized water practices and perception on water quality. The study focused on three field sites: Siparia, Trinidad and Tobago, Region 4 Subset in Guyana, and Villa Litoral, Bolivia. Convenience sampling was used to administer surveys to households in the rural areas of Siparia (39), Region 4 Subset (40), and Villa Litoral (57). The Region 4 Subset is comprised of two rural areas, Mon Repos and Mocha, and Georgetown, the country's capital. Black, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tanks and water storage drums are predominantly used in the field sites within Siparia and Region 4 Subset, while cement tanks, drums, and jerry cans are used in Villa Litoral. The average age of household water storage devices was 4-10 years in Siparia and Region 4 Subset, and 0- 3 years in Villa Litoral. These devices were found on various elevations to accommodate piped connection, indoor pumping, and rainwater catchment. Cleaning frequency of tanks in Siparia was every few months, while in Region 4 Subset it varied from weekly to every few months. In Villa Litoral 26.3% of the population surveyed cleaned weekly and 38.6% cleaned annually. Disinfection of water sources was practiced by 30% of residents in Siparia and 60% of residents in the Region 4 Subset. While disinfection was practiced, issues with frequency and correct dosage led to inadequate disinfection. Eighty-four percent of households in Siparia and 50% of households in Region 4 Subset disinfected on a monthly or quarterly basis. Of the households that did disinfect, the bleach and/or disinfectant used was allowed to mix for at least 30 minutes in 50% of households in Siparia and 91.6% of households in the Region 4 Subset. Disinfection was not practiced by the majority of households in Villa Litoral. With regards to health, 15% of households in Region 4 Subset and 40.4% in Villa Litoral reported recent waterborne illnesses among house members. Water samples were taken from households in Siparia (24), Region 4 Subset (40), and Villa Litoral (26). The majority of households in all three communities relied on piped water from their respective main pump. Those who were not connected to piped water relied on rain water. In the Region 4 Subset, 18% of samples tested positive for fecal coliform and 45% for total coliform. In Villa Litoral, 85% of samples tested positive for fecal coliform and 100% for total coliform. The majority of samples from all three communities exceeded the WHO guideline values for lead (0.01 mg/L) and iron (0.3 mg/L). This was most likely due to the material used in the household plumbing and distribution pipe infrastructure as these could leach. Five indicators (chemical and biological water quality, reach of risk, storage device, female involvement, and household belief) were conveniently projected on target plots to link the results from water quality assessments with reported household practices and beliefs. The greatest risk factors seen were poor water quality and household beliefs like the security of water storage containers and safety of stored water, perceived water description and pressure, and access to water safety media.

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-05T12:47:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA ELSA LUCAS SIQUEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 8207026 bytes, checksum: ddfd97723b7b53d510be8d7b0333d91c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T12:47:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA ELSA LUCAS SIQUEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 8207026 bytes, checksum: ddfd97723b7b53d510be8d7b0333d91c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de maio a setembro de 2015, no Instituto Federal da Paraíba IFPB - Campus de Sousa, situado no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo, com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica da cenoura irrigada com efluente da agroindústria cultivada em vasos, em solo, (areia, barro) como também em solo adicionado à substratos (Esterco bovino e esterco ovino). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com os tratamentos arranjados de cinco tipos de água residuária e dois diferentes substratos (estercos bovino e esterco ovino) com quatro repetições totalizando 40 parcelas experimentais. As características avaliadas foram: A qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do efluente bruto e diluído; características física e química do solo antes e após o experimento; altura das plantas; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea; diâmetro transversal e longitudinal da raiz; avaliação do tubérculo. Mostrou-se que é possível produzir hortaliças com reúso de água, surgindo como uma alternativa economicamente viável, condição que permite economizar água potável, possibilitando produção de alimentos, diminuindo o alto consumo de água potável, por consequência, desperdícios. Os menores acúmulos de MFPA foram encontrados nos tratamentos com as diluições 25%AR e 100%AR nas raízes cultivadas com esterco bovino. Como também, foram encontradas quantidades menores de MSPA dos tratamentos 25%AR e 100%AR estercos bovino e ovino. Portanto, o uso da água residuária e suas diferentes diluições adicionadas aos estercos bovino e ovino foram eficientes na produção da cenoura da cultivar Alvorada desenvolvida neste experimento. / This study was conducted in the period May to September 2015, the Federal Institute of Paraíba IFPB - Campus de Sousa, located in the Irrigated Perimeter of São Gonçalo, in order to evaluate the productivity and physical-chemical and microbiological quality of carrot irrigated with wastewater agribusiness grown in pots, soil (sand, clay) as well as in soil added to substrates (manure cattle and sheep dung). The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), with treatments arranged five types of wastewater and two different substrates (manure and sheep manure) with four replications totaling 40 experimental plots. The evaluated characteristics were: The physicochemical and microbiological quality of the raw wastewater and diluted; Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil before and after the experiment; Plant height; fresh and shoot dry; transverse and longitudinal diameter of the root; evaluation of the tubercle, as the physical, chemical, microbiological parameters. It has been shown that it is possible to produce vegetables with water reuse, emerging as an economically viable alternative, a condition that allows you to save drinking water, allowing food production, reducing the high consumption of drinking water, therefore waste. Smaller accumulations of MFPA were found in treatments with 100% and 25% dilutions AR AR roots grown with cattle manure. As also found smaller amounts of DMAP treatments 100% AR and 25% AR manures cattle and sheep. Therefore, the use of wastewater and its different dilutions added to manure cattle and sheep were effective in carrot production of cultivar Alvorada developed in this experiment.

Submitted by Marcio Emanuel Paixão Santos (marcio.santos@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-20T23:44:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJANOORLANDOFONTESDECARVALHO.pdf: 1539402 bytes, checksum: b96653f9fc0d7cc509e04c4135f0dc6d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Linda Bulhosa (linda.gomes@ucsal.br) on 2018-06-21T19:18:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJANOORLANDOFONTESDECARVALHO.pdf: 1539402 bytes, checksum: b96653f9fc0d7cc509e04c4135f0dc6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T19:18:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAOJANOORLANDOFONTESDECARVALHO.pdf: 1539402 bytes, checksum: b96653f9fc0d7cc509e04c4135f0dc6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-31 / A demanda por água na indústria é sempre crescente devido ao crescimento das capacidades produtivas ao longo dos anos. A Dow Química S.A. também segue a mesma tendência industrial no quesito consumo de água. A presente pesquisa objetivou de maneira geral a otimização do uso da água nas instalações da planta de TDI da Dow Química em Camaçari – Bahia. Especificamente se almejou identificar e avaliar (i) como otimizar o uso de água no processo produtivo; (ii) como otimizar o uso de água nas áreas que não fazem parte do processo produtivo; (iii) e avaliar o impacto do uso de água de chuva na referida unidade. Devido a sazonalidade das chuvas, um reservatório de elevada capacidade se torna necessário caso o uso no processo produtivo venha a ser implementado. Com a aplicação da metodologia de levantamento dos pontos aonde se necessita o uso da água e as demandas relativas, mais o levantamento dos prédios e construções onde se torna possível a captação das águas pluviais e promovendo pequenas alterações no arranjo das instalações atuais e pequenos investimentos correlatos, se chegou a conclusão que bons retornos ambientais e financeiros podem ser obtidos. Com possibilidades de redução de consumo de 430.200 m3/ano as propostas apresentadas reduzirão substancialmente o consumo de água na empresa. Respeitando valores teóricos de utilização estimou-se poder chegar a uma redução de 85,19% com aquele valor acima em relação ao total. Esse valor é tão expressivo que representa o consumo de água anual de uma cidade com 6.000 habitantes como Jiquiriçá, município do estado da Bahia, em 1980. Sendo necessário um investimento de R$ 352.991,00 caso não seja implementada a alteração que envolve o retorno do condensado ao fornecedor de vapor e de R$ 1.302.991,00 se a mesma for implementada. Obtiveram-se os seguintes resultados com a expectativa de, para os valores mencionados a se investir, mais o investimento na gestão da organização com foco também na otimização e reuso de todas as águas existentes e justificáveis na unidade de TDI de Camaçari da Dow Química, o retorno anual na redução de custo previsto é de R$ 871.305,00/ano para a possibilidade que não envolve o retorno do condensado para a empresa geradora de vapor e de R$ 2.298.845,00 / ano para a mudança mais abrangente e definitiva. Qualquer das alternativas escolhidas é de retorno imediato e remunerará o capital investido em menos de um ano o que é classificado como investimento altamente atraente pela empresa. Uma outra possibilidade também é a da empresa decidir investir menos inicialmente e promover pequenas alterações. Neste caso o valor a ser investido seria de R$251.419,00 e o retorno previsto seria de R$ 680.709,00/ano. Dos resultados obtidos, conclue-se que todas as propostas contidas neste trabalho apresentam retorno e rápido seja do ponto de vista ambiental com a preservação e melhor uso de um bem natural de maior importância que é a água, seja do ponto de vista econômico e de visão de sustentabilidade da empresa. / This work intends to maximize the rain water precipitation collection and use it in the gardens and sanitaries besides the production process of the TDI unit in Camaçari, Bahia of the Dow Quimica. Due to the seasonality of the rain water, an storage tank becomes necessary if the usage in the production process will happen. Using the methodology to research and identify all the places where water is necessary with its respectively demands, besides all constructions and buildings where will be possible to collect the rain water with small changes and investment in the current layout of the company unit site, the following results were obtained: investment of R$ 352,991.00 for just all the changes which does not involve the condensate return to the steam provider and R$ 1,302,991.00 if all the changes will be included. The Return of the Investment (ROI) for these two options above will be R$ 871,305.00 per year for the first case and R$ 2,298,845.00 per year for the second case. All two options will give an immediate and permanent return of the investment once implemented. This is classified as high attractive investment by the company. Another alternative would be to invest less initially and promote just small changes. In this case the investment would be R$251,419.00 and the ROI would be R$ 680,709.00 per year. This option is also very attractive. The final conclusion is that all the options showed will give a very good and quick environment and capital ROI. A reduction of more than two hundred thousand of water cubic meter per year and in all the years were estimated after the changes will be implemented.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-12-03T17:13:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sílvia Maria Gonçalves Santos de Lacerda - 2002.pdf: 515502 bytes, checksum: a6d159edda0641f849ebfcf6fc2c44d7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T14:49:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sílvia Maria Gonçalves Santos de Lacerda - 2002.pdf: 515502 bytes, checksum: a6d159edda0641f849ebfcf6fc2c44d7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T14:49:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sílvia Maria Gonçalves Santos de Lacerda - 2002.pdf: 515502 bytes, checksum: a6d159edda0641f849ebfcf6fc2c44d7 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-04-26 / The environmental crimes have been a reason of ostentation all over the Word. The judiciary has been finding difficulty to individualize the responsible for such criminal acts the environment. The research in discussion is themed: “The responsibility of the legal entity in the penal range in such crimes as the contamination of the potable water according to hydric resources”. In this purpose, the references of environmental crimes throughout the word were discussed in wide variety, and also the rhetoric function of the expression “sustainable development” was analyzed, as well, starting from the fact of recognition that susceptibility is the natural principal and it cannot be substituted by developer, hurrying on to rapidly avoid its destruction. Through bibliographic and field research, some doctrinaire commentaries were emphasized about the understanding of the true environmental problematic, insinuating vulnerable points referring to the self object of word, such as the neglect of the public government according to environmental protection, who are the responsible for the contamination of the potable water and some other questions related to the topic in discussion. Furthermore, the chapter “from the waters” relates about the volume of the ocean water throughout the globe, showing its resources, its provenance with the contaminated sources, highlighting the industry as the biggest water contamination of all. Some quotations entitled as “juridical tutelage” commented about the legal guardianship of the water in the federal constitution of Brazil as relevant and some other legal definitions as well. Institute treated in the comparison of law, analyzing the institutional laws that distinguished themselves by establishing laws that will preserve the hydric resources on the planet. The environmental politic in Brazil had importance in many blanches of law study, the tutelage of the environment. Although all of the evolution of the civil responsibility theory, reaching up to the objective responsibility, by applying different sanctions, going from giving away fines to the obligations of recovering the environment, even though it shows not being so efficient to solve the problem, as little as it seems, produces side effects in many other biomes. The main aspect of the research was to show the penal responsibility of the legal entity due to the contamination states that the legal entity is also responsible for the environmental crimes, such as the law of “environmental crimes” as seen in article 225, third paragraph, first cut. It also shows that the juridical corporation in the entity responsible for such crimes in the civil and penal range, and also administrable responsible for the environmental crimes, establishing sanctions to be comminated in many areas of law study. / Os crimes ambientais que tem sido motivo de alarde em todo o universo. O judiciário tem encontrado dificuldades em individuar os responsáveis por tais condutas criminosas ao meio ambiente. A pesquisa ora em questão tem como tema: “A responsabilidade da pessoa jurídica no âmbito penal nos crimes de contaminação de água potável em relação à poluição dos recursos hídricos”. Nesse propósito inicialmente foram abordados de forma ampla, referências sobre os crimes ambientais no mundo, momento em que foi também analisada a função retórica da expressão “desenvolvimento sustentável”, partindo-se do reconhecimento de que a sustentabilidade é o capital natural e este não é substituível pelo fabricado, urgindo evitar urgentemente sua destruição. Através da pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo, foram destacados comentários doutrinários e legais sobre a compreensão da verdadeira problemática ambiental, pontos vulneráveis referentes ao próprio objeto de trabalho, tais como a omissão do poder público quanto a preservação ambiental, quem são os responsáveis pela contaminação da água potável e outras questões referentes ao tema. Em passo seguinte - no capítulo “Das águas”, tratou-se do volume das águas no planeta, a forma de sua apresentação, a procedência dos elementos contaminantes, ressaltando a indústria como a maior contaminadora das águas entre tantas. Foi relevante num terceiro momento, algumas citações intituladas como “Da tutela Jurídica”, onde comentou-se sobre a disposição legal das águas nas Constituições do Brasil e outras definições legais no mesmo sentido. Instituto tratado no direito comparado, analisando as legislações que mais se destacaram ao instituir leis com objetivo de preservar os recursos hídricos no planeta. A política ambiental no Brasil teve importância nos vários ramos do direito, a tutela do meio ambiente. Apesar de toda evolução da teoria da responsabilidade civil, chegando até mesmo à responsabilidade objetiva, com aplicação de sanções diferenciadas, indo da aplicação de multa à obrigatoriedade de se recuperar o ambiente danificado, embora demonstrando não ser suficiente para solucionar o problema, que por menor que seja, produz reflexos em vários outros biomas. O cerne da pesquisa foi apontar a responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica em razão da contaminação da água potável em razão de se constatar que a Constituição Federal ao dispor no artigo 225 § 3º, inciso I, que a pessoa jurídica também é responsável pelos crimes ambientais, bem como a lei “dos crimes ambientais” também preveja a corporação jurídica responsável no âmbito civil, penal e administrativamente pelos crimes ecológicos, estatuindo sanções a serem cominadas nas diversas áreas do direito.

Os sistemas prediais de água não potável podem ser do tipo centralizado, quando os efluentes oriundos de diversas edificações são coletados e transportados para um único local de tratamento e redistribuídos para um conjunto de residências; ou descentralizado, quando a coleta, o tratamento e o transporte dos efluentes ocorrem próximos ao local de produção. Porém, tanto o sistema centralizado quanto o descentralizado possui particularidades que os fazem interessantes ou não em aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi formular modelos matemáticos que permitissem comparar o sistema centralizado com o descentralizado. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica com o intuito de coletar informações sobre as principais variáveis que interferem na tomada de decisão de cada tipo de sistema. A partir dos princípios da Programação Linear Inteira foram formulados três modelos que permitiram encontrar qual tipo de sistema apresenta o menor custo total acumulado, quanto é o valor desse custo ao longo do tempo e quantos sistemas são necessários instalar para atender a uma demanda específica. Com base nos dados da literatura consultada, o sistema centralizado apresentou-se mais vantajoso do que os sistemas descentralizados quanto aos custos de implantação, de manutenção e de operação considerando uma vida útil de 20 anos. Todavia, verificou-se que a escolha do sistema mais viável não deve se concentrar apenas nos custos, mas também devem ser consideradas variáveis qualitativas. Deste modo, as formulações gerais dos modelos permitem a inserção de outras variáveis de decisão e restrições para aprimorar a tomada de decisão quanto ao tipo de sistema predial de água não potável a ser implantado. / Non-potable water systems may be of the centralized type when effluents from several buildings are collected and transported to a single treatment site and redistributed to a set of residences; or decentralized, when the collection, treatment and transportation of the effluent occurs near the place of production. However, both the centralized and decentralized systems have particularities that make them interesting or not in social, economic and environmental aspects. In this way, the main objective of this research was to formulate mathematical models that allowed to compare the centralized system with the decentralized one. For the development of the study a bibliographic review was carried out in order to collect information on the main variables that interfere in the decision making of each type of system. From the principles of Linear Programming, three models were formulated that allowed to find out which type of system has the lowest cumulative total cost, what is the value of this cost over time and how many systems are needed to meet a specific demand. Based on the data of the literature, the centralized system was more advantageous than the decentralized systems in terms of the implantation, maintenance and operation costs considering a useful life of 20 years. However, it has been found that the choice of the most viable system should not only focus on costs but should also be considered as qualitative variables. In this way, the general models formulations allow the insertion of other decision variables and constraints to improve the decision making regarding the type of non-potable water system to be implanted.

A preocupação mundial com o cenário de escassez do recurso natural \"água\" é sintetizada no slogan adotado pela WateReuse Research Foundation em campanha pelo reuso de água: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once\". Progressivamente tem-se melhorado os processos de gestão da água, com controle de desperdício, procedimentos e utilização de fontes alternativas de abastecimento, não apenas na escala dos sistemas públicos, mas nos sistemas prediais. No Brasil, seguindo esta tendência global, existem iniciativas independentes de sistemas prediais de água não potável sendo instalados em edifícios residenciais e comerciais. Estas iniciativas, no entanto, contam hoje com pequeno respaldo técnico normativo, diretrizes ou legislação que orientem gestores, executores e profissionais sobre as práticas adequadas de implantação, gestão e monitoramento deste tipo de sistema, colocando em risco a segurança dos usuários e o sucesso da tecnologia. Considerando-se que para produzir um edifício de qualidade é fundamental atender às necessidades dos usuários, adequando as soluções ao uso que será feito do produto, a Avaliação Durante Operação (ADO) do edifício apresenta-se como uma ferramenta adequada para a análise da situação atual do sistema. Inserindo-se neste contexto, esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de propor uma ferramenta que auxilie a avaliação de desempenho de sistemas prediais de água não potável durante sua operação em edifícios residenciais, no que se refere à operação e manutenção. Para tanto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico sobre sistemas prediais de água não potável, tratamentos de água disponíveis e avaliação de desempenho. Seguindo a metodologia de ADO, foram realizados estudos de casos em edifícios residenciais para levantamento de dados atuais de desempenho. Ao término da análise dos casos selecionados, foi possível validar a ferramenta proposta e constatar que a falta de capacitação técnica, normas técnicas e legislações específicas que orientem projetistas, executores, gestores e usuários e padronizem os sistemas prediais de água não potável contribui para o cenário encontrado nos estudos, caracterizado por sistemas que operam com desempenho inferior ao adequado para atender às necessidades e garantir a segurança de seus usuários. / The global concern with the scenario of increasing natural resource scarcity is synthesized in the slogan adopted by WateReuse Research Foundation for a reuse campaign: \"Water... it\'s too valuable to be used just once.\" Progressively, the water management processes have been improved, by controlling waste, procedures and use of alternative sources of water supply, not only at the city level but also individually. In Brazil, following this global trend, there are independent initiatives of non-potable water systems being installed in residential and commercial buildings. These initiatives, however, have today little technical normative support, guidelines or legislation to orientate managers, performers and professionals on the appropriate practices for deployment, management and monitoring of this type of system, endangering the safety of users and the success of technology. Considering that to produce a quality building it is critical to meet the user\'s needs, suiting the solutions according to the product use, the evaluation during operation (EDO) presents itself as adequate tool for analyzing the current situation and proposing improvements on the system performance. In this context, this study aims to propose a tool that assists the performance evaluation of non-potable water systems during its operation in residential buildings, regarding the design, implementation, operation and maintenance. In order to do that, it was performed bibliographical survey on nonpotable water systems, available water treatments and performance evaluation. Following the EDO methodology, case studies were conducted in a sample of residential buildings for current performance data collection. Upon completion of the analysis of selected cases, the proposed tool was validated and it was found that the lack of technical training, technical standards and specific legislation to guide designers, performers, managers and users, and to standardize the non-potable water systems contributes to the scenario found in the case studies, characterized by systems operating with performance unsuited to meet the needs and ensure the safety of its users.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is widely used for water reclamation and is one of the most feasible technologies for addressing water scarcity around the world. RO membrane fabrication procedures are continually being optimized and modified to enhance the treatment performance and efficacy of the RO process. A review of the existing literature published on membrane fabrication revealed that a detailed and reproducible methodology consistent among prior studies was not available. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to utilize techniques from prior research to develop a reliable lab-scale membrane fabrication process for studying the potable reuse applications of TFC RO membranes. Phase inversion was used to create a polysulfone (PSF) support layer on a non-woven fabric sheet. Then, the process of interfacial polymerization (IP) between amine and acyl chloride monomers was utilized to form a highly selective and ultrathin polyamide (PA) layer on the PSF support surface. The resulting membrane composition and performance was dependent on a wide range of parameters during the fabrication process. The optimal support materials, reactant types and concentration, and reaction conditions were determined through trial and error. The best performing membranes utilized N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent, Novatexx-2471 non-woven fabric for mechanical support, and 15 wt% PSF concentration for phase inversion. The optimal immersion duration was five minutes for the aqueous amine monomer solution during the IP process. The flux for membrane triplicates was 20.2  3.6 liters per square meter per hour (LMH) while the salt rejection was 96.8  2.0%. The relatively low standard deviation for flux and salt rejection indicates that the fabrication method developed herein is consistent. A commercial Dow Filmtec BW30 flat sheet PA-TFC RO membrane was tested for comparison and exhibited a flux of 44.9 LMH and a salt rejection of 98.5%. Thus, the membranes developed in this study achieved salt rejection on par with commercial membranes but exhibited a flux that was significantly lower. Furthermore, this study investigated modifications to the traditional TFC membrane using engineered silica nanomaterials with the goal of enhancing the membrane flux while maintaining high salt rejection. Two types of nonporous silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SDNPs), non-functionalized and amine functionalized, were dispersed in the aqueous and organic IP solutions. Ultrasonication of the non-functionalized SDNPs in the aqueous solution was observed to produce the most stable dispersion. Compared to the unmodified TFC membranes, the average flux of the SDNP-modified (TFC-NP) RO membrane triplicates was higher at 25.4  2.0 LMH with 0.1% (w/v) SDNPs incorporated in the PA layer. The salt rejection was lowered to 92.3  0.1% for the TFC-NP membranes. In addition, the membranes fabricated in this study were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transport Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and goniometry measurements. SEM images showed that the TFC-NP membranes contained larger spaces between ridges and valleys of the PA pore structure. FTIR confirmed the PA layer formation on the membranes fabricated herein but a spectral peak from the SDNPs was not observed for the TFC-NP membranes. AFM measurements indicated an increase in surface roughness of the modified membranes, likely because of the incorporation of SDNPs. The surface of TFC-NP membranes was found to be more hydrophilic than the unmodified TFC membranes based on contact angle measurements. Further optimization of the fabrication method developed herein is warranted before pursuing additional RO research topics, such as the disinfection byproduct precursor removal of TFC membranes.