The objective of a coating operation is to transfer a defect free liquid film onto a continuous substrate in order to meet the requirements of the final products. Mainly two concerns govern the process. The first concern is the economics of the process and the second concern is the quality of the coated film. The economics of the process are dictated by the speed of coating and the film thickness. Clearly, higher speeds mean better productivity hence less cost of operation and thinner films are desirable because less material is being used. Quality is governed by film uniformity and integrity, indicating that the film will perform as designed. Film defects such as streaks or tiny air bubbles are indication that the film properties are not uniform rendering it unacceptable to customers. One of the most versatile coating systems to achieve thin films at high speeds is reverse roll coating which has been used for a long time all over the world. At low speed, typically 1m/s, this coating operation is inherently stable and with small gaps of order 100 microns can ii lead to film thickness of order 30-50 microns. Much research, theoretical and experimental, has been devoted to this coating flow but only at low speeds and for large gaps (>100 microns). There are no comprehensive data how very thin films, 20 microns and less (particularly lower limits in the region of 5 microns) can be achieved at high speeds, of 2 or more metres per second. This study is concerned precisely with this aim, that of investigating the effect of large speeds and small roller gaps (rollers nearly touching or in elastohydrodynamic contact) to achieve the very thin films desired by modern applications (electronics, medical and others). In order to achieve this aim, a rig was designed and built to enable to understand the effect of various coating conditions and liquid properties on the metered film thickness and coating instability. To achieve thin films at high speeds, small roll gap and low viscosity are needed, however flow instabilities will develop under these conditions. To achieve stable coating window at high speeds high surface tension is needed. It was found that the roll gap and the viscosity have complicated effect on the coating window. In the case of low viscosity liquid (7mPa.s), small roll gaps are needed, whereas in the case of high viscosity liquid (more than 30mPa.s), large gaps are needed. It was found that Weber number is better describer for ribbing instability in rigid reverse roll coating unlike in rigid forward roll coating in which capillary number is the one. In addition the potential of reverse deformable roll coating (rolls in elastohydrodynamic contact) was investigated in order to achieve much thinner films at higher speeds. As a result of the investigation of reverse deformable roll coating, it was found that there is a possibility to get much thinner stable films at much higher speeds compared to reverse rigid roll coating. The liquid transfer from an applicator roller to a PET film was investigated in this study. It was found that air stagnation at downstream meniscus and air entrainment at upstream meniscus depend on the liquid properties such as viscosity and surface tension and coating conditions such as web tension and wrap angle of web. As a result, wet film instability also depends on liquid properties and coating conditions. It was found that air stagnation causes streaks on the wet film and air entrainment caused bubbles on the wet film. To get a stable wet film, it was found that suitable viscosity and high surface tension were needed.

Computational modeling of joints and their function, a developing field, is becoming a significant health and wellness tool of our modern age. Due to familiarity of prior research focused on the lower extremity, a foot and ankle 3D computational model was created to explore the potential for these computational methods. The method of isolating CT scanned tissue and rendering a patient specific anatomy in the digital domain was accomplished by the use of MIMICS™ , SolidWorks™, and COSMOSMotion™ – all available in the commercial domain. The kinematics of the joints are driven solely by anatomically modeled soft tissue applied to articulating joint geometry. Soft tissues are based on highly realistic measurements of anatomical dimension and behavior. By restricting all model constraints to true to life anatomical approximations and recreating their behavior, this model uses inverse kinematics to predict the motion of the foot under various loading conditions. Extensive validation of the function of the model was performed. This includes stability of the arch (due to ligament deficiency) and joint behavior (due to disease and repair). These simulations were compared to a multitude of studies, which confirmed the accuracy of soft tissue strain, joint alignment, joint contact force and plantar load distribution. This demonstrated the capability of the simulation technique to both qualitatively recreate trends seen experimentally and clinically, as well as quantitatively predict a variety of tissue and joint measures. The modeling technique has further strength by combining measurements that are typically done separate (experimental vs. clinical) to build a more holistic model of foot behavior. This has the potential to allow additional conclusions to be drawn about complications associated with repair techniques. This model was built with the intent to provide an example of how patient specific bony geometry can be used as either a research or surgical tool when considering a disease state or repair technique. The technique also allows for the repeated use of anatomy, which is not possible experimentally or clinically. These qualities, along with the accuracy demonstrated in validation, prove the integrity of the technique along with demonstrating its strengths.

The use of computational modeling is an increasingly commonplace technique for the investigation of biomechanics in intact and pathological musculoskeletal systems. Moreover, given the robust and repeatable nature of computer simulation and the prevalence of software techniques for accurate 3-D reconstructions of tissues, the predictive power of these models has increased dramatically. However, there are no patient-specific kinematic models whose function is dictated solely by physiologic soft-tissue constraints, articular shape and contact, and without idealized joint approximations. Moreover, very few models have attempted to predict surgical effects combined with postoperative validation of those predictions. Given this, it is not surprising that the area of foot/ankle modeling has been especially underserved. Thus, we chose to investigate the pre- and postoperative kinematics of Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity (AAFD) across a cohort of clinically diagnosed sufferers. AAFD was chosen as it is a chronic and degenerative disease wherein degradation of soft-tissue supporters of the medial arch eventually cause gross malalignment in the mid- and hindfoot, along with significant pain and dysfunction. Also, while planar radiographs are still used to diagnose and stage the disease, it is widely acknowledged that these 2-D measures fail to fully describe the 3-D nature of AAFD. Thus, a population of six patient-specific rigid-body computational models was developed using the commercially available software packages Mimics® and SolidWorks® in order to investigate foot function in patients with diagnosed Stage IIb AAFD. Each model was created from patient-specific sub-millimeter MRI scans, loaded with body weight, individualized muscle forces, and ligament forces, in single leg stance. The predicted model kinematics were validated pre- and postoperatively using clinically utilized radiographic angle distance measures as well as plantar force distributions. The models were then further exploited to predict additional biomechanical parameters such as articular contact force and soft-tissue strain, as well as the effect of hypothetical surgical interventions. Subsequently, kinematic simulations demonstrated that the models were able to accurately predict foot/ankle motion in agreement with their respective patients. Additionally, changes in joint contact force and ligament strain observed across surgical states further elucidate the complex biomechanical underpinnings of foot and ankle function.

Power system fault detection is conventionally achieved using current and potential measurements. An alternate and unconventional form of protective relaying is feasible using rigid bus conductor motion as the means of detection. The research presented focuses on the detection of power system faults using visual displacement of conductor spans. Substation rigid bus conductor motion is modeled using dual spring-mass systems for accurate representation of conductor response to electromagnetic forces generated during system faults. Bundled rigid conductors have advantages including detection independent of system load currents and improved ability to detect polyphase and single phase faults. The dynamic motion of the conductors during the fault is optically monitored with a laser detection system. Timeovercurrent characteristics are derived for the application of fault detection. The response time of the conductor detector system is slower than conventional relays due to the natural frequencies of the conductor span limiting the speed of its displacement. This response time makes the fault detection system using conductor displacement an ideal candidate for a backup relay in power system protection schemes.

O presente trabalho tem como intuito o estudo da reciclagem química de espumas rígidas de poliuretano através do processo de glicólise em um reator de micro-ondas utilizando o dietilenoglicol como agente decompositor, além de avaliar as propriedades de reaplicação e desempenho mecânico da espuma reciclada frente a uma espuma padrão de mercado. Uma fase de estudos preliminares foi estabelecida para avaliação comparativa entre catalisadores, considerando no estudo o hidróxido de sódio, o dilaurato de dibutil estanho e a dietanolamina, onde o hidróxido de sódio se mostrou como sendo o catalisador mais interessante para o escopo do trabalho. Para estudo das melhores condições reacionais, foi elaborado um desenho de experimentos avaliando as faixas ótimas para temperatura e concentração de catalisador utilizados no processo da glicólise onde foi constatada a temperatura de 230 °C e concentração de catalisador de 0,68% como valores mais adequados para a reciclagem. Os produtos da glicólise foram analisados quanto ao seu espectro no infravermelho e ressonância magnética nuclear de carbono-13, além de serem avaliados em relação ao seu número de hidroxila, basicidade e viscosidade. O conteúdo de polióis base de uma formulação de espuma rígida foi substituído por diferentes porcentagens de poliol reciclado sua reatividade e propriedades mecânicas como resistência à compressão e estabilidade dimensional foram analisados apontando um bom desempenho para os padrões de reatividade e propriedades mecânicas em uma substituição de até 40% dos polióis virgens pelo reciclado. / The present work has studied the chemical recycling of polyurethane rigid foams through microwave assisted glycolysis process using the diethyleneglycol as decomposing agent, and evaluating the reapplication and performance of the recycled foams in comparison to a market standard rigid foam. A preliminary study was set up to evaluate and compare the performance of catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, dibutiltin dilaurate and diethanolamine, where the sodium hydroxide presented the best overall performance. A design of experiments was performed in order to evaluate the optimum values of the processing temperature and catalyst concentration, which resulted in 230 °C and 0,68% as the optimum conditions to temperature and catalyst concentration, respectively. The glycolysis products were analyzed via infrared spectroscopy and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and were also evaluated regarding their hydroxyl number, basicity and viscosity. The base polyols from a standard rigid foam formulation were replaced by different amounts of recycled polyol and the reactivity profile as well as the physical properties such as the compression resistance and dimensional stability of the new formulations were measured pointing out a good performance of the reactivity profile and physical properties of the formulations with polyol replacement up to 40%.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito da placa oclusal rígida em pacientes com DTM crônica, como tratamento único ou associado à terapia prévia. Foram selecionados pacientes diagnosticados com DTM de acordo com o protocolo para pesquisa Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC/TMD) os quais foram distribuídos em 2 grupos experimentais. O primeiro foi tratado apenas com placa oclusal rígida (POR) (GP, n=20), e o segundo (GTP, n=17), recebeu terapia prévia com fonoaudiólogo, em 12 sessões de 45 minutos, e após três meses de finalização deste tratamento, foram submetidos ao tratamento com POR, assim como GP. As avaliações destes pacientes aconteceram em três momentos, antes do tratamento (T1), 3 meses após a instalação e ajuste da placa (T2) e 4 meses após a instalação e ajuste da placa (T3). O grupo GTP foi submetido a uma avaliação a mais (TS) que foi realizada antes da instalação da placa oclusal rígida, ou seja, após três meses de término do tratamento fonoaudiológico. O grupo controle pareado por gênero e idade foi formado por 20 pacientes sem sinais e sintomas para DTM segundo RDC/TMDO e estes foram submetidos às mesmas avaliações em um único momento. As avaliações realizadas foram: RDC/TMD, ProDTMmulti (grau de severidade dos sinais e sintomas) e AMIOFE (avaliação miofuncional orofacial), algometria, força de mordida e eletromiografia de superfície dos músculos masseter e temporal. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e a análise estatística realizada pelo programa BioEstat 5.0. Após o teste de normalização, a estatística não-paramétrica foi aplicada por meio dos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Friedman para amostras independentes e pareadas, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento com placa oclusal rígida como tratamento único ou associada a tratamento prévio com fonoaudiólogo, proporciona melhora da sintomatologia dolorosa em longo prazo (T2 e T3) mesmo em pacientes com DTM crônica. Os escores para AMIOFE foram significantes apenas para as avaliações de mobilidade, função e o escore total para o grupo que recebeu tratamento com fonoaudiólogo e exercício miofuncional orofacial. O GP não demonstrou resultados estatisticamente significantes para esta avaliação. Os índices eletromiográficos, POC masseter, ASSIM e ATTIV foram analisados após a normalização dos dados e foi possível perceber maior simetria após os tratamentos propostos (GP e GTP), no entanto, esta diferença foi significativa apenas para o índice POC masseter para GTP e ATTIV para GP (p<0,05). Em suma, é possível concluir que os dois tratamentos foram efetivos para diminuição dos sinais e sintomas e melhora da função do sistema mastigatório em pacientes com DTM crônica, em longo prazo. De uma maneira geral, houve diferença significativa entre GP e GTP apenas para a avaliação do protocolo AMIOFE, onde o grupo que recebeu tratamento fonoaudiológico prévio apresentou resultados significativos / The aim of this study was to verify the effect of hard occlusal splint (HOS) in patients with chronic TMD, as a single treatment or associated with previous therapy. Patients diagnosed with TMD were selected according to the protocol for Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder (RDC / TMD), which were distributed in two experimental groups. In the first group, patient was treated with only HOS (GP, n = 20), and in the second one (GTP, n = 17) received prior therapy with a phonoaudiologist in 12 sessions of 45 minutes and after three months of the end of this treatment, they were submitted to treatment with POR, as well as GP. The evaluations of these patients were performed in three moments, before the treatment (T1), 3 months after the installation and adjustment of the HOS (T2) and 4 months after the installation and adjustment of HOS (T3). The GTP had one more evaluation (TS) that was performed before HOS, that is, after three months of phonoaudiology therapy. The control group was performed by 20 patients with no signs and symptoms for TMD according to RDC / TMD, matched by gender and age with experimental groups. They were submitted as the same evaluations that experimental group in one moment (T1) and received no treatment. The evaluations were: palpation pain, ProDTMmulti protocol (degree of severity of signs and symptoms), AMIOFE protocol (orofacial myofunctional evaluation), difficulty chewing questionnaire, algometry, bite force and surface electromyography of the masseter and temporal muscles. The data obtained were tabulated and the statistical analysis performed by the BioEstat 5.0 program. After the normalization test, the nonparametric statistic was applied through the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests for independent and paired samples, respectively. The results showed that treatment with HOS as a single treatment or associated with previous treatment with a speech pathologist, provides an improvement in long-term painful symptoms (T2 and T3) even in patients with chronic TMD. AMIOFE scores were significant only for assessments of mobility, function, and total score for the group receiving orofacial myofunctional exercise (GTP). The GP did not show statistically significant results for this evaluation. The electromyographic indices, POC masseter, ASIM and ATTIV were analyzed after normalization of the data and it was possible to perceive greater symmetry after the proposed treatments (GP and GTP), however, this difference was only significant for the POC masseter index in GTP and ATTIV in GP (p <0.05). In conclusion, both treatments were effective in reducing signs and symptoms and improving the function of the masticatory system in patients with chronic TMD in the long term. In general, there was a significant difference between GP and GTP only for the evaluation of the AMIOFE protocol, where the group that received orafacial myofunctional therapy had significant results

De nombreux tremblements de terre ont provoqué l’effondrement de structures importantes. La conception des structures résistant aux séismes dépend fortement de l’interaction sol-fondation-structure. Cette interaction implique la prise en compte simultanée des mouvements relatifs et des mécanismes de transfert de charge. En ce qui concerne les sols liquéfiables, la génération des pressions interstitielles doit également être prise en compte.Le renforcement des sols compressibles par des pieux est une solution très utilisée pour supporter les structures dans des zones sismiques. Plus récemment, la technique de renforcement par inclusions rigides a été utilisée. La différence entre les deux techniques réside dans le fait que, dans la technique du renforcement par inclusions rigides, un matelas de transfert de charge est intercalé entre la structure et les têtes des inclusions rigides. L’utilisation du matelas permet la dissipation d’énergie liée au séisme.Ce travail de thèse étudie le comportement sismique des sols compressibles renforcés par des pieux (système sol-pieux-structure) et des inclusions rigides (système sol-inclusions-matelas-structure). L’étude est effectuée à l’aide d’une modélisation numérique tridimensionnelle par différences finies avec le code Flac3D. Plusieurs types de sol ont été considérés en prenant en compte des états drainés et non drainés. Pour les cas non drainés, les analyses ont été réalisées à l'aide de simulations hydro-mécaniques couplées. Des modèles constitutifs simples et complexes ont été utilisés pour représenter le comportement du sol. Un amortissement de type Rayleigh a été appliqué pour fournir un amortissement supplémentaire à la partie élastique lorsque des modèles constitutifs élastoplastiques simples ont été considérés.L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier l’impact des facteurs importants sur la réponse des systèmes analysés. Des nombreux paramètres comme le type de fondation, la fréquence du chargement, les caractéristiques dynamiques de la structure, le profil de sol et la densité relative ont été étudiés. En tenant compte des fondations sur pieux et des inclusions rigides, les conditions aux extrémités des pieux, la configuration du groupe de pieux, la longueur des pieux et l'encastrement des fondations ont également été investigués.Des aspects importants relatifs aux modèles numériques ont également été explorés tels que la géométrie du modèle, les frontières absorbantes, la taille des éléments du maillage, les éléments d'interface, les éléments structurels et le chargement dynamique.Les mouvements et contraintes dans le sol, les structures et les éléments rigides de renforcement ont été analysés et ont permis de mettre en évidence l’influence des divers paramètres étudiés. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence l’influence de certains paramètres dans la réponse (accélérations, déplacements, efforts, contraintes, pression interstitielle) des systèmes évalués. Le type de rupture dans les éléments des systèmes étudiés ont également été mis en évidence.Mots-clés: pieux; inclusion rigide; modélisation numérique; analyse dynamique; interaction de la structure du sol; liquéfaction / A great amount of earthquakes have caused the collapse of important structures along the history. The design of earthquake-resistant structures depends greatly of the soil-structure interaction. This interaction implies the consideration of relative movements and load transfer mechanism simultaneously. Dealing with liquefiable soils the generation of pore pressure should also be considered.Pile system constitutes a common foundation of structures resting on soil layers of low stiffness and strength in seismic zones. More recently rigid inclusion systems were utilized. The difference is that in the rigid inclusion systems, the rigid elements are separated from the foundation slab by an earth platform that is able to transfer the surface loads and dissipate energy coming from the seismic loading.This manuscript studies the behavior, through numerical models, of inclusions systems (soil-inclusion-platform-structure) and pile systems (soil-pile-structure) considering soft soils under seismic loadings. Finite difference numerical models were developed using Flac3D. Several types of soils were utilized in drained and undrained conditions. For the undrained cases, the analyses were carrying out using dynamic coupled fluid-mechanical simulations with accuracy the behavior of soils. The Rayleigh damping approach was applied to provide additional damping in the elastic part when simple elasto-plastic constitutive models were considered.The objective of the investigation is the identification of the impact of important factors in the response of the analyzed systems. Factor such as the foundation type, the frequency of the input motion, the dynamic characteristics of the structure, the soil profile and the relative density were investigated. Considering the pile and rigid inclusion foundations, the support conditions, the pile group configuration, the pile length, the embedment of the foundation were also examined.Additional and important aspects of numerical model were also explored like the model geometry, dynamic boundary conditions, element size, interface elements, structural element types, dynamic loading.Results in terms of movements and stresses in the soil, superstructure and rigid elements were obtained. They show the great influence of some parameters in the response (accelerations, displacements, efforts, strains, pore pressure) of the evaluated systems. Others highlight the importance of a type of failure in the elements of the system.Keywords: pile; rigid inclusion; numerical modelling; dynamic analysis; soil structure interaction; liquefaction

En géométrie discrète, les objets euclidiens sont représentés par leurs approximations discrètes, telles que des sous-ensembles du réseau des points à coordonnées entières. Les déplacements de ces ensembles doivent être définis comme des applications depuis et sur un espace discret donné. Une façon de concevoir de telles transformations est de combiner des déplacements continus définis sur un espace euclidien avec un opérateur de discrétisation. Cependant, les déplacements discrétisés ne satisfont souvent plus les propriétés de leurs équivalents continus. En effet, en raison de la discrétisation, de telles transformations ne préservent pas les distances, et la bijectivité et la connexité entre les points sont généralement perdues. Dans le contexte des espaces discrets 2D, nous étudions des déplacements discrétisés sur les réseaux d'entiers de Gauss et d'Eisenstein. Nous caractérisons les déplacements discrétisés bijectifs sur le réseau carré, et les rotations bijectives discrétisées sur le réseau hexagonal régulier. En outre, nous comparons les pertes d'information induites par des déplacements discrétisés non bijectifs définis sur ces deux réseaux. Toutefois, pour des applications pratiques, l'information pertinente n'est pas la bijectivité globale, mais celle d'un déplacement discrétisé restreint à un sous-ensemble fini donné d'un réseau. Nous proposons deux algorithmes testant cette condition pour les sous-ensembles du réseau entier, ainsi qu'un troisième algorithme fournissant des intervalles d'angles optimaux qui préservent cette bijectivité restreinte. Nous nous concentrons ensuite sur les déplacements discrétisés sur le réseau cubique 3D. Tout d'abord, nous étudions à l'échelle locale des défauts géométriques et topologiques induits par des déplacements discrétisés. Une telle analyse consiste à générer toutes les images d'un ensemble du réseau fini sous des déplacements discrétisés. Un tel problème revient à calculer un arrangement d'hypersurfaces dans un espace de paramètres de dimension six. La dimensionnalité et les cas dégénérés rendent le problème insoluble, en pratique, par les techniques usuelles. Nous proposons une solution ad hoc reposant sur un découplage des paramètres, et un algorithme pour calculer des points d'échantillonnage de composantes connexes 3D dans un arrangement de polynômes du second degré. Enfin, nous nous concentrons sur le problème ouvert de déterminer si une rotation discrétisée 3D est bijective ou non. Dans notre approche, nous explorons les propriétés arithmétiques des quaternions de Lipschitz. Ceci conduit à un algorithme qui détermine si une rotation discrétisée donnée, associée à un quaternion de Lipschitz, est bijective ou non / In digital geometry, Euclidean objects are represented by their discrete approximations, e.g. subsets of the lattice of integers. Rigid motions of such sets have to be defined as maps from and onto a given discrete space. One way to design such motions is to combine continuous rigid motions defined on Euclidean space with a digitization operator. However, digitized rigid motions often no longer satisfy properties of their continuous siblings. Indeed, due to digitization, such transformations do not preserve distances, while bijectivity and point connectivity are generally lost. In the context of 2D discrete spaces, we study digitized rigid motions on the lattices of Gaussian and Eisenstein integers. We characterize bijective digitized rigid motions on the integer lattice, and bijective digitized rotations on the regular hexagonal lattice. Also, we compare the information loss induced by non-bijective digitized rigid motions defined on both lattices. Yet, for practical applications, the relevant information is not global bijectivity, but bijectivity of a digitized rigid motion restricted to a given finite subset of a lattice. We propose two algorithms testing that condition for subsets of the integer lattice, and a third algorithm providing optimal angle intervals that preserve this restricted bijectivity. We then focus on digitized rigid motions on 3D integer lattice. First, we study at a local scale geometric and topological defects induced by digitized rigid motions. Such an analysis consists of generating all the images of a finite digital set under digitized rigid motions. This problem amounts to computing an arrangement of hypersurfaces in a 6D parameter space. The dimensionality and degenerate cases make the problem practically unsolvable for state-of-the-art techniques. We propose an ad hoc solution, which mainly relies on parameter uncoupling, and an algorithm for computing sample points of 3D connected components in an arrangement of second degree polynomials. Finally, we focus on the open problem of determining whether a 3D digitized rotation is bijective or not. In our approach, we explore arithmetic properties of Lipschitz quaternions. This leads to an algorithm which answers whether a given digitized rotation—related to a Lipschitz quaternion—is bijective or not

El Tramo I del proyecto “Mejoramiento de la carretera Oyón – Ambo” comprende 48, 9 km de longitud y beneficia a 93,878 usuarios entre los departamentos de Lima y Huánuco. El proyecto consiste en una vía con tramos de pavimento flexible y pavimento rígido. A lo largo del diseño se han identificado zonas críticas por las que debe atravesar la vía de las cuales los bofedales son los más complejos. Como medida de solución en el expediente técnico se ha propuesto el uso de geomallas biaxiales y geotextiles además de haber diseñado el pavimento rígido bajo la metodología AASHTO 93. La presente investigación está orientada en tres etapas. En la primera, se estabilizará con cal el tipo de suelo más representativo en las zonas críticas de bofedales. En la segunda, se diseñará el paquete estructural de la vía bajo la metodología de diseño de pavimento rígido AASHTO 93 y MPEDG. Finalmente, en la tercera etapa se analizará la influencia de la estabilización planteada en el diseño de pavimento rígido. Los resultados finales de esta investigación son dos. Por un lado, el porcentaje óptimo de dosificación de cal es de 10% y el CBR del suelo natural se ha incrementado en 7 veces el valor inicial. Por otro lado, se presentan dos diseños de pavimentos rígidos con reducciones de 2 cm. y 7 cm. de losa de pavimento en comparación del diseño presentado en el expediente técnico. / Section I of the project "Improvement of the Oyón - Ambo highway" comprises 48, 9 km in length and benefits to 93,878 users between the departments of Lima and Huánuco. The project consists of a road with flexible pavements and rigid pavements. Throughout the design, areas, things, things, other complexes have been identified. As a solution in the technical file has been used the use of biaxial geogrids and geotextiles, in addition to having been designed the rigid pavement under the methodology AASHTO 93. The present investigation is oriented in three stages. In the first, it will stabilize with the most representative type of soil in the critical areas of bofedales. In the second, the structural package of the road will be designed under the rigid pavement AASHTO 93 and MPEDG design methodology. Finally, in the third stage the influence of the stabilization proposed in the design of rigid pavement will be analyzed. The final results of this investigation are two. On the one hand, the optimum percentage of dosage of times is 10% and the CBR of natural soil has increased 7 times the initial value. On the other hand, there are two designs of rigid pavements with reductions of 2 cm. and 7 cm. of pavement slab in the comparison of the design presented in the technical file. / Tesis

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com a finalidade de verificar a resistência mecânica obtida com parafusos bicorticais posicionais na fixação interna rígida da osteotomia sagital do ramo mandibular, comparando a angulação de inserção dos mesmos. A técnica tradicional e comumente utilizada para fixação da osteotomia sagital mandibular faz uso de parafusos inseridos por meio de acesso extra-oral, com ângulo aproximado de 90º. A principal desvantagem da técnica seria a incisão na pele, tendo potencial de resultar em cicatriz aparente em área visível, bem como risco de lesão à inervação motora da face. Uma alternativa que evita estas complicações é a técnica intra-oral, na qual não há incisão em pele, desta forma sendo bastante vantajosa para o paciente. Nesta, o parafuso é inserido em ângulo próximo de 60º. Visto que, na literatura poucos trabalhos compararam estes dois tipos de fixação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência mecânica utilizando parafusos inseridos com angulação de 60º ou 90º simulando, respectivamente, as técnicas intra e extra-oral. Foram utilizadas 10 mandíbulas de carneiro, que após receberem osteotomia bilateral do ramo, foram divididas em dois grupos, ambos fixados com parafusos do sistema 2,0mm. Grupo I: fixação em 60º; Grupo II: fixação em 90º. Para o teste mecânico utilizou-se máquina de ensaio universal (Instron 5565), na qual foi acoplado suporte metálico para manter as mandíbulas. Suporte este, que ao contrário dos normalmente utilizados e citados na literatura, permite que a mandíbula seja deformada tridimensionalmente durante o ensaio. Os dados sobre a força foram coletados em Newton e a média calculada com seu desvio padrão para cada grupo. A avaliação estatística dos valores obtidos foi realizada por meio de análise estatística paramétrica. Como resultados, verificamos que o grupo de 90º apresentou maior resistência mecânica, diferença esta que foi estatisticamente significante. Contudo, não houve diferença significante da rigidez entre os dois grupos. Concluímos que o suporte metálico desenvolvido para permitir deformação tridimensional se mostrou eficaz. Acreditamos que desta forma os movimentos mandibulares possam ser melhor reproduzidos durante o ensaio mecânico. Há necessidade de outros estudos visando comparar o sucesso clínico entre as duas técnicas. / This research was developed to evaluate the mechanical resistance obtained with positional bicortical screws used for internal rigid fixation of bicortical split mandibular ramus osteotomy, comparing two different screw insertion angulations. The traditional technique, most commonly used, for the fixation of bicortical split mandibular ramus osteotomy uses approximately 90°degrees screws inserted through skin incisions. The main disadvantage of this technique may be the skin incision, having the potential of resulting in an apparent scar in a visible area as well as the risk of motor nerve injury. One alternative that avoid these complications is the intra oral technique, in which there\'s no skin incision, being advantageous to the patient. In this technique the screws are inserted in approximately in 60° degrees angle. Knowing that in the literature few articles compare these two types of fixation, the objective of this work was to evaluate the mechanical resistance obtained using screws inserted with both 60° and 90° degrees angle simulating, respectively, the intra and extra oral techniques. We used 10 sheep mandibles, after performing bicortical sagital split osteotomies, were divided in two groups, both received 2.0 mm system screws for fixation. Group 1? 60° fixation; Group 2? 90° fixation. To realize the mechanical testing a universal rehearsal machine (Instron 5565) was used, in which a metallic support was adapted to restrain the mandibles. This support, differently of the ones commonly used in the current literature, allows that the mandible suffer tridimensional deformation during the rehearsal. The strength data was collected in Newton and the median was calculated with standard deviation for each group. The statistical evaluation of the values obtained was performed using parametrical statistical analysis. Through the results we could verify that the 90° degrees group presented with statistically significant higher mechanical strength. However, there was no significant difference in the rigidity between the two groups. We can conclude that the metallic support developed to allow tridimensional deformation was effective. We believe that by that way mandibular movements can be better reproduced during mechanical rehearsal. There is the necessity of other studies to compare the clinical success between those two fixation techniques.