With the surge of constructivism, which values non-material factors and ideational variables, norm research became the center of interest in International Relations scholarship. The early constructivist theory is suitable for showing how a norm could be replaced by another but incapable of explaining how a norm itself changes. Hence, the next challenge for constructivism would be demonstrating a norm change mechanism. The purpose of this research is to fill a gap in the international norm literature. From a constructivist perspective, this research suggests a cyclic model of international norm change and verifies its plausibility by examining the empirical evidence of change in the international norm of self-determination. Although self-determination is one of the essential norms in the contemporary international order, it has yet to be investigated within international norm literature. Unlike the static model of early constructivists, the cyclic model of international norm change demonstrates a clear framework to see how the norm of self-determination has changed over time and explains why norm structures are sometimes stable and other times volatile. / Com o surgimento do construtivismo, que valoriza fatores não materiais e variáveis ideacionais, a pesquisa de normas tornou-se o centro de interesse em estudos de Relações Internacionais. A teoria construtivista inicial é adequada para mostrar como uma norma pode ser substituída por outra, mas incapaz de explicar como uma norma se modifica. Assim, o próximo desafio para o construtivismo seria demonstrar o mecanismo de mudança de norma. O objetivo desta pesquisa é preencher uma lacuna na literatura internacional de normas. De uma perspectiva construtivista, esta pesquisa sugere um modelo cíclico de mudança internacional de normas e verifica sua plausibilidade examinando as evidências empíricas de mudança na norma internacional de autodeterminação. Embora a autodeterminação seja uma das normas essenciais na ordem internacional contemporânea, ela ainda precisa ser investigada dentro da literatura internacional de normas. Ao contrário do modelo estático dos primeiros construtivistas, o modelo cíclico da mudança internacional de normas demonstra uma estrutura clara para ver como a norma de autodeterminação mudou ao longo do tempo e explica por que as estruturas normativas são às vezes estáveis e outras voláteis.

With the surge of constructivism, which values non-material factors and ideational variables, norm research became the center of interest in International Relations scholarship. The early constructivist theory is suitable for showing how a norm could be replaced by another but incapable of explaining how a norm itself changes. Hence, the next challenge for constructivism would be demonstrating a norm change mechanism. The purpose of this research is to fill a gap in the international norm literature. From a constructivist perspective, this research suggests a cyclic model of international norm change and verifies its plausibility by examining the empirical evidence of change in the international norm of self-determination. Although self-determination is one of the essential norms in the contemporary international order, it has yet to be investigated within international norm literature. Unlike the static model of early constructivists, the cyclic model of international norm change demonstrates a clear framework to see how the norm of self-determination has changed over time and explains why norm structures are sometimes stable and other times volatile. / Com o surgimento do construtivismo, que valoriza fatores não materiais e variáveis ideacionais, a pesquisa de normas tornou-se o centro de interesse em estudos de Relações Internacionais. A teoria construtivista inicial é adequada para mostrar como uma norma pode ser substituída por outra, mas incapaz de explicar como uma norma se modifica. Assim, o próximo desafio para o construtivismo seria demonstrar o mecanismo de mudança de norma. O objetivo desta pesquisa é preencher uma lacuna na literatura internacional de normas. De uma perspectiva construtivista, esta pesquisa sugere um modelo cíclico de mudança internacional de normas e verifica sua plausibilidade examinando as evidências empíricas de mudança na norma internacional de autodeterminação. Embora a autodeterminação seja uma das normas essenciais na ordem internacional contemporânea, ela ainda precisa ser investigada dentro da literatura internacional de normas. Ao contrário do modelo estático dos primeiros construtivistas, o modelo cíclico da mudança internacional de normas demonstra uma estrutura clara para ver como a norma de autodeterminação mudou ao longo do tempo e explica por que as estruturas normativas são às vezes estáveis e outras voláteis.

Since the end of the Cold War, private military and security companies have gained a prominent place on the international battlefield. In an attempt to reduce monetary and political costs, states have not only outsourced some of the defense functions previously performed by uniformed personnel; they have also partly privatised the provision of security. Traditional accounts of the rise of private military and security companies have explained this evolution in terms of changing demand and supply of military force after the Cold War, in a neoliberal ideological environment. This rationalist account, however, overlooks the role of norms, which, as the constructivist research tradition has demonstrated, constrain state behaviour even in the domain of national security. From this constructivist point of view, the rise of private military and security companies is surprising given the existence of an anti-mercenary norm and a norm on the state monopoly on violence, both of which have precluded the private exercise of violence. How, then, should the rise of private military and security companies be understood in light of this hostile normative environment? Against a realist-constructivist background, this text draws upon models of norm change and epistemic communities to show that private military and security companies have used their pragmatic legitimacy and epistemic power to decisively shape the discursive construction of a new regulatory framework that legitimises the exercise of non-state violence.

MA / Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Consumers are gradually becoming influential actors in the international arena. The 21st century consumer has taken on a new identity, namely that of a citizen-consumer. A rising awareness of the importance of ethical purchasing behaviour has made political citizen-consumers a vehicle through which change in normative behaviour in the capitalist world economy could be attained. Activists have realised the support that political consumers could give to campaigns that strive to achieve norm change. Consumers have the power to hold multinational corporations (MNCs) accountable for unjust practices, and through their purchasing decisions, pressure MNCs to change the manner in which they operate. In order to determine to what extent political consumerism could contribute to international norm change, one has to understand how norms emerge, when norms are accepted and at which point norms become internalised. The theoretical framework of the life-cycle of norms is ideal to test the possibilities that political consumerism holds in the quest for norm change. The application of norm life-cycle framework to case studies provides evidence that political consumerism has already announced itself as a vehicle for change. Campaigns such as the conflict diamonds campaign and the Fair Trade movement have already successfully co-opted consumers to support the goals of these campaigns and have achieved some results in changing the behaviour and policies of MNCs. Political consumers have therefore already embarked on the journey towards norm change, but have not yet been able to bring the norm to internalisation. The study determines which stage in the norm life-cycle political consumerism has managed to reach. Related to this, it asks whether it is in fact possible for activists and political consumers to complete the norm life-cycle and thereby effect norm change to enhance capacity for social justice in capitalism. The study also concerns itself with the persuasion strategies that have been used and could still be used by activists to pursue change in the normative behaviour of consumers and MNCs. Persuasion is central to convincing actors to accept and internalise a new norm. The study situates these persuasion strategies within the norm life-cycle, in order to identify the challenges facing the consumer movement and possible solutions to assist political consumerism to reach its full potential. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die internasionale arena het verbruikers gaandeweg die rol van invloedryke akteurs begin aanneem, naamlik dié van burgerlike-verbruikers. ‘n Toenemende bewustheid van die belangrikheid van etiese aankope het gedurende die 21ste eeu die politieke burgerlike-verbruiker in ‘n akteur omskep, wat normatiewe verandering in die kapitalistiese globale ekonomie te weeg kan bring. Aktiviste het besef dat politieke verbruikers steun aan veldtogte kan verleen wat na norm verandering streef. Omdat verbruikers oor die vermoë beskik om multi-nasionale korporasies (MNKs) vir onregverdige gebruike aanspreeklik te hou deur aankoop besluite, kan hul sodoende MNKs dwing on hul gebruike te verander. ‘n Begrip van die ontstaan en aanvaarding van norme, kan ook help om vas te stel tot watter mate politieke verbruiking tot internasionale norm verandering bydra. Die teoretiese raamwerk van die lewens-siklus van norme is ideaal om die potensiaal van politieke verbruiking te toets. Die toepassing van die norm lewens-siklus op gevallestudies bewys dat politieke verbruiking alreeds as ‘n middel vir verandering uitgekristaliseer het. Veldtogte, soos die konflik diamante veldtog en die “Fair Trade” beweging, het alreeds daarin geslaag om verbruikers te werf om die doelwitte van hierdie veldtogte te steun. Hierdie veldtogte het sodoende daarin geslaag om die verandering van MNKs se gedrag en beleid te bewerkstellig. Politieke verbruikers het hul reeds met die veldtog geassosieer om norm-verandering te laat plaasvind. Die studie het bepaal watter stadium in die norm lewens-siklus politieke verbruiking reeds bereik het, asook of dit moontlik vir aktiviste en verbruikers is om die siklus te voltooi en norm-verandering te laat plaasvind. Hierdie norm-verandering sal ook die vermoë vir die sosiale regverdiging van die kapitalistiese stelsel verbeter. Die studie het ook die aktiviste se oorredingstrategië uiteengesit, asook watter strategië in die toekoms kan gebruik word om die normatiewe gedrag van verbruikers en MNKs te verander. In die aanvaarding van nuwe norme speel oorreding ‘n belangrike rol. Die studie plaas daarom hierdie oorredingstrategië binne die norm lewens-siklus, sodat dit die uitdagings kan identifiseer wat die verbruikers-beweging in die gesig staar. Dit sal daarom vir die studie moontlik maak om werkbare opplossings voor te stel, wat politieke verbruiking tot sy volle potensiaal kan voer.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Denis Domingues Hermida.pdf: 8446847 bytes, checksum: 8056c52cc4f1b810717f8365e1494a66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-10 / Technologies based on mobile devices, telematics wireless networks and sensors have given rise to changes in the regime of visibility which is the way people see and are seen in society. At present the regime of visibility is based not only on the physical space or on the limits of human vision, but also on cyber space, the so-called enlarged space . The concept of enlarged space includes representations in the form of images, sounds and even tactile sensations relating to a reality that may be physically far from the individual. Despite the physical distance, the enlarged space allows individuals not only to have access to this reality but also to interact with it. The regime of visibility is a value appreciated by society in factual realities and therefore is part of the juridical experience and it should, in the light of 'ethicity', govern normatized facts when the legal norm is construed. Changes in the regime of visibility in a society may give rise to a change in the norm, which is to be understood as a change in the content of a norm despite the fact that the statute (the legal text) may remain unchanged. This is so especially for those legal rules which constitutive elements are based on visibility. Automatic Vehicle Location systems are an assembly of technologies and pieces of equipment which allow the position of a vehicle to be known. These systems also allow related operations to take place such as transmission of information available on board, and at their current stage, these systems also allow their users to have access to reliable and highly accurate information in real time. The systems managers therefore have access to an enlarged space of the work environment which goes well beyond the limited physical space of the company s headquarters. This new space is limitless and managers are able to monitor the vehicle and the driver as they travel, and to monitor the driver s behavior during work activities outside the headquarters. The Automatic Vehicle Location systems available in the Brazilian market allow employers to control the work hours, compliance with orders and the quality of service of driver employees who work on the road. It is no longer justifiable to rule out the right to overtime pay of this type of employees based on Item I of Article 62 of CLT, Consolidation of Labor Laws. The change in the regime of visibility has given rise to a change in the legal norm construed based on Item I of Article 62 of CLT, Consolidation of Labor Laws / As tecnologias fundadas em dispositivos móveis, redes telemáticas sem fio e sensores geraram mudança no regime de visibilidade, que é a forma como os indivíduos vêem e são vistos na sociedade. Atualmente, o regime de visibilidade baseia-se não exclusivamente no espaço físico ou nos limites de alcance do olho humano, mas também no espaço informacional, que é denominado espaço ampliado e conceituado como representações, sob a forma de imagens, sons e até mesmo de sensações táteis, de uma realidade que natural e fisicamente seria distante do cidadão comum, permitindo ao indivíduo não só ter efetivo acesso a essa realidade, como também com ela interagir. O regime de visibilidade é um valor cultuado pela sociedade em realidades factuais que se apresentam e, portanto, faz parte da experiência jurídica, devendo, frente à eticidade , incidir sobre os fatos normados quando da construção da norma jurídica. A mudança, numa sociedade, do regime de visibilidade é capaz de gerar mutação normativa, entendida como modificação do conteúdo de uma norma jurídica apesar da manutenção do enunciado prescritivo (texto legislativo), especialmente naquelas normas jurídicas cujos elementos constitutivos baseiam-se na visibilidade. Os sistemas Automatic Vehicle Location são resultado de uma montagem de tecnologias e equipamentos que permitem o conhecimento da posição de um determinado veículo, bem como a realização de operações associadas, como a transmissão de informações disponíveis a bordo, sendo que o atual estado da técnica de tais sistemas permite aos seus usuários o acesso a informações fidedignas com alto grau de precisão e em tempo real, proporcionando ao seu gestor um espaço ampliado do ambiente de trabalho, que extrapola em muito o limitado território físico da sede da empresa e é ilimitado, acompanhando o deslocamento do veículo e de seu condutor, bem como revelando o comportamento do condutor no transcurso da atividade laboral externa. Através dos sistemas Automatic Vehicle Location disponíveis no mercado brasileiro é absolutamente possível ao empregador controlar a freqüência, o cumprimento de ordens e a qualidade do serviço do empregado-motorista rodoviário com atividade eminentemente externa, não mais se justificando o afastamento do direito a horas extras à essa categoria de empregados sob o fundamento de enquadramento no inciso I do artigo 62 da CLT. Tem-se, pois, que a mudança no regime de visibilidade gerou mutação na norma jurídica construída a partir do inciso I do artigo 62 da CLT