Title: Frequency of normal weight obese preschool children and its physical fitness - selected populations of children from 6 Prague kindergartens. Objectives: The goal of this thesis is to find out the occurence and physical fitness of preschool age children with normal weight obese and compare it with physical fitness of normal weight non-obese preschool children and children with overweight and obese. Methods: Observation is the main method used in this thesis (regarding to title). We analysed 289 preschool aged children and chose BMI index in the range of 25th to 80th percentil, according to Vignerova at al. (2006) along with values of each skinfold higher then 85th percentil according to Bláha et al. (1990), to identify normal weight obese children. Physical fitness was based on several tests: multistage 20 metre shuttle run, standing long jump, sit-ups, sit- and-reach, throw ball with alternative hands. To analyse all the facts and get results we used descriptive statistics, tests of normaltity and ANOVA. Results: We identified n = 12 normal weight obese children (4,15 %) from all participating children. Results of research showed us that normal weight obese children were worse than normal weight non-obese children by 5,80 %, respectively by 4,76 %. Children that were overweight and obese had...

Master of Public Health - MPH / A matched case-control study was carried out to identify the factors associated with the nutritional status of children in Livingstone district, Zambia. A trained field researcher collected data on demographic, feeding practices and socio-economic factors in matched groups of underweight children and normal weight children from the mothers/caregivers of the children. Interviews, using a structured pre-tested questionnaire, were used to obtain the data. All children aged from six to fifty-nine months admitted at Livingstone General Hospital during the months of October to December, 2003 with a weight for age below –2SD from the median of the reference population formed the underweight children (cases). The total was 47 children. The cases were then matched according to sex and age to 47 normal weight children attending the under five clinic at Livingstone General Hospital during the same months, with a weight for age above –2SD from the median of the reference population (controls). The final sample was 94 children. Weights were recorded using the same scale in the outpatient’s department prior to admission and during the under five clinic session. Interviews then took place in a separate room after the clinic nurse had attended them. A separate visit was then made to the homes of the children on a different day. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used to measure strengths of associations. Results revealed that the basic causes of underweight were the poor economic state of the country, unfavorable policies and insufficient government support in the areas of health, education, agriculture, housing and employment. Underlying causes were inadequate access to food, inadequate care of children, poor access to health services and unhealthy living environments, while immediate causes were poor food intake and disease. Low educational and literacy levels of the mothers/caregivers, unemployment and lack of sufficient finances to access basic necessities such as food, housing and health contributed to underweight. / South Africa

Excerpt:Misperceptions about personal weight are common and include both under- and overestimates.1–6 Overweight misperception is found among both males and females across different racial/ethnic and age groups but is generally more common among females. Studies also indicate that body weight misperception is common among university students.2,4,7,8 In a study assessing the prevalence of weight misperception among U.S. college students, 12.9% of students had inflated body weight perception and 15.1% considered themselves to be thinner than they actually were.7 Gender and racial/ethnic differences in weight misperception have been observed among normal-weight college adults. According to the 2008 National College Health Assessment (NCHA), 28.8% of college females and 39.4% of college males were overweight or obese. However, more females (38.0%) than males (30.8%) described themselves as overweight or obese.8 Non-Hispanic white people are also more likely to report overweight misperception than other racial/ethnic minority groups.8,9

Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hurvida en LCHF (Low Carb High Fat) kost skulle kunna vara en hälsosam livsstil utifrån hur den påverkar olika hälsomarkörer hos normalviktiga personer där en viktminskning ej har eftersträvats. Frågeställningen var följande: Hur påverkar en LCHF-kost med maximalt 30 gram kolhydrater per dag under 3 veckor normalviktiga kvinnors BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate), blodlipider, blodglukos, blodtryck, kroppssammansättning, midje- och höftmått samt deras kroppsvikt? Metod En experimentell studie har genomförts på 8 normalviktiga kvinnor mellan 20 och 35 år. Samtliga försökspersoners BMR, blodlipider, blodglukos, blodtryck, kroppssammansättning, midje- och höftmått samt kroppsvikt mättes vid normala levnadsförhållanden innan studiens start samt efter 3 veckor av en strikt LCHF-kost med endast 30 gram kolhydrater per dag. Resultat BMR sänktes i genomsnitt med 4,4% vilket var signifikant (P<0,05). HDL (High-density lipoproteins), LDL (Low-density lipoproteins) samt totalkolesterol höjdes signifikant (P<0,01) med 21%, 25% respektive 22%. Ingen signifikant skillnad i LDL/HDL-kvot, triglycerider eller blodtryck erhölls. Blodglukos sänktes med 12%, skillnaden var dock ej signifikant. Andel kroppsfett sänktes signifikant med 8,7% (P<0,01) och fettmassan med 11% (P<0,01). Den fettfria massan visade ingen signifikant skillnad. Midjemåttet minskade signifikant med 2,3% (P<0,05) och kroppsvikten i genomsnittt med 1,24 kg (P<0,05). Höftmåttet visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan mätningen före och efter 3 veckors LCHF-kost. Slutsats Studiens resultat tyder på övervägande negativa effekter av 3 veckors LCHF-kost på olika hälsomarkörer, vilket skulle kunna få allvarliga följder så som kardiovaskulära sjukdomar och depression förutsatt att verkan successivt ökar. / Abstract Aim The aim of this study is to examine if LCHF (Low Carb High Fat) could be a healthy lifestyle based on how it affects various health markers in normal weight people where weight loss has not been pursued. Specific question: How does intake of a LCHF diet with a maximum of 30 grams of carbohydrates per day during 3 weeks affect normal-weight women´s BMR, blood lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure, body composition, waist and hip dimensions and body weight? Method An experimental study was performed on 8 normal-weight women aged 20 to 35 years old. All subject´s BMR, blood lipids, blood glucose, blood pressure, body composition, waist and hip dimensions and body weight were measured at normal living conditions before the study began. Each subject was put on a strict 3 week Low Carb High Fat diet consisting of only 30 grams of carbohydrates per day. Results BMR was reduced by an average of 4,4% which was significant (P<0,05). HDL, LDL and total cholesterol were increased significantly (P<0,01) by 21, 25 and 22%, respectively. There were no significant differences in LDL/HDL ratio, triglycerides or blood pressure. Blood glucose concentration was reduced by an average of 12%, however the reduction was not statistically significant. Percentage body fat was significantly lowered with 8,7% (P<0,01) and fat mass with 11% (P<0,01). The fat free mass showed no significant difference between pre- and post-tests. The waist circumference was significantly decreased by 2,3% (P<0,05) and average body weight of 1,24 kg (P<0,05). The hip dimension showed no significant difference between pre- and post-tests.   Conclusion The results of this study indicate negative effects on the blood lipid profile after 3 weeks of LCHF diet, which could lead to serious consequences such as cardiovascular disease and depression provided that the effect is progressively enhanced.

Объектом исследования явились личностные характеристики женщин. Предметом исследования стали различия личностных характеристик у женщин с нормальным и избыточным весом. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (174 источника) и приложений, включающих в себя бланки применявшихся методик, результаты определения наличия избыточного веса, результаты проверки гипотезы о соответствии распределения полученных данных нормальному распределению, описательные статистики, таблицы корреляций между индексом массы тела и показателями методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 169 страниц, на которых размещены 3 рисунка и 12 таблиц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная, частные и дополнительная гипотезы, указываются методы и эмпирическая база, а также этапы проведения исследования, теоретическая и практическая значимость работы. В первой главе были рассмотрены понятия нормальной, идеальной и избыточной массы тела, психологические аспекты и причины избыточного веса, систематизированы данные о психологических аспектах и причинах избыточного веса, видах и психологических аспектах пищевого поведения; проанализированы отечественные и зарубежные исследования личностных характеристик женщин с избыточным весом. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам: пятифакторному опроснику личности «Большая пятерка» («Big five»); опроснику измерения агрессивных и враждебных реакций А. Басса и А. Дарки; Тесту-опроснику самоотношения; методике измерения самооценки Дембо – Рубинштейн. Также в главе представлены результаты корреляционного анализа индекса массы тела и личностных характеристик женщин. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также результаты проверки выдвинутых гипотез, обоснована практическая значимость исследования. / The object of the research was the personal characteristics of women. The subject of the study was the differences in personal characteristics in women with normal and overweight. The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (174 sources) and annexes, including the forms of the applied methods, the results of determining the presence of excess weight, the results of testing the hypothesis that the distribution of the obtained data corresponds to the normal distribution, descriptive statistics, tables of correlations between body mass index and method indicators. The volume of the master's thesis is 169 pages, which contain 3 figures and 12 tables. The introduction reveals the relevance of the research problem, the elaboration of the problem, sets the goal and objectives of the research, defines the object and subject of research, formulates the main, particular and additional hypotheses, indicates the methods and empirical base, as well as the stages of research, the theoretical and practical significance of the work. The first chapter considered the concepts of normal, ideal and overweight, psychological aspects and causes of overweight, systematized data on the psychological aspects and causes of overweight, types and psychological aspects of eating behavior; analyzed domestic and foreign studies of the personal characteristics of overweight women. Conclusions for the first chapter represent the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It contains a description of the organization and methods of the study and the results obtained by all the methods used: the five-factor personality questionnaire "Big five"; a questionnaire for measuring aggressive and hostile reactions by A. Bass and A. Darka; Self-attitude questionnaire test; Dembo - Rubinstein self-assessment methodology. The chapter also presents the results of a correlation analysis of body mass index and personal characteristics of women. Conclusions from Chapter 2 include the main findings of the empirical study. The conclusion summarizes the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as the results of testing the hypotheses put forward, substantiates the practical significance of the study.

This thesis investigates the complexity of the obesity phenotype by characterizing the inflammatory status of Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO) individuals. More specifically, this work has examined circulating inflammatory markers in MHO individuals and compared it to Lean Healthy (LH) and Metabolically Abnormal Obese (MAO) subjects. Thirty participants (n=10/group) were recruited as part of the Diabetes Risk Assessment (DRA) study, and classified according to adiposity and metabolic status. Despite a similar level of adiposity compared to MAO individuals, MHO subjects presented a more favourable inflammatory profile. Specifically, MHO individuals had levels of hsCRP and IL-6 comparable to LH subjects and lower than MAO subjects. Also, MHO subjects presented similar levels of high molecular weight adiponectin as the MAO group, but PDGF-ββ levels were intermediate to those of the LH and MAO groups. Overall, the distinct inflammatory profile observed in MHO subjects demonstrates the unique status of these individuals, reinforcing that obesity is a complex and heterogeneous phenotype. / Public Health Agency of Canada, Ontario Graduate Scholarships, Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarships in Science and Technology, Canada Foundation for Innovation

Multiple health issues are associated with obesity and numerous factors are causative of the disease. The role of genetic factors is well established, as is the knowledge that dietary and sedentary behavior promotes weight gain. Although there is strong suspicion towards the role of epigenetics as a driving force toward disease, this field remains l in the context of obesity. DNA methylation correlation networks were profiled from blood samples of 69 adolescents of two distinct weight-classes; obese (n=35) and normal-weight (n=34). The network analysis revealed major differences in the organization of the networks where the network of the obese had less modularity compared to normal-weight. This is manifested by more and smaller clusters in the obese, pertaining to genes of related functions and pathways, than the network of the normal-weight. Consequently, this suggests that biological pathways have a lower order of coordination between each other in means of DNA methylation in obese than normal-weight. Analysis of highly connected genes, hubs, in the two networks suggests that the difference in coordination between biological pathways may be derived by changes of the methylation pattern of these hubs; highly connected genes in one network had an intriguingly low connectivity in the other. In conclusion, the results suggest differential regulation of transcription through changes in the coordination of DNA methylation in overweight and normal weighted individuals. The findings of this study are a major step towards understanding the role of DNA methylation in obesity and provide potential biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting obesity.

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