[pt] A ditadura militar brasileira causou profundas transformações nas estruturas políticas, econômicas, sindicais e sociais do país. Apesar disto, o tema é pouco tratado pelos estudiosos das organizações, mesmo com indícios da participação empresarial na conspiração que culminou com o golpe de 1964 ou colaboração com órgãos de repressão do Estado. Com o intuito de alterar este quadro, esta pesquisa se propôs a estudar quais eram, como se configuravam e como eram operacionalizadas as práticas de violência cometidas pela Volkswagen do Brasil contra os seus trabalhadores durante a ditadura militar brasileira. A tese subjacente a este objetivo é que a empresa empregou práticas de normalização da violência para que esta pudesse ser praticada indiscriminadamente com o objetivo de aumento de ganhos. Para atingir este propósito este estudo desenvolveu, com base na literatura, um quadro analítico categorizando as práticas de normalização da violência que serviu de base para a leitura dos documentos coletados. Ao todo foram identificadas vinte e duas práticas na literatura que foram agrupadas em seis dimensões. Apoiada na perspectiva histórica, esta pesquisa valeu-se de documentos da época como corpus de pesquisa. Como resultados da pesquisa foi possível identificar que a Volkswagen do Brasil praticava violência física, psicológica, simbólica, econômica e política contra os seus trabalhadores e adotou doze práticas com potencial para normalizar as violências cometidas. / [en] The Brazilian military dictatorship has caused deep changes in the country s political, economic, trade union and social structures. In spite of this, the subject is little touched by the organizations researchers, even with indications of the business participation in the conspiracy that culminated with the coup of 1964 or their collaboration with organs of repression of the State. In order to change this situation, this research aimed to investigate what were and how the violence practices committed by Volkswagen do Brasil against its workers during the Brazilian military dictatorship were configured. The thesis underlying this objective is that this company used violence normalization practices so that it could be practiced indiscriminately for the purpose of increasing earnings. To achieve this goal, this study developed, based on the literature, an analytical framework, categorizing the violence normalization practices that served as a basis for reading the documents collected. Were identified twenty-two practices in the literature, that were grouped into six dimensions. Based on historical perspective, this research was based on documents at time as a corpus of research. As a result of the research it was possible to identify that Volkswagen do Brasil practiced physical, psychological, symbolic, economic and political violence against its workers and adopted twelve practices with the potential to normalize the violence committed.

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of women who have been abused by their partners. The study also examines how violence takes shape in a relationship. Based on a qualitative text analysis of three autobiographies and one novel, we have obtained the material for this study. The three selected autobiographies are; "I have not told you everything" by Jessie Andersson, "The nightmare" by Maria Dahlén and "It would be a pleasure to kill you" by Magdalena Graaf and the novel "Hidden" by Liza Marklund. To gain a better understanding of this topic, we have used the following theories; the process of normalization of violence, gender and masculinity. The analysis of the study is divided into two chapters. In the first chapter we are going to analyze the "Women's experiences as subjects to violence in relationships", where similarities in the four books are revealed, as well as the women’s experiences. The second chapter highlights "The underlying reasons why abuse exists in these relationships". This chapter shows what the gender roles of a man and a woman are, as told in the relationships described in the books. The results of this study show that women first become exposed to psychological violence which later also becomes physical. Women, who live in these conditions, adapt to the men’s behavior and feel shame, guilt, fear and powerlessness about their lives. Furthermore we discuss the society’s influential role towards women who are abused. The society and the social workers, should have an understanding of this problem, in order to help the women and understand why they stay in abusive relationships. / Syftet med denna studie är att få en ökad förståelse för kvinnor som levt i våldsutsatta relationer. Studien undersöker även hur våldet tar sin form i ett förhållande. Utifrån en kvalitativ textanalys av tre självbiografier och en roman får vi fram studiens textmaterial. De tre utvalda självbiografierna är; "Jag har inte berättat allt" av Jessie Andersson, "Nattmaran" av Maria Dahlén och "Det ska bli ett sant nöje att döda dig" av Magdalena Graaf samt romanen "Gömda" av Liza Marklund. För att få förståelse kring ämnet har vi använt oss av teorierna; Våldets normaliseringsprocess, genus och maskulinitet. Studiens analys är indelad i två kapitel. I det första kapitlet analyserar vi "Kvinnors upplevelser i ett våldsutsatt förhållande" där likheter i de fyra böckerna framkommer samt kvinnornas upplevelser. Det andra kapitlet belyser "De bakomliggande faktorerna till den våldsutsatta relationens existens" visar på att könsroller angående vad som är "man" och "kvinna" existerar i relationerna i de fyra böckerna. Resultatet för denna studie visar att kvinnor först blir utsatta för psykiskt våld och som sedan även övergår till fysiskt. Kvinnorna som lever i dessa förhållanden anpassar sig efter männen och känner skam, skuld, rädsla och maktlöshet över sin livssituation. Vidare redovisas samhällets påverkande roll gentemot kvinnor som blir misshandlade. Samhället och de professionella socialarbetare bör ha kunskaper om denna problematik för att kunna hjälpa kvinnan samt förstå varför hon stannar kvar i förhållandet.

La rédaction de ce mémoire a été possible grâce à la bourse d’études supérieures du Canada (BESC M), Joseph-Armand-Bombardier du Centre de Recherche en Sciences Humaines (CRSH) du gouvernement du Canada, 2015. / Cette recherche est basée sur l’hypothèse suivante : la relation entre la société colombienne et la violence a été si constante et profonde que la nouvelle littérature du XXIe siècle est un produit de ce phénomène. Bien que les études académiques portant sur la littérature et la violence en Colombie soient si nombreuses, celles-ci ont été dirigées à l’analyse du violent comme étant un phénomène perturbateur de l’ordre social, que ce soit dès la Violence politique des années 50 et 60, ou bien dès la littérature du narco trafique dans les années 80 et 90. Toutefois, dans la littérature des générations plus récentes d’écrivains, la violence n’est pas nécessairement exercée par des acteurs « traditionnellement » violents qui portent atteinte à l’ordre social, mais ce supposé « ordre » social est déjà essentiellement violent, faisant de la violence une question symbolique, normalisée et profondément enracinée dans l’ensemble de la société. Donc, de quelle façon la violence « traditionnelle » a-t-elle mutée jusqu’à configurer la neo-violence d’aujourd’hui? Quelles sont ses caractéristiques? Mais, surtout, de quelle façon la littérature raconte-t-elle cette nouvelle violence? Le objectif de cette recherche est d’identifier ces nouvelles manifestations de la violence dans la littérature de la première décennie du XXIe siècle ayant été produites pour les écrivains nés pendant les années 70 et le début des années 80. La méthodologie, basée sur l’analyse de romans et de nouvelles d’écrivains colombiens de cette génération, cherche à établir comment la surexposition à une violence endémique a généré de nouvelles formes de voir, de percevoir, de sentir et de narrer le violent au-delà de la description de faits concrets de violence. / This research is based on the assumption that the relationship between the Colombian society and violence is so constant and deep that the new 21st century literature is the result of this phenomenon. Despite the fact that previous academic research on violence and literature in Colombia has largely addressed the topic, this same research has usually approached “violence” as a disruptive phenomenon having an impact on established social orders. That is the case of previous analysis addressing either the 1950s and 1960s’ La Violencia-based literature or the 1980s and 1990s’ drug trafficking literature. However, in the literature of the new generation of writers, violence is not necessarily practiced by traditionally violent actors who intentionally put social order at risk. This social order is in fact essentially violent, which turns violence into a symbolic, normalized, deeply rooted matter in society. Thus, how has “traditional” violence transformed into today’s neoviolence? Which are its attributes? Furthermore, how does literature tell this new violence’s story? The purpose of this research is to identify these new forms of violence made evident in the literature of the first decade of the 21st century that has been produced, in turn, by writers born between the 1970s and the 1980s. The methodology, based on the analysis of novels and short stories by Colombian writers from this period, seeks to establish how overexposure to endemic violence has resulted in new forms of seeing, perceiving, feeling and recounting violence beyond the accurate description of violent facts. / Si bien los estudios académicos sobre el tema de la literatura y la violencia en Colombia son bastante numerosos, estos han estado dirigidos al análisis de la violencia como un fenómeno perturbador del orden social, ya sea desde la Violencia política de los años 50 y 60, o bien desde la violencia del narcotráfico en los años 80 y 90. Sin embargo, en la literatura de las generaciones más jóvenes de escritores, la violencia no es necesariamente ejercida por actores tradicionalmente violentos que atenten contra el orden social, sino que este supuesto orden social es ya esencialmente violento, donde la violencia se manifiesta de manera simbólica, normalizada y profundamente enraizada en la vida social. La investigación se pregunta entonces, ¿de qué manera la violencia “tradicional” ha mutado hasta configurar la neo-violencia de hoy? ¿Cuáles son sus características? Pero, sobre todo, ¿de qué manera esta nueva violencia es contada por la literatura? El objetivo de esta investigación es el de identificar estas nuevas manifestaciones de la violencia en la literatura de la primera década del siglo XXI, producida por los escritores nacidos durante los años 70 e inicios de los años 80. La metodología se basa en el análisis de novelas y cuentos de escritores colombianos pertenecientes a esta generación, para establecer cómo la sobreexposición a una violencia endémica ha generado nuevas formas de ver, percibir, sentir y narrar lo violento más allá de la descripción de hechos concretos de violencia.