Orientador: Eduardo Ismael Murguia Marañon / Banca: Solange Ferraz de Lima / Banca: Mariângela Spotti Lopes Fujita / Resumo: A presente pesquisa aborda o documento fotográfico no âmbito de sua descrição em arquivos e bibliotecas. Tem o objetivo de fazer uma possível comparação entre as normas AACR2, utilizadas para a descrição bibliográfica nas bibliotecas e a norma ISAD (G) que, por sua vez, é o conjunto de regras para que seja obtida a descrição arquivística. Para tanto, parte-se do conceito de documento, passando por seu papel nos arquivos e bibliotecas e transitando pela história da fotografia. Inicialmente o objeto é contextualizado para se passar à apresentação das regras do AACR2 e da ISAD (G), até a catalogação eletrônica que é possível através da utilização do formato MARC 21. Desse modo, são descritos alguns dos elementos que o documento fotográfico traz em sua composição e em seu suporte, pois é através de suas diversas características físicas que se encontram parte das peculiaridades que instigam inúmeras discussões a seu respeito. Diante da referida base teórica, uma análise panorâmica das regras expostas durante o trabalho é feita a partir dos modos de representação de cada uma: para a biblioteconomia, sua ficha que materializa o ato da descrição e disponibiliza o item no acervo e, para a arquivologia, seus instrumentos de pesquisa que, da mesma forma, oferecem aos usuários um quadro não só do material como de todo o contexto de seu acervo. Por fim, chega-se a uma aproximação de pontos nas duas normas que merecem atenção e aprofundamento por parte de pesquisadores e de profissionais que lidam com o documento fotográfico. Sob a luz dos princípios arquivísticos e da teoria do tratamento biblioteconômico, reflete-se sobre a descrição de forma geral e nesta quando aplicada a um documento que carrega particularidades e é alvo de debates que repercutem na sua disponibilização para os usuários e em seu estudo de forma geral. / Abstract: This work boards the photographic document in the scope of its description in archives and libraries. The objective is to make possible the comparison between the AACR2 rules, utilized for bibliographic description in libraries and the ISAD (G) norm, which are the rules to obtain an archivist description. Departing from document concept, passing by his function in archives and libraries and passing by photography history. This is the object context in a first moment, leading to the presentation of AACR2 rules and ISAD (G), until the electronic cataloguing which is possible by the use of MARC 21 format. This way, some elements of photographic document bring in its composition and support is described, because through his various physical characteristics we found part of the particularities that instigate countless discussions about it. In front of the referred theoric basis, a panoramic analysis of the present rules is made following the representation ways for each one: for the librarianship, its cards materialize the description act and make available the item in the collection and, to archival science, its tools of research which, in the same way, offer to the users a view not only of the material but his context in the collection. At last, is reached an approach of points in the two norms worthily attention and a profound study by researchers and professionals working the photographic document. Under archivist's principles and librarian treatment theory, there is a consideration about description in general form and its application in a document with peculiarities and when the document is target of discussions that reflect in availability to the users an its studies generally. / Mestre

The topic of the thesis is the issue of the status of songwriter Jaromír Nohavica and his work in the period of normalization. The contemporary circumstances and the context of the origin of his songs are hidden for the majority of people (especially for the younger generation). The basic question of the thesis is how far is the period of normalization in relation to the political system reflected in the songwriter's personal life and lyrics of his songs. The work is methodologically based on quantitative and qualitative content analysis and analysis of the period of normalization. The quantitative and qualitative content analysis is very unusual for political scinece.

A área de Análise de Sentimentos ou Mineração de Opiniões tem como um dos objetivos principais analisar computacionalmente opiniões, sentimentos e subjetividade presentes em textos. Por conta da crescente quantidade de textos opinativos nas mídias sociais da web, e também pelo interesse de empresas e governos em insumos que auxiliem a tomada de decisões, esse tópico de pesquisa tem sido amplamente estudado. Classificar opiniões postadas na web, usualmente expressas em textos do tipo conteúdo gerado por usuários, ou UGC (user-generated content), é uma tarefa bastante desafiadora, já que envolve o tratamento de subjetividade. Além disso, a linguagem utilizada em textos do tipo UGC diverge, de várias maneiras, da norma culta da língua, o que impõe ainda mais dificuldade ao seu processamento. Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de métodos e sistemas que visam (a) a normalização de textos UGC, isto é, o tratamento do texto com correção ortográfica, substituição de internetês, e normalização de caixa e de pontuação, e (b) a classificação de opiniões, particularmente de avaliações de produtos, em nível de texto, para o português brasileiro. O método proposto para a normalização é predominantemente simbólico, uma vez que usa de forma explícita conhecimentos linguísticos. Já para a classificação de opiniões, que nesse trabalho consiste em atribuir ao texto um valor de polaridade, positivo ou negativo, foram utilizadas abordagens baseadas em léxico e em aprendizado de máquina, bem como a combinação de ambas na construção de um método híbrido original. Constatamos que a normalização melhorou o resultado da classificação de opiniões, pelo menos para métodos baseados em léxico. Também verificamos extrinsecamente a qualidade de léxicos de sentimentos para o português. Fizemos, ainda, experimentos avaliando a confiabilidade das notas dadas pelos autores das opiniões, já que as mesmas são utilizadas para a rotulação de exemplos, e verificamos que, de fato, elas impactam significativamente o desempenho dos classificadores de opiniões. Por fim, obtivemos classificadores de opiniões para o português brasileiro com valores de medida F1 que chegam a 0,84 (abordagem baseada em léxico) e a 0,95 (abordagem baseada em AM), e que são similares aos sistemas para outras línguas, que representam o estado da arte no domínio de avaliação de produtos. / Sentiment Analysis or Opinion Mining has as a main goal to process opinions, feelings and subjectivity expressed in texts. The large number of opinions in social media has increased the interest of companies and governments, who have changed their decisionmaking systems. This has caused a great interest in this research area. Opinions are usually expressed by subjective text, and their processing is a hard task. Moreover, reviews posted on the web are of a especial text type, also called user-generated content (UGC), whose processing is a very challenging task, since they differ in many ways from the standard language. This work describes the design of methods and systems aimed at (a) the normalization of UGC texts, through the use of spell checking, substitution of web slangs, case and punctuation correction, and (b) the classification of opinions at document level, especially for reviews of products in Brazilian Portuguese. The method proposed for normalization of UGC is linguistically motivated. For the classification of opinions, which, in this work, consists in assigning a polarity value (positive or negative) to a opinion text, some lexicon-based and machine learning approaches, as well as a combination of both in a new hybrid manner have been implemented and evaluated. We noticed that the text normalization has improved the results of opinion classification for lexicon-based methods. The quality of the sentiment lexicons for Portuguese was extrinsically evaluated. The reliability of the opinions authors was verified, since they are used for labeling samples. We concluded that they significantly impact the performance of the opinion classifiers. Finally, we proposed some opinion classifiers for Brazilian Portuguese whose F1-measures values reach 0.84 (lexicon-based approach) and 0.95 (machine learning approach), which are analogous to the the similar systems for other languages, which represent the state of the art in the domain of reviews of products.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-04T12:32:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 educacao_surdos.pdf: 890477 bytes, checksum: d2e71975553c9c6fd186e9626e5e90fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-04T12:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 educacao_surdos.pdf: 890477 bytes, checksum: d2e71975553c9c6fd186e9626e5e90fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar os saberes/conhecimentos sobre os surdos que circularam e circulam nos currículos dos cursos de formação de professores para trabalhar com surdos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período entre 1984 a 2004. O material de pesquisa analisado é composto por dois currículos de cursos de graduação e três currículos de cursos de capacitação. A pesquisa insere-se no campo dos Estudos Pós-Estruturalistas e dos Estudos Surdos. As ferramentas analíticas de norma e normação/normalização, pensadas a partir das teorizações dos Estudos Foucaultianos, possibilitaram identificar conhecimentos clínico-terapêuticos e culturais atuando nos currículos de formação. O exercício analítico sobre o material de pesquisa mostrou que: 1) o olhar dos professores, mesmo daqueles que dizem estar preparados para trabalhar com surdos, ainda está alicerçado na necessidade de comparação entre surdos e ouvintes; 2) a forte presença do ouvinte nos currículos de formação fez com que os surdos, ao falarem de si, tivessem sempre como referência o ouvinte; 3) os discursos instituídos pelas práticas da Educação Especial colocam em funcionamento estratégias que visam à normalização dos surdos; 4) deslocamentos estão ocorrendo frente à inserção de saberes que problematizam a surdez cultural, tendo como base autores que abordam a cultura surda num viés antropológico-cultural; 5) mesmo que nos currículos de formação apareçam outras formas de olhar para os surdos, produzidas a partir de práticas discursivas que visam a dizer de um surdo cultural, de língua e identidade próprias, constituídas a partir de sua diferença, os surdos continuam capturados dentro da Educação Especial e na oposição binária entre surdos e ouvintes, derivada dos processos de normalização típicas da Modernidade. / This research aimed at analyzing knowledges about the deaf that were spread in curricula of courses offered from 1984 to 2004 to teachers that work with deaf students in Rio Grande do Sul. The material analyzed was composed of two curricula of under-graduation courses and three of habilitation courses. The research was grounded on both post-structuralist studies and Deaf Studies. The analytical tools used - norm and normalization -, thought from the theorizations of Foucauldian Studies, allowed for the identification of both clinical-therapeutic and cultural knowledges acting in the teacher education curricula. The analysis showed that: 1) teachers' positioning, even of those who claimed to be prepared to work with the deaf, is still grounded on the necessity of comparison between deaf and hearing people; 2) the strong presence of hearing people in the teachers' education curricula has led the deaf to have hearing people as a reference when they talk about themselves; 3) discourses instituted by Special Education practices trigger strategies that aim at normalizing the deaf; 4) displacements caused by the insertion of knowledges that problematize the cultural deafness have been based on authors that have approached the deaf culture from an anthropological-cultural perspective; 5) the deaf are still captured by Special Education as well as by the binary opposition between deaf and hearing people which is derived from the processes of normalization that are typical of Modernity, despite the emergence of other forms of regarding the deaf in the curricula, which were produced from discursive practices aiming at talking about the cultural deaf, i.e. those who have their own language and identity constituted from their difference.

A área de Análise de Sentimentos ou Mineração de Opiniões tem como um dos objetivos principais analisar computacionalmente opiniões, sentimentos e subjetividade presentes em textos. Por conta da crescente quantidade de textos opinativos nas mídias sociais da web, e também pelo interesse de empresas e governos em insumos que auxiliem a tomada de decisões, esse tópico de pesquisa tem sido amplamente estudado. Classificar opiniões postadas na web, usualmente expressas em textos do tipo conteúdo gerado por usuários, ou UGC (user-generated content), é uma tarefa bastante desafiadora, já que envolve o tratamento de subjetividade. Além disso, a linguagem utilizada em textos do tipo UGC diverge, de várias maneiras, da norma culta da língua, o que impõe ainda mais dificuldade ao seu processamento. Este trabalho relata o desenvolvimento de métodos e sistemas que visam (a) a normalização de textos UGC, isto é, o tratamento do texto com correção ortográfica, substituição de internetês, e normalização de caixa e de pontuação, e (b) a classificação de opiniões, particularmente de avaliações de produtos, em nível de texto, para o português brasileiro. O método proposto para a normalização é predominantemente simbólico, uma vez que usa de forma explícita conhecimentos linguísticos. Já para a classificação de opiniões, que nesse trabalho consiste em atribuir ao texto um valor de polaridade, positivo ou negativo, foram utilizadas abordagens baseadas em léxico e em aprendizado de máquina, bem como a combinação de ambas na construção de um método híbrido original. Constatamos que a normalização melhorou o resultado da classificação de opiniões, pelo menos para métodos baseados em léxico. Também verificamos extrinsecamente a qualidade de léxicos de sentimentos para o português. Fizemos, ainda, experimentos avaliando a confiabilidade das notas dadas pelos autores das opiniões, já que as mesmas são utilizadas para a rotulação de exemplos, e verificamos que, de fato, elas impactam significativamente o desempenho dos classificadores de opiniões. Por fim, obtivemos classificadores de opiniões para o português brasileiro com valores de medida F1 que chegam a 0,84 (abordagem baseada em léxico) e a 0,95 (abordagem baseada em AM), e que são similares aos sistemas para outras línguas, que representam o estado da arte no domínio de avaliação de produtos. / Sentiment Analysis or Opinion Mining has as a main goal to process opinions, feelings and subjectivity expressed in texts. The large number of opinions in social media has increased the interest of companies and governments, who have changed their decisionmaking systems. This has caused a great interest in this research area. Opinions are usually expressed by subjective text, and their processing is a hard task. Moreover, reviews posted on the web are of a especial text type, also called user-generated content (UGC), whose processing is a very challenging task, since they differ in many ways from the standard language. This work describes the design of methods and systems aimed at (a) the normalization of UGC texts, through the use of spell checking, substitution of web slangs, case and punctuation correction, and (b) the classification of opinions at document level, especially for reviews of products in Brazilian Portuguese. The method proposed for normalization of UGC is linguistically motivated. For the classification of opinions, which, in this work, consists in assigning a polarity value (positive or negative) to a opinion text, some lexicon-based and machine learning approaches, as well as a combination of both in a new hybrid manner have been implemented and evaluated. We noticed that the text normalization has improved the results of opinion classification for lexicon-based methods. The quality of the sentiment lexicons for Portuguese was extrinsically evaluated. The reliability of the opinions authors was verified, since they are used for labeling samples. We concluded that they significantly impact the performance of the opinion classifiers. Finally, we proposed some opinion classifiers for Brazilian Portuguese whose F1-measures values reach 0.84 (lexicon-based approach) and 0.95 (machine learning approach), which are analogous to the the similar systems for other languages, which represent the state of the art in the domain of reviews of products.

Além de ser um filtro para selecionar e legitimar o caráter científico do que é publicado, a citação é um meio de distribuir créditos e reconhecimento. Com o surgimento dos índices de citação, novas possibilidades se abriram para avaliação de produção científica por meio de indicadores. Dentre eles, o Fator de Impacto é o mais utilizado para aferir o impacto de um periódico, sendo calculado em termos do número de citações que tal periódico alcança, tomando como fonte de informação as referências de todos os periódicos catalogados numa base de dados. Neste contexto, a normalização também é primordial, por garantir a transferência da informação científica em padrão específico, sendo assim responsável direta da qualidade dos estudos bibliométricos, e consequentemente, na avaliação da produção científica. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi contribuir com a discussão sobre a importância da normalização no uso de indicadores para avaliação de periódicos científicos. Os objetivos específicos foram: a) analisar a distribuição das referências bibliográficas de periódicos ao longo do tempo, no que diz respeito ao nível de normalização das referências e seu impacto na análise de citações, considerando ainda a obsolescência e tipologia documental; b) realizar análise comparativa entre áreas. Através da análise das citações feitas, no período de 2011 a 2015, pelos periódicos brasileiros indexados na SciELO e WoS, foi possível verificar a o aumento de citações a periódicos ante outros tipos documentais, constatar o cumprimento das recomendações quanto ao uso de referências atualizadas e utilização cada vez menor de autocitação. No entanto, ainda que indexados em bases criteriosas e rigorosas e possuírem bibliotecários em suas equipes, a taxa de erros de normalização ainda é pronunciada. / In addition to being a filter to select and legitimize the scientific character of what is published, citation is a means of distributing credits and recognition. With the appearance of citation indexes, new possibilities were opened for the evaluation of scientific production through indicators. Among them, the Impact Factor is the most used to gauge the impact of a periodical, being calculated in terms of the number of citations that periodic reaches, taking as reference information the references of all the periodicals cataloged in a database. In this context, standardization is also paramount, since it guarantees the transfer of scientific information in a specific pattern, being therefore directly responsible for the quality of bibliometric studies, and consequently, for the evaluation of scientific production. The general objective of the study was to contribute to the discussion about the importance of standardization in the use of indicators for the evaluation of scientific journals. The specific objectives were: a) to analyze the distribution of bibliographical references of periodicals over time, regarding the level of normalization of references and their impact in the analysis of citations, considering also the obsolescence and typology of documents; b) perform a comparative analysis between areas. Through the analysis of the citations made in the period from 2011 to 2015 by the Brazilian journals indexed in SciELO and WoS, it was possible to verify the increase of citations to periodicals compared to other documentary types, to verify compliance with the recommendations regarding the use of updated references and use less and less self-citing. However, although indexed on a strict and rigorous basis and have librarians in their teams, the error rate of normalization is still pronounced.

<p>Criminological studies have shown that economical and/or occupational crimes are committed within all examined trades and occupations. This is also a fact in the gendered occupational context the Norwegian and Swedish long-distance trucking trade constitutes. This dissertation sets out to determine, by qualitative in-depth interviews with 24 interviewees and field observations, what certain gaining occupational and economical crimes mean to trade actors and how to interpret the meaning criminologically. A hermeneutical orientation constitutes the methodological and epistemological basis of the interpretation.</p><p>Analysis of the material shows two central consistent patterns in the interpretations made by interviewees and other trade actors:</p><p>1) T<u>he actors´ explanations of why law violations are committed</u>. These are influenced by the actors´ view of how wide the specific violations are spread and influence the violation’s acceptability.</p><p>2) <u>The actors´ normative evaluation of the law violations</u>. The actors construct normative distinctions between normal, acceptable and unacceptable actions. The distinction is influenced by how the law violations are explained and how widespread they are considered to be.</p><p>The first pattern; actors interpretation of why law violations are committed, corresponds with explanations in established criminological theories. The actors’ explanations are discussed as techniques of neutralisation. However, explanations of cause of actions are established also in the discourse of trade-actors who do not violate laws, and a deeper interpretation is called for. A discussion about law violations, based on interviewees discourse, as caused by criminogenic structures are developed. The actors identify the structures as criminogenic and this discourse of coersive structures implies conservation of law violations as part of normality. An interpretation of why several but not all individuals violate laws even if the law violations considers to be normal and acceptable, is developed in terms of differential association.</p><p>However, solely use of established theoretical perspectives is not a sufficient interpretation of the law violations; the perspective of interpretation indicated by the second pattern will then be lost. Why is law violations considered both normal and deviant? This dissertation applies a gender-theoretical perspective and argues that actors constitute masculinity through acceptable law violations and that masculinity and normality are correlated. A cultural discourse of borders between normality and deviance is conserved and processed, and the actors discourses of law violations as without victims and as a necessity to continue as truckers, are central in the normalization of normative borders.</p>

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to improve our knowledge of substance users in the normal population. The main concern is with how the meaning of drug use is constructed. To answer this, the thesis draws on different theoretical principles and mixed methods design.</p><p>The thesis is made up of four sub-studies, with interconnected foci. The first three papers are based on a qualitative research project in which 44 socially integrated drug users in Stockholm were interviewed. The fourth paper is a cross-national quantitative analysis of nationally representative student samples.</p><p>The first of the three qualitative papers explores the construction of the informant’s self-identity. The second paper analyses the informant’s perceptions of drug-related risk, whilst the third paper analyses the drug users’ perception of differences between men’s and women’s drug use. The fourth paper sets the detailed analyses of the first three papers in a broader comparative frame, exploring differences in the correlates of drug use, in light of the different levels of drug use in Sweden and Switzerland.</p><p>The thesis reveals that the drug users are striving to be understood as normal integrated citizens of Swedish society. They present themselves as inherently different from drug abusers and the informants’ risk perceptions are based on a modified form of core Swedish cultural ideals of conscientiousness. The informants also waver back and forth when called upon to discuss gender and drug-taking. On the one hand they were explicit about existing differences between men’s and women’s drug use; on the other hand they were quite uncomfortable having to explicitly explain them, as this meant that they needed to draw on conservative gender roles, something which in Swedish society is a strong sign of being politically incorrect. Furthermore, the thesis shows that young drug abstainers and cannabis users are quite similar in regards to conventional social bonds.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to describe and analyse the institutionalized Swedish Psychiatric practice during the period 1850 and 1970 - the era of the large mental hospitals - in terms of a modem disciplinary project. Point of departure relates to the meeting between the admitted patient and the educational work of the mental hospital and its everyday practice. The main sources of information for this study consists among other things of case sheets and texts closely related to the work of the mental hospitals. The study has two important aspects. The first deals with the normalized procedures in the practice of mental care, and draws the attention to the relation between social and cultural standards and the way the mental hospitals reviews, treats and handles the patient. The second aspect deals with the actual administration and the techniques of the hospital to correct the patient and his/her actions in a desirable direction. An overarching discussion deals with the relation between liberating and Controlling practitioners, and how the Controlling power of the hospital relates to the modem society's conception of a independent man. At the same time as the physical coercion of the mental hospital diminished, controlling methods were required which were not merely based on obedience and Submission, but also on the participation and will of the patient. Informal system of rewards, confession-techniques as well as various forms of a conditionalised and regulated freedom is combined with a more concealed potential of coercion of the institution. The compulsory work is being analysed as the most important educational therapy - both socially and ethically. Work is being described as a liberal Controlling technique. By connecting work to the system of rewards as well as increased physical freedom enables the hospital to exercise control and predictability without resorting to coercion. How the hospital looked upon and handled the sexual body, and how cultural conceptions regarding sexual normality dominated the practical care-taking is being analysed with the starting point in case sheets. The sexual behaviour, especially concerning women, resulted in a meeting of different opinions between restraining and testing practitioners where moral reliability was a condition for physical freedom. The thesis describes a movement over time towards increased physical freedoms for the patients of the mental hospitals. This did not imply that the control or the normalization decreased in intensity. But rather that the forms and the conditions for these processes changed. The freedom that was placed in sight was always connected with the well behaviour of the patient. / digitalisering@umu

Criminological studies have shown that economical and/or occupational crimes are committed within all examined trades and occupations. This is also a fact in the gendered occupational context the Norwegian and Swedish long-distance trucking trade constitutes. This dissertation sets out to determine, by qualitative in-depth interviews with 24 interviewees and field observations, what certain gaining occupational and economical crimes mean to trade actors and how to interpret the meaning criminologically. A hermeneutical orientation constitutes the methodological and epistemological basis of the interpretation. Analysis of the material shows two central consistent patterns in the interpretations made by interviewees and other trade actors: 1) T<u>he actors´ explanations of why law violations are committed</u>. These are influenced by the actors´ view of how wide the specific violations are spread and influence the violation’s acceptability. 2) <u>The actors´ normative evaluation of the law violations</u>. The actors construct normative distinctions between normal, acceptable and unacceptable actions. The distinction is influenced by how the law violations are explained and how widespread they are considered to be. The first pattern; actors interpretation of why law violations are committed, corresponds with explanations in established criminological theories. The actors’ explanations are discussed as techniques of neutralisation. However, explanations of cause of actions are established also in the discourse of trade-actors who do not violate laws, and a deeper interpretation is called for. A discussion about law violations, based on interviewees discourse, as caused by criminogenic structures are developed. The actors identify the structures as criminogenic and this discourse of coersive structures implies conservation of law violations as part of normality. An interpretation of why several but not all individuals violate laws even if the law violations considers to be normal and acceptable, is developed in terms of differential association. However, solely use of established theoretical perspectives is not a sufficient interpretation of the law violations; the perspective of interpretation indicated by the second pattern will then be lost. Why is law violations considered both normal and deviant? This dissertation applies a gender-theoretical perspective and argues that actors constitute masculinity through acceptable law violations and that masculinity and normality are correlated. A cultural discourse of borders between normality and deviance is conserved and processed, and the actors discourses of law violations as without victims and as a necessity to continue as truckers, are central in the normalization of normative borders.