In this study, a model is developed to represent doubly-salient magnetic circuits and to fit finite element analysis for the aim of obtaining a set of normalized normal force, tangential force, and permeance variation data. To obtain the desired data FE field solution method is used. The reliability of finite element results have been verified by three steps / first, comparing the numerical results with analytically calculated permeance, second, by solving two switch reluctance motors and comparing the results with the measurements of static torque and flux linkage. The third step is by using the normalized data obtained by solving the model with the aid of an available software that is capable to predict the behavior of switched reluctance motors. Once the reliability of the data is assured, the desired data set is produced and presented in tables.

Since the early 1800's, many studies have recognized increased heat in urban areas, known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect, as one of the results of human modification to the natural landscape. UHI is related to differences in land surface temperature (LST) between rural areas and urban areas where factors of the built environment such as the thermodynamic capacities of materials, structural geometry, and heat generating activities cause increased storage and re-radiation of heat to the atmosphere. This thesis examines the correlation between factors of urbanization and differences in land surface temperature (LST) in the subtropical climate of Pinellas County, Florida using remote sensing techniques. It describes the spatial pattern of LST, analyzes its relationship to factors of urbanization relative to NDVI, percentage of impervious surface, and land use land cover in the study area. It also assesses the effectiveness of remote sensing as an efficient method of identifying LST patterns at the local and neighborhood level for mitigation strategies. Landsat TM thermal band imagery for three dates; April 1986, 2001 and 2009 was processed using Qin's mono-window algorithm (MWA) technique to derive LST levels. This data was compared to in-situ readings, then normalized and statistically analyzed for correlation with vegetation ratio (NDVI) and imperviousness percentages derived using linear spectral mixing/unmixing, and also with land use/land cover classification. The resulting LST spatial pattern is a gradient across the peninsular landscape, from cooler water and wetland areas to a generally warmer interior, interspersed with micro-urban heat islands (MUHIs), corresponding to urban structures and "cool-islands" of parkland and lakes. Correspondence between LST pattern and urban structures and land use demonstrates the suitability of medium resolution remote sensing data and techniques for identifying micro-urban heat islands (MUHIs) for possible mitigation. Mitigation could include relatively low-cost measures like replacement of inefficient asphalt roofs with more reflective and emissive "cool roofs," placement of "street trees" to enhance shade, and replacement of impervious pavements by permeable surfaces. The thesis concludes that Landsat TM imagery processed with the MWA provides an efficient, relatively low-cost method for locating MUHIs. Satellite remote sensing, combined with aerial photography can facilitate neighborhood level analysis for the implementation of low-cost mitigation techniques. Previous studies have demonstrated that these are successful ways to mitigate the UHI effect at the micro-scale level; lowering urban heat and saving energy, and also facilitating the reintegration of natural elements into the urban environment.

Being able to extrapolate interaction values from a database of pullout resistance testing results may possibly help with narrowing down the most suitable reinforcement/fill material combinations for a Mechanically Stabilized Earth wall, thereby reducing the number of tests needed for a design and maximizing the efficiency of the system. The objectives of this thesis include the following: collect and organize a broad collection of data in a way that can assist in preliminary selection of interaction properties for uniaxial geogrids; analyze the collection of data for trends related to geogrid polymer type; analyze the collection of data for trends related to the presence of fines in the fill material; compare the collected data to previous studies on the effects of geogrid specimen length on pullout performance; and compare the collected data to previous studies on the effect of geogrid rib thickness to mean particle size ratio on normalized bearing stress and CI values. The data from 101 pullout tests are presented in tabular and graphic form so that the coefficient of interaction may be interpolated for many geogrid/fill material combinations. The effect of polymer type (PET vs HDPE) was shown to have little effect on how a geogrid performs in a fill material. In one case, the two polymer types exhibit differing trends within the same fill material. The presence of fines (>12% by weight) in the fill material results in a significant decrease in the coefficient of interaction when compared to clean granular fills. The effects of geogrid embedment length have significant effects on the results of geogrid pullout tests. Samples with shorter lengths were shown to carry a greater load per unit area than longer samples. Normalized bearing stress is shown to be heavily influenced by the geogrid transverse rib thickness to mean particle size ratio (B/D50). For a particular fill material, normalized bearing stress decreases linearly with increasing B/D50. For a particular geogrid, normalized bearing stress is shown to have a bi-linear behavior with increasing B/D50. Initially, normalized bearing stress increases with increasing B/D50. After reaching a peak, normalized bearing stress begins to decrease with increasing B/D50. / text

The so-called 3σ-rule is a simple and widely used heuristic for outlier detection. This term is a generic term of some statistical hypothesis tests whose test statistics are known as normalized or studentized residuals. The conditions, under which this rule is statistically substantiated, were analyzed, and the extent it applies to geodetic least-squares adjustment was investigated. Then, the efficiency or non-efficiency of this method was analyzed and demonstrated on the example of repeated observations. / Die sogenannte 3σ-Regel ist eine einfache und weit verbreitete Heuristik für die Ausreißererkennung. Sie ist ein Oberbegriff für einige statistische Hypothesentests, deren Teststatistiken als normierte oder studentisierte Verbesserungen bezeichnet werden. Die Bedingungen, unter denen diese Regel statistisch begründet ist, werden analysiert. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit diese Regel auf geodätische Ausgleichungsprobleme anwendbar ist. Die Effizienz oder Nichteffizienz dieser Methode wird analysiert und demonstriert am Beispiel von Wiederholungsmessungen.

This thesis consists of a summary and five papers, dealing with self-normalized sums of independent, identically distributed random variables, and three-decision procedures for directional conclusions. In Paper I, we investigate a general set-up for Student's t-statistic. Finiteness of absolute moments is related to the corresponding degree of freedom, and relevant properties of the underlying distribution, assuming independent, identically distributed random variables. In Paper II, we investigate a certain kind of self-normalized sums. We show that the corresponding quadratic moments are greater than or equal to one, with equality if and only if the underlying distribution is symmetrically distributed around the origin. In Paper III, we study linear combinations of independent Rademacher random variables. A family of universal bounds on the corresponding tail probabilities is derived through the technique known as exponential tilting. Connections to self-normalized sums of symmetrically distributed random variables are given. In Paper IV, we consider a general formulation of three-decision procedures for directional conclusions. We introduce three kinds of optimality characterizations, and formulate corresponding sufficiency conditions. These conditions are applied to exponential families of distributions. In Paper V, we investigate the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure as a means of confirming a selection of statistical decisions on the basis of a corresponding set of generalized p-values. Assuming independence, we show that control is imposed on the expected average loss among confirmed decisions. Connections to directional conclusions are given.

Thesis (M. En.)--Miami University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-21-Xx).

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Salinisation is a major environmental hazard that reduces agricultural yields and degrades arable land. Two main categories of salinisation are: primary and secondary soil salinisation. While primary soil salinisation is caused by natural processes, secondary soil salinisation is caused by human factors. Incorrect irrigation practices are the major contributor to secondary soil salinisation. Because of low costs and less time that is associated with the use of remote sensing techniques, remote sensing data is used in this study to identify and map salinised irrigated land between Upington and Keimoes, Northern Cape Province, in South Africa. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of digital aerial imagery in identifying salinised cultivated land. Two methods were used to realize this aim. The first method involved visually identifying salinised areas on NIR, and NDVI images and then digitizing them onscreen. In the second method, digital RGB mosaicked, stacked, and NDVI images were subjected to unsupervised image classification to identify salinised land. Soil samples randomly selected and analyzed for salinity were used to validate the results obtained from the analysis of aerial photographs. Both techniques had difficulties in identifying salinised land because of their inability to differentiate salt induced stress from other forms of stress. Visual image analysis was relatively successful in identifying salinised land than unsupervised image classification. Visual image analysis correctly identified about 55% of salinised land while only about 25% was identified by unsupervised classification. The two techniques predict that an average of about 10% of irrigated land is affected by salinisation in the study area. This study found that although visual analysis was time consuming and cannot differentiate salt induced stress from other forms; it is fairly possible to identify areas of crop stress using digital aerial imagery. Unsupervised classification was not successful in identifying areas of crop stress.

The remnants of vegetation native to the Atlantic Forest account for about 22% of their original cover and are in different stages of regeneration. The typologies belonging to the biome and found in the northwest of the state of Rio Grande do Sul are mixed ombrophilous forest and deciduous seasonal forest. Amid the consequences of the current dynamics of land use and occupation caused by man, there is the fragmentation of primary and secondary forests, where an area continues to result in a large number of isolated fragments of different sizes. Among the various environmental services provided by forest ecosystems, the most important is the sequestration and storage of carbon in the form of biomass. Thus, the role of native forests in the removal and stocking of carbon is fundamental, demonstrating the need to develop new methods that estimate forest biomass and carbon by non-destructive methods. The objective of the present work is to estimate and study the dynamics of biomass and forest carbon stock in successional stages of regeneration in the Northwest Region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The study area is located in the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul , Covering two microregions, Três Passos and Frederico Westphalen. For this study two methodologies were developed to estimate the forest biomass stock, both based on remote sensing data. The study in the first methodology was carried out for the dates of 1985, 1994, 2005 and 2014, and covers an area of 9,046.9 km². The classification of forest successions in regeneration stages was a continuation of the work of Rosa (2016), where the size classes: initial (<5 ha), medium (5 - 10 ha), advanced (> 10 ha), later Biomass for them. For the second methodology, images from each year were used from 1985 to 2014, where the NDVI was calculated, and through regression generated for the global model, to obtain the IAF and to estimate the forest biomass. Subsequently, comparing both methodologies were compared among themselves, and compared with values provided by the methodology of the Brazilian Forest Service. For the first study, forest biomass in 2014 in the Northwest Region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul was 80,831 Gg, divided into three stages of initial (659 Gg) regeneration (2,549 Gg) and advanced (77,623 Gg) regeneration. In the study area, there are three protected areas, the Turvo State Park, the Nonoai Indigenous Reserve and the Guarita Indian Reserve, which account for almost 25% of the total stock of the region, and are significant areas in the carbon stock. The carbon estimated by the first methodology was 296 Gg for the initial stage, 1,147 for the medium stage and 34,930 for the advanced stage, totaling 36,373 Gg. For the second methodology, it was possible to observe the great relation between the increase of the LAI as a function of NDVI and the forest biomass in 2014 was 61,156 Gg, where 602 Gg corresponds to the initial regeneration stage, 8,287 Gg for the medium stage and 52,267 Gg for The advanced stage of regeneration. The estimated total carbon for the study area in 2014 according to the second methodology was 27,520 Gg CO2, of which 271 Gg were present in the initial stage, 3,729 Gg in the medium stage and 23,520 Gg in the advanced stage of regeneration. In the comparison of the methodologies developed in this study, a difference of 19,675 Gg was obtained, due mainly to the effects of edges of the studied fragments. Comparing the first and second methodologies developed with that provided by the Brazilian Forest Service, only 10 and 14.30% of the estimated values for forest biomass were obtained. / Os remanescentes de vegetação nativa da Mata Atlântica contabilizam cerca de 22% de sua cobertura original e se encontram em diferentes estágios de regeneração. As tipologias pertencentes ao bioma e que se encontram no noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul são floresta ombrófila mista e floresta estacional decidual. Em meio às consequências da atual dinâmica do uso e ocupação do solo causadas pelo homem, está a fragmentação de florestas primárias e secundárias, onde uma área continua resulta em um grande número de fragmentos isolados e de diferentes tamanhos. Entre os diversos serviços ambientais prestados pelos ecossistemas florestais, se destaca o sequestro e estocagem do carbono na forma de biomassa. Assim é fundamental o papel das florestas nativas na remoção e estoque do carbono, demonstrando a necessidade de desenvolver novos métodos que estimem a biomassa e carbono de florestas por meio de métodos não destrutivos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é estimar e estudar a dinâmica do estoque da biomassa e do carbono florestal em estágios sucessionais de regeneração na Região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A área de estudo está localizada no Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, abrangendo duas microrregiões, Três Passos e Frederico Westphalen. Para este estudo foram desenvolvidas duas metodologias para estimar o estoque de biomassa florestal, ambas baseadas em dados de sensoriamento remoto. O estudo na primeira metodologia foi realizado para as datas de 1985, 1994, 2005 e 2014, e abrange área de 9.046,9 km². A classificação das sucessões florestais em estágios de regeneração se deu por continuidade ao trabalho de Rosa (2016), onde as classes de tamanho: inicial (< 5 ha), média (5 – 10 ha), avançada (> 10 ha), depois estimadas a biomassa para elas. Para a segunda metodologia, foram usadas imagens de todos os anos desde 1985 a 2014, onde foi calculado o NDVI, e através de regressão gerada para o modelo global, se obter o IAF e estimar a biomassa florestal. Posteriormente, comparou-se ambas as metodologias foram comparadas entre si, e comparadas com valores fornecidos pela metodologia do Serviço Florestal Brasileiro. Para o primeiro estudo, a biomassa florestal em 2014 na Região Noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul foi de 80.831 Gg, divididos em três estágios de regeneração inicial (659 Gg) médio (2.549 Gg) e avançado (77.623 Gg). Na área de estudo, estão presentes três áreas protegidas, o Parque Estadual do Turvo, a Reserva indígena de Nonoai e a Reserva indígena do Guarita, as quais possuem quase 25% do estoque total da região, e são áreas significativas no estoque de carbono. O carbono estimado pela primeira metodologia foi de 296 Gg para o estágio inicial, 1.147 para o estágio médio e 34.930 para o estágio avançado, totalizando 36.373 Gg. Para a segunda metodologia, foi possível observar a grande relação entre o aumento do IAF em função do NDVI estimando a biomassa florestal em 2014 foi de 61.156 Gg onde 602 Gg correspondem ao estágio de regeneração inicial, 8.287 Gg para o estágio médio e 52.267 Gg para o estágio avançado de regeneração. O total de carbono estimado para a área de estudo em 2014 conforme a segunda metodologia foi de 27.520 Gg CO2 sendo desses 271 Gg presentes no estágio inicial, 3.729 Gg no estágio médio e 23.520 Gg no estágio avançado de regeneração. Na comparação das metodologias desenvolvidas neste estudo, obteve-se uma diferença de 19.675 Gg, devido principalmente aos efeitos de bordas dos fragmentos estudados. Comparando-se a primeira e a segunda metodologias desenvolvidas com a fornecida pelo Serviço Florestal Brasileiro, obteve-se apenas 10 e 14,30% dos valores estimados para a biomassa florestal.

Submitted by Fabrício Rissão Mattos (farissao@gmail.com) on 2018-10-02T19:09:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação pronta.pdf: 1097649 bytes, checksum: 443e2ed81081a595f708a0c46d351f7c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-10-02T19:18:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mattos_fr_me_sjrp.pdf: 1097649 bytes, checksum: 443e2ed81081a595f708a0c46d351f7c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T19:18:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mattos_fr_me_sjrp.pdf: 1097649 bytes, checksum: 443e2ed81081a595f708a0c46d351f7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho definimos o polinômio de Hilbert-Samuel cuja descrição desse polinômio aparecem o foco principal do nosso estudo os coeficientes normalizados de Hilbert. A princípio vamos estudar, sobre determinadas condições iniciais, os sinais dos coeficientes que denotaremos por e0(q,M), e1(q,M) e e2(q,M). Teremos ao final desse trabalho, em formato de comentário, uma condição necessária e suficiente para que todos os coeficientes normalizados de Hilbert sejam nulos. / In this work we define the Hilbert-Samuel polynomial whose description of this polynomial appear the main focus of our study the normalized Hilbert coefficients. At first, we will study, on certain initial conditions, the signals of the coefficients that we denoteby e1(q,M) e e2(q,M). Wewillhaveattheendofthiswork,inacommentformat, a necessary and sufficient condition so that all normalized Hilbert coefficients are null. / 132997/2016-9

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4567922 bytes, checksum: 9d5c646bb1c124ff4e411ed6bc7dc654 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims the implementation of the Index Normalized Difference Vegetation (NDVI) in the study of environmental degradation of watersheds of rivers and river Gramame Abiai-Papocas, both located on the south coast of Paraíba state. The survey was conducted from images of Landsat 5 TM satellite, the years 1989, 2001 and 2006. Initially Atmospheric and radiometric corrections were performed. From the corrected images extracted and it was made thematic maps tracks the NDVI, which highlighted the density of vegetation cover. Then on-site visits, in which sampling points chosen as representative in supervised classification by regions, satellite images, which resulted in the preparation of thematic maps of land use were collected were performed. Topographic information from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) images The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) thematic maps describing the ground from the height of each pixel in the drainage network relationship were made using the algorithm Height Above the Neareast Drainage (HAND). Then crosses the NDVI data with land use and with the HAND were carried out to justify the responses of NDVI, as well as evaluating its relationship with the land uses and the gap compared the drainage network. From the intersection of NDVI with HAND verified the presence of vegetation with greater biomass in the lower regions. With the crossing of the maps of land use and NDVI was observed that a large number of areas with exposed soils showed NDVI values in the range of -0.25 to 0.15. As for vegetation degradation in river basins, there was a decrease in NDVI values for 2001 and 1989 regeneration 2001 for 2006 observed an increasing convergence of natural vegetation in farmland and urban expansion without planning.; and that much of the degradation are derived from the practice of mining and farming without the use of soil conservation techniques. It was also found that data obtained in research enabled the generation of information that can be used in other research and aid decision makers in formulating geared to minimizing the environmental degradation in the watersheds studied public policy / Esse trabalho teve como objetivo a aplicação do Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada (IVDN) no estudo da degradação ambiental das bacias hidrográficas do rio Gramame e dos rios Abiai-Papocas, ambas situadas no litoral sul do Estado da Paraíba. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de imagens do satélite Landsat 5 TM, dos anos de 1989, 2001 e 2006. Inicialmente foram realizadas correções atmosférica e radiométrica. A partir das imagens corrigidas extraiu-se e confeccionou-se os mapas temáticos de faixas do IVDN, que destacaram a densidade da cobertura vegetal. Em seguida foram realizadas visitas in loco, nas quais foram coletados pontos amostrais, adotados como representativos na classificação supervisionada por regiões, das imagens de satélite, que resultou na confecção dos mapas temáticos de uso do solo. Com informações topográficas do Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) de imagens The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) foram confeccionados os mapas temáticos da descrição do terreno a partir da altura de cada pixel em relação rede de drenagem, utilizou-se o algoritmo Height Above the Neareast Drainage (HAND). Em seguida, foram realizados cruzamentos dos dados do IVDN com os de uso do solo e com os do HAND, objetivando justificar as repostas do IVDN, assim como, avaliar a relação deste com os usos do solo e com o desnível em relação à rede de drenagem. A partir do cruzamento do IVDN com o HAND foi verificada a presença de vegetação com maior biomassa nas regiões mais baixas. Com o cruzamento dos mapas do uso do solo e do IVDN observou-se que grande parte das áreas com solos expostos apresentaram valores de IVDN na faixa de -0,25 a 0,15. Quanto à degradação da vegetação nas bacias hidrográficas, houve uma diminuição dos valores de IVDN de 1989 para 2001 e uma regeneração de 2001 para 2006. Observou-se um aumento da convergência da vegetação natural em terras agrícolas e em expansões urbanas sem planejamento; e que grande parte das áreas degradadas são proveniente da prática da mineração e da agricultura sem a utilização de técnicas conservacionistas do solo. Verificou-se ainda, que dados obtidos na pesquisa possibilitou a geração de informações que poderão ser utilizadas em outras pesquisas, no auxílio a tomadores de decisão e na formulação de políticas públicas voltadas para a minimização da degradação ambiental nas bacias hidrográfica estudadas