This diploma thesis is focused on main aspects of the economic cooperation between Norway and Czech Republic. Theoretical part describes main determinants of international economic cooperation. The analytical part analyses business environment in both countries, an influence of European Union on the economic cooperation, an activity of investment agencies and SWOT analysis of the Norwegian market. One chapter is focused on an import of the natural gas from Norway to Czech Republic, which is the most important part of the economic cooperation.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the external economic relations of the EFTA member states and the economic relations of EFTA association. The thesis focuses on the trade relations with the European Union, with the Czech Republic and with the third countries. There is a description of the process of concluding agreements, the structure of external trade with goods and services and foreign direct investment.

Since the 1990s, there have been significant changes to the methods and goals to provide development aid. Human rights have become an integral part of local, national and international projects that primarily focus on other goals. This new approach started to be called as the "Human Rights Based Approach to Development" (HRBA). From that time on the HRBA has gained many supporters not only among states but also among non-governmental organizations on either bilateral or multilateral level and also the international legal framework has been created. Nevertheless, to-date there has been little consensus regarding the integration of the HRBA, the monitoring and results' evaluation of the development aid projects and the providers of the development aid differ in their approaches to the HRBA. This thesis will analyze historic development and include current approaches to the HRBA from multiple stakeholders. Once the findings are in place, it will be applied to the Norwegian India Partnership Initiative (NIPI), which is a solid case study. The aim of this thesis is to find out if Norway, which has signed up several times to the HRBA in its foreign development policy, has implemented the approach successfully.

The topic of this thesis is Norwegian democracy support in the context of Norwegian development cooperation. This thesis focuses on the period since 1990, when promotion of democracy in development cooperation was explicitly identified as an essential part of development for the first time, until the time of writing the paper. First, the thesis develops theoretical and methodological basis, democratization in general, development cooperation and promoting democracy are discussed. This knowledge is then applied in the empirical part. First, the Norwegian development cooperation and its goals for the upcoming years are presented. Further, Norwegian democracy support is analyzed in detail including its development in time. Democracy support is analyzed from three points of view. First, declared objectives of promoting democracy are examined, and then the financial framework for the promotion of democracy and the realization of the objectives of promoting democracy in practice are analyzed. Last chapter of this thesis offers a case study of Norwegian democracy support in Tanzania, where certain democracy support projects are presented in detail.

A comparative study of Norway and Scotland's effort to address and counter the threat of organized crime in a globalized world. Marte Skaatan Ramberg The concept of organized crime is a rather "fussy", with over two hundred definitions to its name. This master thesis aims to debate the concept of organized crime and utilizing the concept for an investigating look at Norway and Scotland`s effort to cut and combat the effect of organized crime. Whilst tackling the ambiguity of organized crime the thesis also share some light on the security aspect of organized crime for the state and for the individual, using the framework of human security and traditional state-centric approach when evaluating the impact of organized crime. Different polices and laws shared between Norway and Scotland along with their objectives is also discussed all centered around the research questions - How does Norway approach and counter the threat of organized crime compared to Scotland? - What are the successes and failures with these strategies?

In this diploma work influence of needle age at Rubisco activity and content in Norway spruce (Picea abies) was studied. The plants were cultivated in conditions with ambient (A) CO2 concentration (350 µmol CO2/mol) and elevated (E) CO2 concentration (700 µmol CO2/mol). Sampling was done two times during the growing season (in the middle of June and in the end of September) were taken. Initial and total Rubisco activities were measured spectrophotometrically. Rubisco content was determined by SDS–PAGE method. Rubisco activity in 18-months-old needles was in E higher than in A. Rubisco contents in current-year needles and one-year-old needles were in A higher than in E in September. These differences were statistically significant that demonstrates the down-regulation of Rubisco content in conditions of elevated CO2 concentration. It seems the course of activities and content depending on age of the needles are antiparallel, that means that decrease of content is followed by increase of activity.

Uppsatsens syfte var att genom en fallstudie undersöka hur Norgehjälpen arbetade i Värmland med bakgrund av vad den tidigare forskningen visade. Genom en kvalitativ texttolkning skulle undersökningen försöka visa på eventuella variationer i hjälparbetet, lokalt jämförelsevis centralt. Genom att applicera en retorisk metod över arkivmaterialet från de lokala organisationerna inom Norgehjälpen i Värmland och att vi använder oss av tidigare forsknings hypoteser om tankesättet för tiden i Sverige, hoppas vi samtidigt kunna ge en lättare förklaring till Norgehjälpens uppbyggnad och utveckling. Materialet som använts är korrespondens mellan de lokala och centrala organisationerna, samt upprop.  Värmlands närhet till Norge gjorde att de lokala organisationerna fick en speciell uppgift. Nära vänskaps- och släktband gick kors och tvärs över gränsen och det förstahandsmöte man fick i Värmland som man inte alltid fick på andra platser i Sverige, påverkade helt klart avdelningen i Charlottenberg. Med tanke på att tågen från Norge stannade i Charlottenberg fick man ett förstahandsmöte med flyktingar som kom över gränsen och förstahandsinformation från järnvägspersonalen om situationen i Norge. I Charlottenberg arbetade de likt övriga länet och Sverige, men deras bespisningsverksamhet sticker ut och gjorde ett iögonfallande arbete med norska järnvägstjänstemän. Under kriget, delade man ut 19 000 måltider till norsk tull- och järnvägspersonal. / The purpose of the thesis was to investigate through a case study how Norgehjälpen worked in Värmland on the basis of what the previous historical research showed. Through a qualitative text interpretation, the survey would try to show any variations in the relief work, locally comparatively centrally. By applying a rhetorical method over the archive material from the local organizations within Norgehjälpen in Värmland and that we use previous research hypotheses about the way of thinking for the time being in Sweden, at the same time, we hope to be able to provide an easier explanation for Norgehjälpens structure and development. The material used is correspondence between the local and central organizations, as well as appeals.  Värmland's closeness to Norway gave the local organizations a special task. Close friendships and family ties crossed the border and the first-hand meeting you got in Värmland that you did not always get in other places in Sweden, clearly affected the department in Charlottenberg. Considering that the trains from Norway stopped in Charlottenberg, they had a first-hand meeting with refugees who came across the border and first-hand information from the railway staff about the situation in Norway. In Charlottenberg, they worked like the rest of the county and Sweden, but their dining activities stands out and did an eye-catching job with Norwegian railway officials. During the war, 19,000 meals were distributed to Norwegian customs and railway staff.

In the current environment of severe climate change, studying the adaptability of Norway spruce to the environment, that is, local adaptation is of great significance for helping to protect forest tree species and genetic breeding. As a structural variation, copy number variations (CNVs) have been proved to play an important role in shaping population structure and local adaptation in marine species, going beyond traditional studies focusing only on SNPs. Therefore, this experiment was to investigate the association of genotypes, including CNVs and SNPs, with local adaptation in Norway spruce. About 5.631% of CNVs were screened from SNPs, and the population structure of Norway spruce was detected based on the data of SNPs and CNVs. Then, the associations between genotypes (SNPs and CNVs) and the environmental variables are calculated by the model, considering the effects of population structure. Finally, the relationship between CNVs and SNPs and local adaptation of Norway spruce was investigated by redundancy analysis (RDA). The results preliminarily revealed that SNPs and CNVs had certain effects on the local adaptation of Norway spruce and a significant correlation with various environmental factors. However, the results indicated comparing to SNPs, CNVs had no significant effect on the local adaptation of Norway spruce.

With the use of a process-orientated ecosystem model andmeasurements conducted at different Swedish coniferous forestsites, abiotic and biotic interactions between tree and soilwere identified and related to governing factors. Two differentmodelling approaches to describe soil temperatures at two sitesincluding hydrological transects were tested (I). The approachin which both canopy and soil were considered proved to be amore flexible tool to describe soil temperatures, especiallyduring snow-free winter periods. Five sites along a climatetransect covering Sweden were used to describe soil carbon poolchanges during an 80-year period simulation (II). The dynamicmodelling approach, with a feedback between abiotic and bioticsub-models, was successful in describing simplified patterns offorest stand dynamics and furthermore in differentiatingbetween climate and nitrogen availability factors. The largereffect of nitrogen availability compared to climate on soilcarbon pool changes was clearly shown. Keywords:SPAC; soil surface energy balance; Norwayspruce; canopy; LAI; climate; nitrogen; CoupModel

This project seeks new forms of housing production that answer to the disappearance of the welfare state and provides structures for self-organization. It stretches the limits of the housing policies and explores new flexible design solutions. It addresses social and economical adaptability where both the city and the dwellers have responsibility for the process and development of new housing. The adaptable city is a city where dwellers co-create their housing environment.