In order to find out why energy-not-supplied in Norway - the most important indicator for the quality of service in the quality-regulation regime there - decreased more pronounced before the introduction of quality-regulation in 2001 than after it, we develop a dynamic quality-DEA-model and apply it to a representative sample of distribution-net operators. Our model enables us to calculate a counter-factual and thus to tentatively answer the question: What would have happened, had there been no quality-regulation? This way we find strong evidence that the quality-regulation in Norway did not have an effect on the behavior of the firms. (author's abstract) / Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economics

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Syfte: Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka variabler som påverkar olika frågor gällande pension. De frågorna angående pensionen som undersöks är:Vilka människor… … har tänk på sin pension? … har ett privat pensionssparande? … tänker jobba och ta ut pension samtidigt? … planerar att gå i pension tidigt respektive sent? Metod: Undersökningen utförs med en kvantitativ metod. Enkätundersökningen som analyseras kommer från en tidigare undersökning gjord av Finseraas och Jakobsson (2013). Uppsatsen följer en induktiv metod. Slutsats: Studien visar att variablerna som ingick i grundmodellen, vilka är kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, civilstånd och inkomst, alla var signifikanta i en eller fler av frågorna som undersöks. Men även en del andra variabler visade sig vara av betydelse. / Objective: This study aims to examine which variables have an effect on questions regarding retirement. The questions are as follows: Which individuals… …have thought about their retirement? …are saving privately for their retirement? …plan to work at the same time as they receive pension? …are planning for early or late retirement? Methodology: The study is conducted using a quantitative method. The data analyzed comes from an earlier survey conducted by Finseraas and Jakobsson (2013). The essay follows an inductive method. Conclusion: The study shows that the variables included in the basic model, which are gender, age, education, marital status and income, all were significant in one or more of the questions under investigation. Some other variables were found to be of significance.

Bakgrunn: Verdens helseorganisasjon (WHO)beskriver antibiotikaresistensblant ulike mikroorganismer, inkludert Meticillinresistente gule stafylokokker (MRSA), som en alvorlig og økende trussel mot folkehelsen. MRSA er forbundet med økt risiko for komplikasjoner og død. Den nasjonale MRSA-veilederen publisert i 2009 har som målsetting at ”MRSA skal ikke etablere seg og bli en fast del av bakteriefloraen ved norske sykehus og sykehjem”. Fra 2008 blir alle MRSA-prøver i Norge genotypisk karakterisert med spa-typing(analyse av Staphylococcusprotein Agenet), og opplysningeneinkluderti meldingssystem for smittsomme sykdommer (MSIS-registeret). Mål: Å gjøre en mer detaljert epidemiologisk kartlegging av MRSA-spredningen i Norge ved å analysere de ulike spa-typene og identifisere klynger. Vurdere om funn fra denne kartleggingen gir grunnlag for å gi råd, om endring eller spissing av tiltak beskrevet i den norske MRSA-veilederen. Metode: Studien er en registerbasert retrospektiv kohortstudie med data fra alle meldte tilfeller av MRSA, totalt 2384 tilfeller, i MSIS-registeret fra 2008 til og med 2010. Resultat: Det er en statistisk signifikant økning av MRSA-tilfeller fra 2008 (IR 13,9/100000) til 2010 (IR 18,7/100000). Av de 44 registrerteMRSA-utbruddene (227 MRSA-tilfeller), er 98 % i helseinstitusjoner. Reduksjonen i insidensen for utbrudd er statistisk signifikant. Av MRSA-tilfellene som ikke er utbrudd er det mulig å knytte sammen 660 MRSA-tilfeller i klynger med familie/husstand,utgjør 27 % av alle tilfellene, og 1497 tilfeller(62,8 %)som ikke kan knyttes sammen. Økningen er statistisk signifikant. Mye av økningen av MRSA-tilfeller er relatert til kontakt med land med høyere MRSA-insidens enn Norge (feriereiser, helsereiser, adopsjon av barn, flykninger, innvandring m.m). Konklusjon: Norge har lav MRSA insidens. Studien viser en reduksjon av MRSA-tilfellerog utbrudd i sykehus og sykehjem, som samsvarer med målet i MRSA-veilederen. En økende andel MRSA-tilfeller oppstår utenfor helsestjenesten, og en kan reise spørsmål om ikkeMRSA-veilederenburde anbefale mer omfattende smitteverntiltak for å forebygge smittespredning i samfunnet. / Background: The World Health Organization describes antimicrobial resistance within a wide range of infectious agents, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as a growing threatto public health. MRSA associates with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. In Norway, nationalguidelines (2009) aimed to minimize the incidence of MRSA, especially in hospitals and nursing homes. Beginning in 2008, all MRSA-samples have been typed according to Staphylococcusprotein A (spa). This information is included in the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases. Aim: This study aimed to show the spread pattern of MRSA in Norway during 2008–2010, and to examinethe potential for recommending changes to the national MRSA guidelines. Method: To identify disease clusters, this registry-based retrospective cohort study reviewed the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases for all reported MRSA-cases (n=2,384), including spa-type MRSA, during 2008–2010. Results: There is a statistically significant increase in total MRSA cases from 2008 (IR 13.9/100,000) to 2010 (IR 18.7/100,000). Registered outbreaks of MRSA (44 outbreaks, 227cases, 98 % reported from healthcare services), have a statistical significant decrease during the study (from IR 1.9/100,000 to IR 1.3/100,000). We connected660 MRSA cases (27 % of all cases) to clusters;1,497 cases (62.8 %) were “single cases”.The statistically significant increase in MRSA cases resulted mainly from contact with high incidence countries (e.g.,traveling abroad, adoptions, refugees, immigration). Conclusions: Norway has a low incidence of MRSA. Concurring with the goal of national MRSA guidelines, this study shows that healthcare services reported a decline in MRSAcases and outbreaks. The increasing incidence of community-acquired MRSA raises a question about recommending stronger infection control measures in the national MRSA guidelines to prevent the spread of MRSA in the community. / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-99-7</p>

The IPCC report from 2013 predicts radical temperature changes in the world the coming years, with a melting ice cap in the Arctic as consequence. According to geological research made by institutes and scholars from the Arctic states the Arctic is likely to hold the last remaining oil and gas resources of the world. The melting ice cap opens up for resource exploitation and for new naval transportation routes between Asia and Europe and North America. There is a debate over what geopolitical implications these natural resources and the new transportation routes will get for the surrounding Arctic states since the existing international regulations in some areas are inadequate. This debate is divided into two camps; one side argues that the Arctic states will act cooperatively when exploiting the resources and navigating the new transportation routes, while the other side predicts violent and conflictive state behavior. The objective of this study is to analyze existing and potential conflicts in the Arctic through the perspective of leading international relations theories in order to make projections of potential Arctic developments. As analytical tool the study applies a conflict analysis framework to structure and categorize both the findings and the analytical chapter. In this qualitative and abductive study the data has been collected through mainly official state and private documents and text analysis of these documents have been used as method. The study concludes that a combination of both cooperation and competition is likely to occur in the Arctic in future, but cooperation will be the first alternative of choice for states rather than conflict.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Göteborg, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-280).

His Inaug.-Diss., Ruhr-Universität Bochum. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.H.P.)--Ball State University, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Apr. 16, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. [69]-73).