A descoberta de enormes reservas de petróleo na camada pré-sal do litoral brasileiro levou à adoção de um novo marco regulatório para as atividades de pesquisa e produção do mineral. O regime de partilha de produção e a instituição de um fundo soberano para cuidar das receitas petrolíferas foram as principais mudanças introduzidas por tal legislação. Partindo-se das lições da sociologia fiscal, que enfatizam a importância da tributação à solidez do regime democrático, e da observação da experiência de três países exportadores de petróleo, que revela a inaptidão das receitas petrolíferas em promover o desenvolvimento, defende-se que os benefícios da descoberta do pré-sal restringem-se à ampliação da indústria nacional associada ao setor, não abrangendo as receitas geradas em sua exploração. Desta maneira, sustenta-se que o novo marco regulatório somente contribuirá ao fortalecimento da democracia brasileira caso o regime de partilha propicie a formação de novos negócios e empresas e o Fundo Social proteja a economia doméstica dos efeitos deletérios do uso imediato de receitas petrolíferas. / The discovery of a massive oil field in the sub-salt layer of the Brazilian coast triggered the adoption of a different regulatory framework for the Oil & Gas exploration sector. The production-sharing agreement and the establishment of a sovereign wealth fund to handle oil revenues were the main changes carried out by the new legislation. Relying on the lessons from fiscal sociology, which emphasize the importance of taxation to a democratic regime, and the study of three oil exporting countries, that illustrate that oil revenues do not promote development, it is argued that the gains from the sub-salt discoveries are restricted to the growth of the oil related national industry, not encompassing the revenues accrued from its exploration. Accordingly, it is contended that the new regulatory framework will only contribute to the enhancement of Brazilian democracy if through the sharing-producing agreements the State is indeed successful in encouraging the formation of new firms and, also, if the sovereign fund fulfills its obligation of shielding the economy from the immediate disbursement of oil revenues.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O propósito desta dissertação é compreender, a partir dos pressupostos conceituais e historiográficos, a participação da Noruega na elaboração da estratégia de cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento, com o foco na parceria noruego-brasileira a partir de 2006 até 2013. A parceria estratégica entre o Brasil e a Noruega é pensada de modo que contribua significativamente em áreas prioritárias, neste caso na Amazônia Legal em clima, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento sustentável. Esta pesquisa descreve as ações governamentais da Noruega para a cooperação para o desenvolvimento, por meio da sua contribuição ao Fundo da Amazônia, com base no documento intitulado Estratégia do governo norueguês para cooperação entre Brasil e Noruega- Novas perspectivas para um relacionamento de longa data. Com o objetivo de reduzir as emissões por desmatamento e degradação florestal, a cooperação entre a Noruega e o Brasil (REDD+) constitui parte importante da iniciativa climática e florestal do governo norueguês. Por meio da parceria estratégica, a Noruega almeja contribuir para a produção sustentável de alimentos e, consequentemente, para a geração de empregos na Região Amazônica. Releva-se a atuação norueguesa na cooperação internacional para o desenvolvimento, o que permite a Noruega, poder de influência nas relações internacionais. Por meio dos argumentos explicitados, espera-se que este estudo contribua para a compreensão de como o Estado norueguês e, em específico a diplomacia norueguesa se formula para defender seus interesses por meio da sua parceria internacional com o Brasil. / The purpose of this dissertation is to comprehend, through a conceptual and historical perspective, the participation of Norway in the elaboration of the international cooperation strategy for development, with focus on the Norwegian-Brazilian partnership, since 2006 until 2013. The strategic partnership between Brazil and Norway it is viewed to contribute significantly in areas of strategic importance, in this case in the Legal Amazon in environment and sustainable development. This research describes the Norwegians governmental actions under its donation to the Amazon Fund. Based on the document The Norwegian Governments strategy for cooperation between Brazil and Norway: new perspectives on a long-standing relationship. With the objective of reducing gas emissions by human cutting trees and deforestation, the Brazilian and Norwegian cooperation (REDD+) represents an important role of the Norwegian forest climate initiative. Through the strategic partnership, Norway aims to contribute to the sustainable food production and as a result to new employment in the Amazon Region. It is important to consider Norways role in cooperation and development field. This in the end guarantees to Norway, the power of influencing in international relations. By this, it is hoped that this academic study contributes to the comprehension of how the Norwegians state, specifically the Norwegians diplomacy, formulates itself in order to pursue its national interests by its international cooperation with Brazil.

The aim of this Master’s thesis is to examine how teachers of primary school students view the concept of information literacy and their classroom practices related to this subject. In addition, the study was designed to compare teachers’ understanding of information literacy in two European countries, Norway and Hungary. In spite of the fact that both countries are European developed countries with a similar culture and educational purposes, the economic difference can affect their possibilities to profit from the rapidly developing internet and information technologies. This study investigates the assumption that the differences between teachers’ answers in the two countries will be more and more significant on each further step of Van Dijk’s model of access: motivational, material, skills, and usage access. The study has a socio-economic perspective and the empirical data was collected through quantitative web-based questionnaire. The findings indicate that most of the teachers have a good understanding of the concept of information literacy and they are aware of the importance of information literacy skills to some level. Exploring the teachers’ classroom practices, I found that they do teach information literacy skills, and they do have classroom practices which can facilitate the improvement of information literacy skills, but there is a difference between the Norwegian and Hungarian teachers’ practices. The findings of the study confirm my initial assumption and are consistent with the pattern that I would expect to find according to the Van Dijk’s model, and thus, with the influence of the socio-economic features on teachers’ view on information literacy and their classroom practices related to teaching information literacy skills.

Markberedning är vanligt förekommande när återbeskogning skall ske efter en avverkning. Vilken metod som väljs styrs av olika faktorer som t ex markfuktighet, humuslagrets tjocklek och mineraljordlagrets djup. I detta arbete studeras ett försök vid SLU: s försökspark i Siljansfors, ca 20 km SV om Mora. Studien omfattar två olika försöksytor, Sf 284 och Sf 287, planterade med gran (Picea abies) år 2004 respektive 2007. Ståndorten är en moränmark, markfuktighetsklassen är frisk och vegetationstypen är blåbär- och lingontyp och är belägen cirka 210 m.ö.h.  Syftet med denna studie är att utvärdera och jämföra tre olika markberedningsmetoder med avseende på överlevnad och höjdtillväxt hos granplantor (Picea abies) under de första åren efter plantering. Vid plantering utan markberedning och utan kemiskt behandlade plantor är risken för en hög avgång på grund av skador orsakade av snytbagge (Hylobius abietis L.) stor de första åren. De markberedningsmetoder som jämfördes var högläggning, fläckmarkberedning och inversmetoden. Dessa tre metoder jämfördes inbördes samt mot att inte markbereda alls. I det totala samlade plantmaterialet var hälften kemiskt behandlat mot snytbagge. Fördelningen kemiskt behandlat och obehandlat plantmaterial var jämt fördelat i alla försök och upprepningar. I studien ingick också en utvärdering av den så kallade ”kanteffekten”, dvs. effekten av att plantorna sattes närmare än, respektive längre än 10 cm från kanten av den anlagda markberedningsytan. I juli 2009 mättes planthöjd och överlevnad på försöksytorna. Resultatet presenteras som medelvärden i form av stapeldiagram. Överlevnadsgraden höjdes med hjälp av markberedning, permetrinbehandling och val av planteringspunkt i förhållande till humuskant.  Det var framför allt högläggning och inversmarkberedning som gynnade plantornas höjdtillväxt. / Soil preparation is common when reforestation occurs after harvesting. Which method is chosen is governed by various factors such as soil moisture, humus layer thickness and depth of mineral soil. An experiment was made at SLU's experimental park in Siljansfors, about 20 km SW about Mora. The study comprises two different experimental areas, Sf 284 and Sf 287, where Picea abies was planted in 2004 and 2007 respectively. The soil is a moraine, the soil moisture class is fresh and the vegetation type is blueberry and lingonberry type. The site is located approximately 210 m above sea level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare three different soil preparation methods regarding to survival and height growth of Picea abies during the first years after planting. In the case of planting without soil preparation and without chemically treated plants, the risk of a high mortality due to the damage caused by pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) is high during the first years. The soil preparation methods that were compared were mounding, patch scarification and the inverse method. These three methods were compared to each other as well as to no soil preparation at all. In the total aggregate plant material, half were chemically treated against pine weevil. The distribution of chemically treated and untreated plant material was evenly distributed throughout all trials and repeats. The study also included an evaluation of the so-called "edge effect", i.e. the effect of placing the plants closer than, respectively, longer than 10 cm from the edge of the scarified patch. In July 2009, plant height and survival were measured in the experimental areas. The result is presented as averages in the form of bar charts. The survival rate was increased by soil preparation, permetrin treatment and selection of planting point relative to humus edge. It was above all mounding and inverse soil preparation that favored the height of the plants.

À travers un millier d’articles issus de quotidiens et de revues, cette enquête embrasse une période s’étendant de la guerre franco-prussienne au début de la Première Guerre mondiale. Elle a pour ambition de comprendre la réception des Scandinaves en France et d’en présenter son évolution au sein d’une époque marquée par une montée du protectionnisme culturel et du nationalisme. L’étude des champs lexicaux confirme ces tendances ainsi qu’un ressentiment envers l’Empire allemand qui est convoqué, en filigrane, dans de nombreux articles. Cette thèse démontre également un schisme net dans la critique, que révèlent, au demeurant, l’engouement d’une presse novatrice et cosmopolite et la résistance d’une autre, conservatrice et académique. L’analyse portera, en outre, sur les images véhiculées collectivement sur les pays du Nord et sur leurs représentations. En effet, les récits de voyage de la première moitié du XIXème siècle ont forgé un archétype « exotique » de la Scandinavie, et plus particulièrement de la Norvège, mystérieuse et brumeuse. Celui-ci exerce une forte influence sur la réception de cette aire artistique méconnue et périphérique. Outre la peinture, la littérature et la musique, il sera pertinent d’étudier plus précisément le théâtre, thématique centrale de notre corpus, et de constater si la décennie 1890 est, comme il l’est communément admis, synonyme de « vague scandinave » à Paris. De surcroît, cette analyse exposera l’importance des réseaux et des interactions entre traducteurs, critiques, journalistes, éditeurs, metteurs en scène, acteurs, mais également passionnés et mécènes, qui ont tous été des passeurs culturels entre les Scandinaves et la France. / Based on a thousand articles from newspapers and reviews, this survey takes place in a period from the franco-prussian war to the early WWI. It aims to understand the reception of Scandinavians in France and to set its evolution during a time marked by a rise of cultural protectionism and nationalism. The analysis of the lexical fields do confirm this point and also shows a real resentment against the german Empire which appears as a watermark in several articles. This work proves, as well, a split in the critic : one is cosmopolitan and innovative while the other is conservative and academic. Furthermore, the collective images of the northen countries will be studied and analysed. Indeed, the descriptions done in the early XIXth century by travellers built up exotic representations of Scandinavia and especially a mysterious and hazy Norway. They had a harmful effect on the reception of artists from this unlying geographical area. Besides painting, music and litterature, theater is the main thema of the corpus. This analysis will contribute to demonstrate the significance of cultural networks in Paris for Scandinavians at this time.

Le présent texte propose de questionner le postulat couramment admis selon lequel l'émergence des intellectuels nationalistes au XIXe siècle est parallèle à une déchristianisation de la vie sociale et culturelle, en se focalisant sur l’ensemble des littérateurs norvégiens publiant dans la période 1811-1869. C'est plus spécifiquement les rapports entre Belles-lettres, construction nationale et sécularisation qui constituent le cœur de cette enquête, avec une attention portée sur la principale arène de la vie scientifique norvégienne : l’université de Christiania. Après avoir recensé les contraintes matérielles, politiques et religieuses qui conditionnent le développement de la vie culturelle dans la capitale du jeune royaume, l'auteur propose une analyse socio-historique systématique de tous les littérateurs norvégiens, ainsi qu'un échantillonnage des auteurs les plus productifs afin de déterminer l'évolution des rapports des écrivains, amateurs de Belles-lettres, nationalistes ou scandinavistes, avec le fait religieux et l'Église d'État norvégienne. La notion de "pratique littéraire" permet d'aborder la littérature comme un phénomène social multiforme, au croisement entre l'histoire de l'éducation, histoire des idées, histoire religieuse et sociologie de la littérature, et permet de comprendre les mutations essentielles et les ambigüités indépassables de l’identité sociale des intellectuels contemporains / This paper proposes to question the common assumption according to which the emergence of nationalist intellectuals in the 19th century is parallel to a secularization of the social and cultural life. To do so the author focuses on all Norwegian authors who published between 1811 and 1869. It is specifically the relationship between fine literature, nation-building and church life which is the core of this investigation, with a particular attention towards the main arena of scientific life in Norway: the University of Christiania. The first step has consisted in identifying the material, political and religious constraints which enabled or prevented the development of a literary social field in the capital of the newly restored kingdom. The author proposes then a systematic socio-historical analysis of all Norwegian writers, and a sampling of the most productive among them, in order to determine the evolution of the relations between nationalist or Scandinavist poets, academic authorities and the life of the Norwegian State Church. The notion of "literary practice" can address the literature as a multifaceted social phenomenon at the intersection between the history of education, history of ideas, religious history and sociology of literature, and to understand essential changes and unavoidable ambiguities of the social identity of late-modern intellectuals.

Treeline dynamic in the Mt. Kralický Sněžník Abstract Changes in treeline positions have been recorded both in the mountains of Central Europe and worldwide. The treeline upward shifts have been recently influenced particularly by rising temperature and reduced human impacts in the highest parts of the mountains. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate dynamics of treeline in the Mt. Kralický Sněžník and to determine influencing factors. Dendrochronological methods were employed to determine age structure of spruce across the ecotone and the analysis of aerial images was used to identify changes of spruce coverage between 1936 and 2014. I found that tree age is decreasing with increasing elevation - an evidence of advancing treeline. Treeline upward advance indicated by a gradual densification of spruce stands was also detected from aerial images. Seedling abundance is negatively affected by dense mats of blueberry in the upper part of ecotone. Mortality of spruce is rising with increasing elevation,which indicates the negative influence of extreme climatic conditions in the uppermost parts of ecotone. Age structures and aerial images show that the treeline advance in the Mt. Kralický Sněžník was caused by a combination of land abandonment at the end of 19th century supplemented by afforestation in the lower...

The graduation thesis Spatial planning in Norway - the comparison with Czech Republic consists of description of spatial planning systems in Norway and Czech Republic. It focuses on differences between divided (regional and spatial planning) Czech system and integrated Norwegian model. The graduation thesis is divided into five parts. The first consists of basic terms, the second of socioeconomic analysis of Norway. Third and fourth part are describing Czech a Norwegian planning models. The main part of the graduation thesis is the part in which are define deuces, differences, advantages and disadvantages of spatial planning in Norway in comparison with the divided Czech model.

The thesis Nordic Welfare states addresses the social policies of Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. It concentrates on specific features of policies forming the Nordic social system and the paper also evaluates the impacts of the social policies in various fields. Moreover, the paper discusses the perspectives of the Nordic welfare state and identifies potential risks which they may face in the future.

Region of sub Saharan Africa receives the most resources from development aid in the long term and at the same time there is a highest number of least develop countries. Therefore thesis is dedicated to the matter of effectiveness of development aid. Introducing problems and overall characteristics of the region, development aid and its historic development is goal of the first chapter. In the second chapter effectiveness of development aid is examined through analysis of selected studies from distinguished authors within the field, moreover the scope is dedicated to issues of measurability of development aid and the question of inappropriately setting of goals. Following chapter is concentrated on dependency of sub Saharan countries to donor countries and agencies providing aid and to motives of those donors to intervene in this region. Emphasis is put on neo-colonialism as a representative form of this dependency. Ending of the thesis is dedicated to Norway that provides high amount of resources to development aid measured by share of the GDP in the long term.