The main purpose of this thesis is to examine and compare the development of Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish economy in the last years. Basic macroeconomic indicators are used to compare the economic development of Norway, Sweden and Finland. The thesis is divided into several parts to elaborate on the topic in a more structured way. The first chapter focuses on economic facts about these countries. The second part deals with economic development in new millennium (between 2000-2006). The following chapter compares the development of Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish economy in the economic crisis. The last chapter informs about economic development projection created on the basis of a regression analysis.

This master thesis is focused on the analysis of the impact from trends of different demographic aspects on the current pension system in the Czech republic and Norway. The old age pension system including its reforms is described and compared within both countries. Furthermore it is investigated how the citizens perceive the development of particular demographic aspects, what they think about the status and reforms regarding the pension system, and how they provide themselves for retirement. In addition to the comparison between the Czech and Norwegian pension systems the thesis also provides suggestions for improvement within demographic aspects, the settings of the pension system, the government and the society itself.

Cette recherche doctorale ambitionne d'étudier et d'analyser les dynamiques fondamentales qui lient la Norvège et la Russie dans la région arctique. Sur le plan de la démarche scientifique, nous avons fait le choix de nous rapprocher du paradigme de l'Anthropocène. Aussi, cette recherche souhaite valoriser l'approche interdisciplinaire. La région de Barents est un cas pertinent en ce qui concerne les questions structurelles que notre civilisation thermo-industrielle a conduites tels que le changement climatique, la politique énergétique, la militarisation et l'épuisement des ressources. En outre, il met en évidence les intérêts croissants des puissances économiques pour la région polaire. En premier lieu, la Chine qui a établi des partenariats stratégiques dans la région, notamment avec la Norvège et la Russie. De plus, cette thèse étudie avec attention les questions fondamentales entre ces deux pays tels que la pêche, la sûreté nucléaire, les relations sur l'archipel du Svalbard ou encore la coopération transfrontalière. Elle présente et discute aussi la façon dont les deux pays ont géré et maintenu leur coopération régionale, à part des dynamiques géopolitiques mondiales. Cette dynamique bilatérale a commencé en 1993, après la Guerre froide, à travers la mise en place du Conseil euro-arctique de Barents (BEAC). Cette organisation intergouvernementale a façonné le développement régional dans le nord de l'Europe. Pendant 25 ans, les acteurs locaux de la région de Barents ont démontré leur capacité à atténuer et maintenir cette gouvernance originale. En effet, la crise ukrainienne de 2014 et l'annexion de la Crimée par la Fédération de Russie ont initié une rupture significative entre les pays occidentaux et la Russie. À la lumière de ce changement géopolitique, nous discutons de la résilience de ces relations bilatérales à mesure que le système international devient instable et perturbé. Enfin, notre objectif est d'élever une nouvelle approche méthodologique dans les relations internationales, car la dynamique du système Terre (ESD) et la dynamique des systèmes humains (HSD) semblent être sur une trajectoire de collision à travers le XXIe siècle. À cet égard, les relations entre la Norvège et la Russie, comme puissances énergétiques, ont une position très spécifique. D'une part, les deux sont d'importants fournisseurs d'énergie pour le reste du continent européen. D'autre part, à mesure que le système international subit une pression croissante provenant du système Terre, les deux pays tentent de mettre en place une stratégie durable et pertinente. Finalement, cette nouvelle trajectoire peut affecter et transformer leurs relations. / This dissertation aims to study and analyze key dynamics between Norway and Russia in the Arctic region. Under the Anthropocene paradigm, this research keeps an interdisciplinary approach. The Barents region is a relevant case regarding structural issues that our thermo-industrial civilization drove such as climate change, energy policy, militarization and resources depletion. Besides, it highlights increasing interests from world powers concerning the Polar region. In the first instance, China has established key partnerships in the region including Norway and Russia. Furthermore, this dissertation pays attention on core issues between these two countries such as fisheries, nuclear safety, relations over the Svalbard Archipelago or even the cross-border cooperation. It will introduce and discuss how both countries have managed their cooperation in a safety area far from global geopolitics dynamics. This bilateral dynamic started in 1993, after the Cold War, through the establishment of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC). This intergovernmental organization shaped the regional development in the Northern part of Europe. For 25 years, local stakeholders in the Barents region demonstrated their abilities to mitigate and maintain this original governance. Indeed, the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 and the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation opened up a major rift between the Western countries and Russia. In the light of this geopolitical shift, we discuss the resiliency of this bilateral relations as the international system gets volatile and disturbed. Finally, our purpose is to rise new methodical approach in International Relations as Earth System Dynamics (ESD) and Human System Dynamics (HSD) appear to be on a collision course through the XXIst century. In that respect, the relations between Norway and Russia, as energy powerhouses, hold a very specific position. On the one hand, both are a strong energy supplier to the rest of the European continent. On the other hand, as the international system is under an increasing pressure following the Earth System disruption, both countries are trying to set up a sustainable and relevant strategy from that context which may lastly affect their relations.

This Thesis aims to explore how the opening of offshore wind power development blocks in Norway results in conflicts between fishermen and the offshore wind industry. The goal is to identify synergies between the two maritime sectors which may be used in future consultation phases. The Thesis includes qualitative research that was compiled by document analysis and triangulated by examining and interpreting data found within the literature review, hearing responses, interviews, and public letters. The results unveil that conflict inducing factors in Norway are similar to international cases. These factors include concerns for noise under construction and operation, the loss of acreage/livelihood, the lack of knowledge, and the disregard for fishermen’s concerns.  It was found that offshore wind could lead to more sustainable fishing practices and give way to aquaculture activity. Wind farms may serve as a safe haven for juvenile marine species and increase biodiversity by the creation of artificial reefs on foundation structures. An in-situ demonstration of these effects was suggested to increase knowledge and facilitate coexistence. A willingness from both parties to come to a solution was identified and it was suggested to employ an objective mediator in future consultations/negotiations. Finally, it was suggested to deploy offshore wind farther from land, and to offset the cost of increased depth by increasing the capacity of projects.

Although terrorism is an area that has been the subject of much research, systematic searches in databases reveal that a focus on actors and movements that find their motivation in Christian beliefs, is, by and large, lacking. Ever since the 9/11 terrorist attack, Islamist terrorism has been the major focus. The purpose of this thesis is to describe and compare Christian and Islamist acts of terrorism. This will be done by using the terrorist attack of the self-proclaimed Christian crusader Anders Behring Breivik in Norway 2011 and compare it to the terrorist attack in Paris November 2015 claimed by the terrorist organisation Islamic State (IS). A content analysis is used to explore the material. The analysis is conducted with an analytical framework created from previous research on religious terrorism to explore the similarities and differences of religiously motivated terrorist acts. The study reveals that there are a lot of similarities between Breivik and the Paris attackers. Both Breivik and IS strived to change society with violence justified by their religion. In a type of “God´s executioner” fashion. A final conclusion in this thesis is that Breivik and IS share Ideological core ideas in the form of exclusivity, however, the exclusivity is expressed differently. Breivik´s exclusiveness is linked to ethnicity and skin colour, while IS´s exclusivity is solely linked to faith.

Diploma thesis’s aim was to determine Rubisco activity and its content in sunny and shaded needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and confirm or refuse acclimation on Rubisco enzyme level. Samples were taken on the Experimental ecology station Czech Academy of Sciences at Bílý Kříž (Beskydy Mountains) where needles were cultivated in two cultivation spheres with different concetrations CO2. One cultivation sphere contains atmosphere with ambient (A) concentration CO2 (350 mol CO2 mol-1) and the other contains atmosphere with elevated (E) concentration CO2 (700 mol CO2 mol-1). Rubisco activities were determinated spectrophotometric, Rubisco content was determined by SDS-PAGE method. Samples were taken in the modele of June and in the end of September. Elevated concetration CO2 did not have significant influence on Rubisco activity. Whereas different exposition had significant influence on Rubisco activity in June, when was found lower Rubisco activity in shaded needles than in sunny needles. In September were not find significant differences in Rubisco activity beetwen sunny and shaded needles. We did not find statistically significant differences in Rubisco content between A and E needles in June. Incontrary, we found about 34 % lower Rubisco content in E needles than in A needles, which confirms acclimation on Rubisco enzyme level. In September Rubisco content was several time higher than in June, which evidences the long term building photosynthetic apparatus in coniferous trees.

Diurnal changes of initial and total activity and content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) under conditions of ambient (350 µmol mol-1) and elevated (E = 700 µmol mol 1) concentration CO2 were measured in needles of Norway spruce. Needles of Norway spruce were taken on 22th July in two-hours from 3:30 a. m. till 10:30 p. m. The Rubisco activity was determined by spectrophotometry, the Rubisco content was detected by SDS-PAGE. The Rubisco activity was in most samples statistically significantly lower in needles cutlivated under ambient carbon dioxide then in needles cultivated under elevated carbon dioxide. Diagrams of the Rubisco activity shows absence of night inhibitor CA1P. The Rubisco activity was directly proportional to the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation in time from 7:00 a. m. till 7:30 p. m. The Rubisco content was statistically significantly higher in needles of Norway spruce cultivated under ambient carbon dioxide than in needles cultivated under elevated CO2, which shows acclimation of the Rubisco content during long-term effect of elevated CO2 concentration.

This diploma thesis examines influence of content of leaf nitrogen and non-structural carbohydrates on Rubisco activity and its content under impact of ambient (A = 385 µmolCO2 mol-1) and elevated (E = 700 µmolCO2 mol-1) concentrations of carbon dioxide in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). The Rubisco activity was determined spectrophotometrically, the Rubisco content by using SDS-PAGE, the content of non-structural carbohydrates by using the anthron method and total leaf nitrogen was determined by using the Kjeldahl method. The Rubisco activity in needles of Norway spruce did not show acclimation on elevated concentration of carbon dioxide, but the activity was elevated concentration of carbon dioxide stimulated during the growing season. The acclimation was proved by Rubisco content, its content was significantly lower in needles cultivated under elevated carbon dioxide. Content of total leaf nitrogen was statistically significantly lower in needles of Norway spruce cultivated under elevated carbon dioxide then in needles cultivated under ambient concentration of carbon dioxide. On the contrary, the content of non-structural carbohydrates was significantly higher in needles cultivated under elevated concentration of carbon dioxide then in variant A. Seasonal changes of Rubisco content depended on content of non-structural carbohydrates, the Rubisco content decreased with increasing content of non-structural carbohydrates. No dependence was detected between seasonal changes of the total leaf content and the Rubisco content.

Avstyckning är en fastighetsbildningsåtgärd där en fastighet nybildas. Det innebär att en bit mark avskiljs från en fastighet och på så sätt bildar en ny egen fastighet. Fastigheten som avstyckningen sker från heter stamfastighet, och den som nybildas heter styckningslott (Julstad, 2018). Syftet med detta arbete är att se om fastighetsbildningsprocessen för avstyckning kan göras effektivare genom att jämföra den med Norges process för avstyckning. Aspekterna som jämförs är processens genomförande, tidsåtgång och kostnader samt nyttande av teknik och digitalisering. Kvalitativa metoder har använts genom litteraturstudier, intervjustudier och fallstudie. Semistrukturerade intervjuer utförs med förrättningslantmätare och en som jobbar med utvecklingsfrågor inom fastighetsbildning på Lantmäteriet. Från Norge har fyra personer intervjuats från olika kommuner som jobbar med matrikkelföring och oppmåling. Fallstudien utförs genom att granska förrättningsakter, en från Östersund, Sverige och en från Bodø, Norge. Jämförelsen visar mer skillnader än likheter. De största skillnaderna är att i Sverige är staten myndighetsutövare, men i Norge är det kommunen. Tillvägagångssätten för en avstyckning ser olika ut på grund av de privaträttsliga förhållandena som fortfarande styr mycket av den norska fastighetsbildningen. En iakttagelse är att juridiken är en faktor som gör att fastighetsbildningsprocessen går långsamt eftersom ärendet ska gå igenom flera rättsled. Juridiken har också en påverkan i utvecklingen av digitalisering. En annan stor skillnad är att Norge inte har någon lämplighetsprövning, vilket gör att processen går snabbare. Utifrån jämförelsen har idéer uppstått om hur avstyckningsprocessen i Sverige skulle kunna effektiviseras. Några av idéerna är kortare överklagandetid, bättre kommunikation mellan parter och utveckling av digitalisering. / Subdivide is a property formation measure where a new property unit is created. A bit of land separates from the main property unit and a new property is created. The main property who the new unit is subdivided from is called residual property unit, and the new property is called a lot (Julstad, 2018). The main purpose of the paper is too having a look if Sweden’s cadastral procedure can in one way or another become more efficient in the area of subdividing by compare it with Norway’s subdividing process. The goal is to see what the similarities and differences are, and from that view somehow benefit and use it to streamline the time of the process. The main focus of the study’s is to go deeper in the areas of the process, expenditure of time, procedure costs, the use of technique and digitalization. Qualitative methods have been used by literature reviews, an interview study and a case study. Semi-structured interviews have been made, one interview with a cadastral surveyor and one with a person who is working with development issues about property formation at the executory authorly. Four people from Norway have been interviewed from different counties who is working with property formation. The case study was executed by reviewing two cadastral dossiers, one from Östersund, Sweden and one from Bodø, Norway. From the comparison of the subdividing process a few main things are clear. One conclusion of the comparison is that there’re more differences than similarities between the two countries. In Sweden it is the state who is performing the exercise of authority, in Norway it is the municipality. The course of action for a subdividing looks different because of the private legal matter that is conducted in Norway’s property formation. A factor that slows down the subdividing process in Sweden is the legal matter. When subdividing a property, the case must follow the laws who governs. This process can in some cases take time. The development of digitizing is also affected of the legal matter, it must go hand in hand. In Norway they don’t perform the adjudicate of suitability, and that reduces the subdividing process a lot. Ideas on how to effectivity Sweden’s subdividing process have arisen from the comparison of the two countries. Some of the ideas that have been brought up are shorter appeal time, better communication between the persons involved and the development of digitalization.

Prisoners constitute one of the most marginalized groups of society and prison education as a field remains under-researched and under-theorized (Szifris et al., 2018). Regarding European policy documentation it “has been surprisingly invisible” (Czerniawski, 2016, p. 202). This thesis seeks to contribute to the field of prison education policy research. It critically examines prison education documents of the UK, Norway and Ireland. The theoretical framework draws from critical theory, critical discourse analysis (CDA), critical pedagogy and critical adult education as well as neoliberalism in education. CDA serves hereby both as theory and method that allows us to uncover the different ideologies and assumptions underlying the documents.  The research suggests that the policy document of the UK follows a neoliberal and narrow approach to education where the value of education is exhausted by the fact that it can fill workplace shortages. Further, prisoners are portrayed one-sided with being an offender as the main characteristic. On the other hand, Norway and Ireland represent prisoners as persons with different backgrounds, needs and feelings. Both reflect notions of critical pedagogy and critical adult education thus emphasizing the importance of fostering critical thinking through education and education for personal development. Further, it stresses the alleviating function of education in prison. However, in the Norwegian document the language remains unassertive when it comes to the applicability of the right to education to foreign prisoners in Norwegian prisons. The Irish document leaves unclear from which perspective their objectives and concepts in education are considered. Additionally, the thesis also critically discusses the need for a wide curriculum in prison, perceptions of self-responsibility and problematizes the over-reliance on measurement in education.