[pt] A Noruega tem historicamente assumido o papel de facilitadora ou de intermediadora entre partes em conflito, de modo que alcançou a capacidade de capitalizar a crença, na sociedade, de que é uma nação da paz. A existência do chamado Modelo Norueguês constitui uma prioridade de uma nova diplomacia pública, em que a sociedade civil doméstica continua a ser tanto audiência quanto guia dos esforços da diplomacia pública do Estado. Ao mesmo tempo, desde a década de 1990, a Noruega aumentou sua presença em intervenções militares no exterior (principalmente no Kosovo, em 1998, no Afeganistão, em 2001, no Iraque, em 2003, e na Líbia, em 2011), em um intenso ativismo militar que não pôs em xeque a noção de que outros países europeus são belicosos enquanto a Noruega é construída como pacífica. Articulações mais recentes sobre a guerra militar norueguesa em face de sua representação de identidade de paz revelam que a Noruega alcançou tamanha credibilidade graças à sua tradição de paz, que o país pode propositalmente empreender o que tem sido chamado de guerra pela paz. A literatura existente sobre a evolução da Política Externa Norueguesa sobre Paz e Reconciliação revela que a paz tem sido um conceito organizador para a ação externa, vinculada a defesa, neutralidade, engajamento, desenvolvimento, direitos humanos, meio ambiente e até mesmo à Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte. Com base no trabalho de Ernesto Laclau e de Chantal Mouffe (1985), a presente dissertação discute como, no contexto dos esforços da diplomacia pública norueguesa, a paz tem funcionado como um significante flutuante que dá significado e legitima opções de política externa, como facilitação de conflitos e intervenções militares. Como resultado, esta dissertação recorta o ano de 2011 como o contexto de uma tripla coincidência: a conduta da Noruega de conversações preparatórias facilitadoras na Colômbia, o bombardeio da Líbia e o ataque terrorista doméstico na Noruega. Com isso em mente, este trabalho tem como objetivo descompactar e entender como a Noruega se representou discursivamente como uma nação da paz e como a paz, como um significante flutuante, permitiu que o país se envolvesse em práticas pacíficas e militares. / [en] Historically, Norway has produced itself as a facilitator or a bridge builder between conflicting parties, thereby having achieved the ability to capitalize on the society s belief that Norway is a peace nation. The existence of the so-called Norwegian Model forms a paramount of a new public diplomacy, wherein domestic civil society remains both an audience and a driver of state public diplomacy efforts. At the same time, since the 1990s, Norway has increased its presence in military interventions abroad (mainly in Kosovo, in 1998, in Afghanistan, in 2001, in Iraq, in 2003, and in Libya, in 2011), an intense warfare that has not derailed the notion that other European countries are bellicose whereas Norway is constructed as peaceful. More recent articulations on the Norwegian military warfare in face of its peace identity representation reveal that Norway has achieved so much credence with its peace tradition that the country can purposively undertakes what has been called peace trough war. The extant literature on the evolution of the Norwegian Foreign Policy on Peace and Reconciliation unveils that peace has been an organizing concept for foreign action, being attached to defence, neutrality, engagement, development, human rights, environment, and even to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. By drawing on the work of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe (1985), this thesis discusses how, in the context of Norwegian public diplomacy efforts, peace has acted as a floating signifier that gives meaning and legitimizes foreign policy options such as conflict facilitations and military interventions. As a result, this thesis brackets the year of 2011 as the context of a triple coincidence: Norway s conduct of preparatory facilitative talks in Colombia, the bombing of Libya and Norway s domestic terrorist attack. With this in mind, this thesis aims to unpack and understand how Norway has represented itself discursively as a peace nation and how peace, as a floating signifier, has allowed the country to engage in both peaceful and warful practices.

Family policies are a recognised instrument to improve gender equality by encouraging fathers to increase their participation in the private sphere. Previous research has found that attitudes about how paid and unpaid labour should be divided between partners differ between countries by varied support for traditional male breadwinner models and sharing models. On the other hand, behavioural studies have found that parenthood tends to modify gender relations by making them more traditional. This study aims to analyse if there are similar differences in attitudes between parents and individuals without children or if there is a dissonance between behaviour and attitudes. The importance of institutional context is taken into account by comparing these groups in an egalitarian and traditional policy context. The analytical strategy includes using quantitative data from the International Social Survey Programme from 2012, comprising 5385 respondents from Norway, Sweden, Germany and Poland. The association between attitudes about the division of paid and unpaid work and parenthood is analysed by applying multiple linear regression. The results are that parenting has a conservative effect on attitudes in a traditional policy context as parents with small children have a lower probability of egalitarian attitudes. In the egalitarian policy context, no such differences are found. Instead, gender seems to partly modify the association between parenthood and attitudes as mothers with toddlers have a higher probability of egalitarian attitudes than fathers with children between school age and 17 years old. Therefore, institutional contexts seem highly relevant for attitudes about the gendered division of labour. In the traditional policy context, institutional structures and norms seem to result in individuals correcting a discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour to reduce dissonance. On the other hand, the findings in the egalitarian countries point to contextual mechanisms which allow a dissonance between attitudes and behaviour to exist without individuals needing to correct the inconsistency.

Inskrivningsprocessen av lagfart/tinglysing är en del av vad inskrivningsmyndigheterna arbetar med i Sverige och Norge. Lagfart/tinglysing finns till för att visa vem/vilka som är rättslig(a) ägare till en fastighet. Vilket är väldigt viktigt för att hålla koll vem som är ansvarig för fastigheten. Att ha en inskrivningsprocess som är säker, effektiv och som har en låg kostnad är viktigt för att ha fungerande system för både köpare, säljare, företag och myndigheter. Syftet med studien är att undersöka skillnaden mellan Sveriges och Norges inskrivningsprocess vid lagfart/tinglysings ansökan. Men även att jämföra fördelar och nackdelar med processen. De krav som krävs för att bevilja lagfart undersökts också för att den ska bli rättssäker eller om det finns behov att förändra dessa. Studien undersöker även om det går att effektivisera inskrivningsprocessen samt hur det skulle påverka rättssäkerheten. För att besvara frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ metod använts. Metoden utgörs av en enkätundersökning, intervjuer och en jämförelse. I jämförelsen har information från litteraturen inhämtats, medan intervjuer och enkäter har genomförts med sakkunniga i respektive land. Resultatet av studien visar att mer digitalisering av inskrivningsprocessen skulle innebära säkrare och effektivare inskrivningsprocess av lagfarter/tinglysingar för fastigheter. Studien visar även att lagändringar är det som behöver ändras för att möjliggöra mer digitalisering. Lagstiftningarna i bägge länder bygger på föråldrade lagar när det inte fanns elektroniska alternativ. / The registration process of lagfart/tinglysing is part of what the registration authorities working with in Sweden and Norway. Lagfart/tinglysing is available to show who/which is the legal owner of a property. Which is very important to keep track of who is responsible for the property. Having an enrollment process that is secure, efficient and has a low cost is important for having a functioning system for both buyers, sellers, companies and authorities. The purpose of the study is to investigate the difference between Sweden's and Norway's enrollment process in lagfart/tinglysings. But also, to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the process. The requirements required to grant lagfart/tinglysing have also been examined for it to be legally secure or if there is a need to change these. The study also examines whether it is possible to streamline the enrollment process and how it would affect legal certainty. A qualitative method has been used to answer the questions. The method consists of a survey, interviews and a comparison. In the comparison, information from the literature has been obtained, while interviews and questionnaires have been conducted with experts in each country. The results of the study show that more digitization of the registration process would mean a safer and more efficient registration process of legal deeds / registrations for properties. The study also shows that changes in the law are what need to be changed to enable more digitization. Legislation in both countries is based on outdated laws when there were no electronic alternatives.

No

Abstract : Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are undesirable effects caused after administration of a single dose or prolonged administration of drug or result from the combination of two or more drugs. Idiosyncratic drug reaction (IDR) is an adverse reaction that does not occur in most patients treated with a drug and does not involve the therapeutic effect of the drug. IDRs are unpredictable and often life-threatening. Idiosyncratic reaction is dependent on drug chemical characteristics or individual immunological response. IDRs are a major problem for drug development because they are usually not detected during clinical trials. In this study we focused on IDRs of Nevirapine (NVP), which is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections. The use of NVP is limited by a relatively high incidence of skin rash. NVP also causes a rash in female Brown Norway (BN) rats, which we use as animal model for this study. Our hypothesis is that idiosyncratic skin reactions associated with NVP treatment are due to post-translational modifications of proteins (e.g., glutathionylation) detectable by MS. The main objective of this study was to identify the proteins that are targeted by a reactive metabolite of Nevirapine in the skin. The specific objectives derived from the general objective were as follow: 1) To implement the click chemistry approach to detect proteins modified by a reactive NVP-Alkyne (NVP-ALK) metabolite. The purpose of using NVP-ALK was to couple it with Biotin using cycloaddition Click Chemistry reaction. 2) To detect protein modification using Western blotting and Mass Spectrometry techniques, which is important to understand the mechanism of NVP induced toxicity. 3) To identify the proteins using MASCOT search engine for protein identification, by comparing obtained spectrum from Mass Spectrometry with theoretical spectrum to find a matching peptide sequence. 4) To test if the drug or drug metabolites can cause harmful effects, as the induction of oxidative stress in cells (via protein glutathionylation). Oxidative stress causes cell damage that mediates signals, which likely induces the immune response. The results showed that Nevirapine is metabolized to a reactive metabolite, which causes protein modification. The extracted protein from the treated BN rats matched 10% of keratin, which implies that keratin was the protein targeted by the NVP-ALK. / Résumé : Les effets indésirables (EI) sont les effets indésirables causés après l'administration d'une dose unique ou une administration prolongée du médicament ou le résultat de la combinaison de deux médicaments ou plus. La Réaction idiosyncratique (IDR) est une réaction indésirable qui ne se produit pas dans la plupart des patients traités avec un médicament et qui ne comporte pas l'effet thérapeutique du médicament. IDR sont imprévisibles et peuvent mettre la vie du malade en danger. Cette réaction dépend des caractéristiques chimiques du médicaments et/ou de la réponse immunitaire individuelle du patient. IDR est un problème majeur pour le développement de médicaments car ils ne sont généralement pas détectés au cours des essais cliniques. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la Réaction idiosyncratique de névirapine (NVP) qui est un inhibiteur de transcriptase inverse non nucléosidique utilisé pour le traitement du virus d'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). L'utilisation de NVP est limitée par une incidence relativement élevée d'éruption cutanée. NVP provoque également une éruption cutanée chez les rats femelles de souche Brown Norway. Notre étude vise à mieux comprendre les IDRs induites par l'administration de NVP chez l'animal. La présente étude vise à vérifier l'hypothèse que les problèmes cutanés associés à la prise de NVP soient attribuables à la modification post-traductionnelle de protéines détactable par spectrométrie de masse. Les principaux objectifs de ce projet étaient : 1) Déterminer si la Nevirapine alcynes (NVP-ALK), un analogue de la NVP peut développer la même éruption cutanée que la NVP. La NVP-ALK a été couplé avec de la biotine en utilisant la réaction chimique (click chemistry). 2) Détecter les modifications post-traductionelles des proteines par Western blot et des techniques de spectrométrie de masse, pour comprendre le mécanisme de la toxicité induite par la NVP. 3) Identifier les protéines modifiées en utilisant le moteur de recherche MASCOT pour l'identification des protéines, en comparant le les spectres de masse obtenus avec les spectres théoriques pour trouver une séquence correspondante de peptide. 4) Tester si la NVP et ses métabolites peuvent provoquer des effets nocifs, comme l'induction d'un stress oxydatif dans les cellules (par la mesure de la glutathionylation des protéines). Les résultats ont montré que la névirapine est métabolisé en métabolite réactif ce qui provoque une modification de la kératine. Ainsi nos résultats suggèrent que la kératine est la cible des métabolites de la NVP-ALK.

Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the Norwegian Army Cadets‟ worldview in light of Complexity Theory and the implications of this theory for leadership. The investigation uses two contradicting theories as a point of departure, Complexity Theory and Newtonian Theory. Complexity Theory is a Social Science-theory that originates from the Natural Science-theory of Quantum Physics where aspect such as non-linearity, chaos and self-organization are highlighted. Furthermore, holistic thinking and bottom-up processes are emphasized. Newtonian Theory is on the other hand based on a mechanistic and reductionist worldview where a constant strife to achieve balance and control through deterministic- and rational mechanisms are highlighted. A Newtonian system thus operates in a causal- and relatively closed environment where change is incremental and top-down driven. Using Complexity Theory as a theoretical starting point speaks for a shift in the way we look at leadership. Traditional leadership theories are normally based on the assumptions of Newtonian thinking, i.e. objectivity, reductionism and determinism. A traditional leader is actively shaping the future through regulations that ultimately end in the obtainment of goals. In other words, the processes are characterized as rational, “hard” and incremental. A Complexity Approach, on the other hand, supports Complexity Theory Principles such as self-organizational processes and chaos. Hence, leaders in complex systems should function as enablers of bottom-up processes and embrace chaos and uncertainty as something positive and nourishing. Furthermore, leaders in complex systems use vision and values as guiding principles and focus on micro-level interactions as opposed to a rule-bound and technical approach. The results from the empirical survey reveal that the Norwegian Army Cadets have a relatively balanced worldview towards Complexity Theory- and Newtonian Principles. On the one hand, a number of strong Newtonian trends such as the perception of conflict, chaos and change as something negative and the embracement of a direct and “hard” leadership style are evident. On the other hand, the Cadets express an adherence towards typical Complexity Theory Principles such as relationship orientation and informal leadership. Hence, it can be argued that the Cadets‟ worldview have elements of both Newtonian Theory and Complexity Theory. This study can be used to evaluate the effect of the current educational paradigm in the Norwegian Army and simultaneously contribute to further insight and discussion around the field of leadership. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die wêreldbeskouing van Norweegse Leër-kadette in die lig van die Kompleksiteitsteorie, en die implikasies van dié teorie vir leierskap. Twee teenstrydige teorieë word as vertrekpunt in die ondersoek gebruik, naamlik. Kompleksiteitsteorie en Newtoniaanse Teorie. Kompleksiteitsteorie is „n Sosiale Wetenskapsteorie wat uit die Natuurwetenskaplike teorie van Kwantum-Fisika ontstaan het, met klem op aspekte soos nie-lineariteit, chaos en self-organisasie. Verder word holisitiese denke en prosesse wat van onder na bo werk, beklemtoon. Newtoniaanse Teorie, aan die ander kant, is gebaseer op „n meganistiese en reduksionistiese wêreldbeeld, met klem op „n konstante strewe na balans en kontrole deur deterministiese en rasionele meganismes. ‟n Newtonianse sisteem opereer dus binne ‟n kousale en relatief geslote omgewing, waar verandering inkrementeel is en van bo na onder gedryf word. Die gebruik van Kompleksiteitsteorie as ‟n teoretiese vertrekpunt dui op ‟n verandering in die manier waarop ons leierskap benader. Tradisionele leierskap-teorieë is normaalweg gebaseer op Newtoniaanse denke, d.w.s. objektiwiteit, reduksionisme en determinisme. ‟n Tradisionele leier vorm die toekoms aktief deur regulasies wat uitloop op die bereiking van doelstellings. Met ander woorde, die prosesse word gekarakteriseer as rasioneel, ”hard” en inkrementeel. „n Kompleksiteitsteorie-benadering aan die ander kant, ondersteun beginsels van Kompleksiteitsteorie soos self-organiserende prosesse en chaos. Leiers in komplekse sisteme moet dus funksioneer deur prosesse wat van onder na bo werk moontlik te maak, en deur chaos en onsekerheid as iets positief en voedend te beskou. Verder gebruik leiers in komplekse sisteme visie en waardes as riglyne, en fokus op mikro-vlak interaksies in teenstelling met ‟n reël gebonde en tegniese benadering. Die resultate van die empiriese studie toon aan dat Noorweegse Leër-kadette „n relatief gebalanseerde wêreldbeskouing het t.o.v Kompleksiteitsteorie- en Newtoniaanse beginsels. Aan die een kant, is daar duidelik ‟n aantal sterk Newtoniaanse tendense teenwoordig, soos die persepsie van konflik, chaos en verandering as iets negatiefs, en die aanhang van ‟n direkte en ”harde” leierskapstyl. Aan die ander kant, is daar ‟n neiging tot tipiese beginsels van Kompleksiteitsteori soos verhoudingsoriëntering en informele leierskap. Dit kan dus aangevoer word dat die Kadette se wêreldbeskouing elemente van sowel Newtoniaanse Teorie as Kompleksitetsteorie bevat. Hierdie studie kan gebruik word om die effek van die huidige onderwysparadigma in die Noorweegse Leër te evalueer, en terselfdertyd ‟n bydrae lewer tot dieper insig in en besprekning van die terrein van leierskap.

Since the end of World War II many Scandinavians have emerged as important choral music composers. This study focuses on two Norwegian composers, Knut Nystedt and Egil Hovland. Two works by Nystedt, "Thou O Lord," and "Praise to God," and one work by Hovland, Missa Misericordiae, are analyzed to determine the most important features of the compositional styles of Nystedt and Hovland. The analysis reveals that factors such as the Norwegian national romantic movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, ancient music styles such as Gregorian chant, twentieth century techniques such as neoclassicism and dodecaphony, and recent reforms in Norwegian Church music have influenced the compositional style of both men. The evidence suggests that although Nystedt and Hovland have many similarities in compositional style both men have developed a highly individual musical language that is accessible yet challenging to the listener, conductor, and choir.

The dissertation is a biography of the industrialist and statesman Christian Lundeberg, a leading and stongly pronounced conservative actor in Swedish political life during the decades around1900, but nowadays almost forgotten. The purpose is to identify the main forces – convictions as well as external factors – behind his actions. He was very influential within  a range of important sectors, i.a. compulsory national service, repeated interventions to keep the iron ore of Norrland under Swedish ownership,  establishment of a regular conservative party and the decision on the vote to right (for men) in 1907. His most well-known action was as Swedish Prime Minister and head architect behind the peaceful dissolution in 1905 of the union with Norway. However for a long time biographies have not been regarded as ”real” scientific work within the concerned academic Swedish circles. For this reason the introductory chapter analyses these discussions  and  concludes that time now is ready for the genre to come in from the cold , enumerating six criteria regarded to be of paramount importance. These are being observed in the consecutive parts of the study. The following chapter studies the concept of paternalism as defined within Swedish professional circles, forming a background to the remaining parts of the dissertation. In their turn these present thorough reviews both of Lundeberg’s activities as a paternalistic foundry proprietor in the local family owned community of Forsbacka and of his contributions on the central political level. The final chapter summarizes the driving forces behind Lundeberg’s activities in stating that he was not an ultraconservative person, a priori opposing all progress.  Instead as the years passed he developed a clear readiness for compromise solutions. Three key concepts are said to be central to the understanding of his person: “Fatherland”, ”Responsibility” and “Duty”.  Throughout all his life he adhered to many of the paternalistic principles and values he learnt at an early age in Forsbacka. His present anonymity is explained  by the fact that he in a retrospective very often is considered as being defeated in a number of political convictions now regarded as important.

Abstrakt ”Bör barnkonventionen bli lag i Sverige? – En komparativrätts-lig studie on barnets rättigheter genom barnkonventionen i Sverige & Norge” Uppsatsen diskuterar med en komparativrättslig metodik implementeringen och inkorporering av barnkonventionen i Sverige och Norge. I tre steg ämnar uppsatsen att undersöka huruvida barnkonventionen bör implementeras till fullo och göras till svensk lag på samma sätt som Norge har valt att göra.Uppsatsen fokuserar på FN:s barnrättkommittés yttranden kring hur länderna sköter sina åtaganden gentemot konventionen och en jämförelse har gjorts som visar att kommittén generellt sett verkar ge Sverige mer grundläggande kritik vilket indikerar att kommittén anser sig ha större och allvarligare kritik kring Sveriges tillgodoseende av barns rättigheter än kring Norges.Uppsatsen tar också upp domstolsprocessen kring vårdnadstvister där barnet ofta riskerar att hamna i kläm. En jämförelse mellan vårdnadstvister i Sverige och Norge visar att det är väldigt små skillnader mellan ländernas olika problemområden som utgör skillnader i barns rättigheter som direkt kan härledas till det faktum att Norge har inkorporerat barnkonventionen till fullo medans Sverige inte har gjort det.Vidare har uppsatsen gett en inblick i den svenska debatten kring för- och nackdelar med en inkorporering av barnkonventionen i svensk lag och har kommit fram till att en inkorporering överlag bör ge positiva effekter för barns rättigheter. / Abstract ”Should the convention on the rights of the child be fully implemented into Swedish law? – a juridical essay on the right of the child through the child rights convention in Sweden and Norway.” This essay discusses in a comparative way the implementation of the convention on the rights of the child in Sweden and Norway. In three steps the comparison has lead the essay to a conclusion on whether Sweden should incorporate the conventions fully or not.The essay focuses on the UN child rights committee ”concluding observation report” on how the countries are managing the rights of the child through the convention. A comparison has been made and it has shown that the committee to some extent is giving more basic recommendations and serious criticism to Sweden. This may lead to a discussion about whether the committee have bigger and more serious concerns about some areas of the Swedish work with the convention rather than the ones in Norway.The essay also brings up the legal process of custody battles where the child is often neglected to some extent and a comparison has been made that shows that there are really very little differences that can be connected to the fact that Norway has a fully implemented child rights convention when Sweden has not.Further on the essay gives an insight into the Swedish debate on pros and cons for an incorporation and comes to the overall conclusion that an incorporation would have a positive outcome on the rights of the child in Sweden.

The organisation of elite sport systems has been the focus of a great variety of different investigations over the past ten years. In particular, many studies have compared the structure and organisation of different national elite sport systems on the macro and meso levels. A result of the existing investigations is a clear convergence of the service portfolio different elite sport systems offer their athletes and coaches. Despite this current trend to a homogeneous elite sport system design, medal tables of major sport events suggest that some nations are still more successful than others in specific sports. This suggests that more successful sport systems might have found better ways to implement the otherwise similar and conventional support portfolio. However, there is a lack of studies that focus on what practices successful elite sport systems apply in the actual delivery of the support services to their athletes and coaches; in how far these practices are related to the ,success of the sport systems; if these practices look similar across different successful sport systems; and if these practices provide useful lessons for other systems to learn from. The management tool benchmarking appears to be a useful framework to guide such comparisons at the operational level. Thus, this thesis evaluated the applicability of this management concept for furthering understanding of elite sport system management. In order to conduct this evaluation it was decided to analyse the operational processes and structures two successful elite sport systems apply for the delivery of five elements of the elite sport support portfolio. In specific, the investigation focused on the comparison of the design of the squad system, the hierarchy of coaches within the squad system, the organisation of the coach education, as well as the provision of sport science and lifestyle support, which were the Benchmarking Objects of this study. The Swedish athletics and the Norwegian cross-country skiing national team, and the general elite sport support institutions they cooperate with, were chosen as the Benchmarking Subjects, i.e. the comparison partners, for this investigation. This research was based on a series of semi-structured interviews which were conducted with about 50 key pOSition holders such as coaches, athletes, lifestyle support managers, or performance diagnosticians during two study visits to Norway and Sweden. This study concluded that benchmarking can lead to insights into the operational management of successful elite sport systems. It must however also be stressed that benchmarking is not a universal remedy for the problems managers of elite sport systems face today. As this research showed, the two Benchmarking Subjects applied unexpected solutions for the delivery of some of the chosen Benchmarking Objects - and some of these practices appeared to be heavily linked to the organisational and cultural context of the investigated sport systems. Thus, it must be carefully evaluated for each process or structure, which is identified during a bench marking exercise, if it constitutes a transferable best practice which is applicable outside the organisational context of the respective Benchmarking Subject.