Foi realizado estudo sobre a influência da variação de alguns parâmetros do tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenimento, bem como aplicação de criogenia, na tenacidade a fratura do aço aeronáutico 300M, com a utilização da técnica de corpo cilíndrico com entalhe. Primeiramente, realizou-se a construção da curva de transição dúctil frágil, através de ensaio Charpy, para amostras submetidas a três tratamentos térmicos, 1 - Têmpera seguida de Revenimento, 2 - Têmpera seguida de criogenia e revenimento. Não foi observada influência significativa da aplicação da criogenia (tratamento de numero 2) na curva de transição dúctil-frágil em comparação com o tratamento térmico número 1. Em um segundo momento, com o auxílio da técnica de ensaio de corpo cilíndrico com entalhe, realizou-se a medição da tenacidade à fratura das amostras do aço 300M submetido a quatro diferentes tratamento térmicos, Q, V, C e D. Os tratamentos variavam entre si principalmente pela temperatura de austenitização. Os valores de dureza para as amostras submetidas a criogenia (V e D) foram maiores que as dos tratamentos sem criogenia (Q e C), e também apresentaram tenacidade à fratura menor. Com relação à temperatura de austenitização, observou-se que os tratamentos C e D, austenitizados a 980°C, propiciaram a completa dissolução de precipitados primários da matriz, elevando a tenacidade à fratura com relação aos tratamentos realizados na faixa de 870°C, Q e V, superando também os efeitos negativos para a tenacidade à fratura devido ao aumento no tamanho de grão. / This work studies the influence of the variation for some parameters on quenching and tempering heat treatment, and also deep cryogenic application, on aeronautic steel 300M fracture toughness. First, the ductile-brittle curve was constructed, by Charpy test, for samples submitted for three heat treatments, 1 Quenching and Tempering, 2 Quenching, deep cryogenic and tempering. No significant influence of deep cryogenic treatment addition (heat treatment 2) on ductile-brittle curve was observed in comparison with heat treatment 1. After that, the fracture toughness for 300M steel, submitted for heat treatments Q, V, C e D, was measured using circumferentially notched specimens technique. The main difference among these heat treatments is about austenitizing temperature. For heat treatments with deep cryogenic treatment (V and D), the hardness values were bigger than the ones without this and, analyzing fracture toughness, it was lower than the treatments without cryogenic treatment. Regarding austenitizing temperature, all heat treatments with higher austenitizing temperature at 980°C (C and D), allows complete dissolution of carbides and prior precipitates particles. Its effect was observed that this characteristic increase the fracture toughness when it is compared with others heat treatments with lower austenitizing temperature at 870°C (Q and V). This improvement is enough to overcome the grain size grown negative effects for fracture toughness.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-26T21:10:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO VITOR DE QUEIROZ MARQUES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEM 2015..pdf: 10546995 bytes, checksum: acf6dba421165a1333cc0862541902b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-26T21:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOÃO VITOR DE QUEIROZ MARQUES - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEM 2015..pdf: 10546995 bytes, checksum: acf6dba421165a1333cc0862541902b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Os compósitos poliméricos costumam ter uma elevada resistência mecânica em relação à sua densidade. Uma característica fundamental para que os materiais possam ser utilizados na engenharia é a previsibilidade de seu comportamento quanto ao carregamento. Devido à natureza heterogênea da estrutura dos compósitos e devido a interação entre suas fases constituintes as características deste material dependem das propriedades das fases constituintes, da fração volumétrica de cada fase constituinte, da iteração entre suas fases e do método de fabricação. Este trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de garras para ensaio mecânico, para materiais compósitos, que possibilitem obter o valor do cisalhamento interlaminar de compósitos poliméricos. O cisalhamento interlaminar permite avaliar, entre outras coisas, a influência do método de fabricação na resistência do compósito. Foram desenvolvidos dois tipos de garras: o tipo Iosipescu e o tipo V-notched Rail Shear. Para o desenvolvimento das garras de ensaio foi utilizada a metodologia seguinte: Projeto Informacional, Projeto conceitual, Projeto Preliminar, Projeto Detalhado, Fabricação e Testes. Além da montagem de um sistema de Instrumentação para avaliar a deformação localizada no centro dos corpos de prova. Os resultados obtidos com a garra Iosipescu apresentaram uma variação de 13,6% em relação a literatura, enquanto naquelas obtidas com a garra V-notched Rail Shear obtiveram uma variação de 3,9 % em relação a literatura.

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En structure, le bois est soumis à des sollicitations différentes dont les principales sont physiques, mécaniques et environnementales. Lorsque ces sollicitations sont couplées, le comportement mécanique du bois devient difficile à appréhender. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence, via un protocole de suivi de l’évolution de la flèche, l’impact des variations des conditions climatiques sur la durée de vie en structure des poutres de bois. Le travail s’articule essentiellement autour de deux grands axes principaux, un protocole expérimental spécial et une approche analytique basée sur la résistance des matériaux (RDM) de l’évolution de la flèche d’une poutre entaillée en ambiance non contrôlée. Le dispositif prend en compte : les processus de fissuration du bois, notamment de l’ouverture et de la propagation de la pointe d’une fissure se propageant linéairement depuis le droit de l’entaille, jusqu’à la rupture totale de la poutre ; le suivi des paramètres climatiques que sont la température, l’humidité relative du milieu et les variations de l’humidité interne des poutres testées. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’une humidification entraine une augmentation de la flèche relative et un séchage génère un départ de fissures pouvant conduire à une rupture de la poutre. Le modèle analytique de l’évolution de la flèche d’une poutre entaillée en ambiance non contrôlée, est tiré des hypothèses classiques de la théorie des poutres de Timoshenko et de l’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux obtenus. Il prend en compte les processus de fissuration, les variations de son humidité interne et l’intensité du chargement qui lui est appliqué. Le modèle représente assez bien les comportements instantané et différé de la poutre induits par les chargements mécanique et environnementaux. / In structure, wood is subjected to different loadings, where the principals are physical, mechanical and environmental. The coupling of these different loadings, make the understand of the mechanical behaviour of wood difficult. The aim of this thesis is to highlight, through a protocol for monitoring the evolution of the deflection, the impact of the conditions of climatic variations on the lifetime of timber of the notched beams. The work is essentially based around two major axes highlighting, respectively, a new experimental devices and a new analytical approach of the following of the evolution of the beam deflection, in outdoor conditions. The experimental device takes into account: the monitoring of the evolution of the notched-beam deflection; the cracking processes of wood, in particular the following of its initiation, the opening and the propagation of the tip of crack which appeared, on the notched-beam until its collapse; the monitoring of the climatic parameters such as temperature, the environmental relative humidity and the variations of the moisture content of the beams during the test. The results show that the variations of these climatic parameters favour the acceleration of the wood aging process in the structure. The analytical model of the evolution of the deflection of a notched beam, shown in this work, is based on the classical hypotheses of Timoshenko’s beam theory and all the experimental results obtained. It takes into account the cracking processes of notched-beam, the variations of its moisture content and the intensity of the loading applied on the beam.

This dissertation contains the results from an experimental study, numerical, and analytical study conducted on quasi-isotropic carbon fiber laminates containing a center hole (notch) subjected to constant amplitude tension-tension fatigue loading in order to investigate the effect of fatigue damage development on the residual properties. Quasi-static tests were initially performed on notched composites using digital image correlation (DIC) to determine the strain profiles at selected transverse sections of the outer ply of the laminates and the static strength of the laminates. Subsequently, tension-tension fatigue tests were carried out at 70%, 75% and 80% of the nominal static failure load. A finite element model was developed using Abaqus and Digimat in which Digimat was used to implement the damage evolution model via a user-defined material subroutine. Damage initiation has been assessed using Hashin's failure criteria and the Matzenmiller model was adopted for damage evolution. A second finite element model was developed using Abaqus and Autodesk Simulation Composite Analysis (ASCA) in which ASCA was used to implement the user-material subroutine. The subroutine includes a failure initiation criterion based upon multi-continuum theory (MCT) and an energy-based damage evolution law. Numerical and experimental strain results were presented and compared for different section lines on the outer surface of the laminate at different loading stages. Additionally, the experimentally measured notched composite strength was compared with the predictions from the finite element solutions. These results are used as baseline for subsequent comparison with strain profiles obtained using DIC for specimens fatigued at different stress levels and fatigue lifetime fractions. The results showed a significant effect of fatigue damage development on strain redistribution even at early stages of fatigue. The results also showed the capability of DIC technique to identify damage initiation and its location. Furthermore, X-ray computed tomography (CT) was used to examine the sequence of damage development throughout the fatigue lifetime and to connect the observed damage mechanisms with the occurred change of strain profiles. Experimental vibrational modal analysis tests were also conducted to assess the effect of fatigue damage on the residual frequency responses (RFRs). Vibrational measurements were initially performed on pristine notched composites. The results are used as baseline for subsequent comparison with strain profiles obtained with DIC. Finite element models based on the classical plate theory (Kirchhoff) and the shear deformable theory (Mindlin) within the framework of equivalent single-layer and layer-wise concepts as well as the three-dimensional theory of elasticity are developed to predict the natural frequencies of non-fatigued specimen. These models are implemented using the finite element software, Abaqus, to determine the natural frequencies and the corresponding mode shapes. In addition, an analytical model based on Kirchhoff plate theory is developed. Using this approach, an equivalent bending-torsion beam model for cantilever laminated plates is extracted taking into account the reduction in local stiffness and mass induced by the center hole. Numerical and analytical natural frequency values are then compared with those obtained through experimental vibrational tests, and the accuracy of each finite element (FE) and analytical model type is assessed. It is shown that the natural frequencies obtained using the analytical and FE models are within 8% of the experimentally determined values. / Ph. D.

Os materiais cerâmicos são utilizados pelo homem há milhares de anos e podem ser considerados os primeiros materiais utilizados na fabricação de ferramentas. Argamassas são materiais cerâmicos formados pela mistura de cimento, areia e água, são fluidos nas primeiras horas e endurecem com o tempo, ganhando resistência mecânica, já os refratários são materiais constituídos basicamente por duas partes, uma de granulometria fina denominada matriz e a outra de granulometria grosseira, chamada agregado, trabalham em altas temperaturas e muitas vezes sofrem choques térmicos. Devido a sua fragilidade, são susceptíveis a fratura catastrófica, por isso o conhecimento de seu comportamento mecânico é tão importante. Uma importante propriedade dos materiais cerâmicos é a energia de fratura e o método mais conhecido para a sua determinação é o da barra entalhada flexionada em três ou quatro pontos, porém o grande problema deste método é a relação de tamanho de agregado/área de fratura, pois como a barra apresenta, em geral, pequenas dimensões, o material pode apresentar um agregado de dimensões próximas à dimensão da área de fraturada e o resultado final pode ser fortemente afetado. Então, em 1986, Tschegg patenteou o método da cunha (wedge splitting test) que minimiza este efeito, devido à utilização de amostras com grande área de fratura. Desde então, este método vem sendo utilizado com freqüência por diversos pesquisadores no mundo. Porém não há estudos publicados que definam a posição ideal dos roletes do dispositivo de teste, levando ao uso de diferentes posições, sem que se saiba como isso pode influenciar o ensaio. Além de não existir uma definição de, a partir de que tamanho de agregado o método da barra entalhada passa a ser desaconselhável sendo necessário o uso do método da cunha. Neste trabalho analisou-se a influência da posição dos roletes e do tamanho de agregados nas medidas de energia de fratura e na carga máxima atingida no ensaio. / The ceramic materials are used by humans for thousands of years and can be considerate the first materials used in the manufacture of tools. Mortar are ceramic materials made by the mixture of cement, sand and water, it is fluid in the first hours and stiffen over time, gaining mechanical strength, the refractories in turn are made basically of two phases, one of fine granulometry called matrix and another of coarse called aggregate. It works over high temperature and many times suffer thermal shock. Due to its fragility, it is susceptible to catastrophic fracture; therefore the knowledge of its mechanical behavior is so important. One of the mainly properties of ceramic materials is the fracture energy and o most knew method for its determination is of three-point bending test on notched beams, but the biggest problem of this method is the relation between aggregate size and fracture area, because as the beam has small dimensions the aggregate can have a dimension so closed of the fracture area dimension and the final result can be tightly affect. Then in 1986, Tschegg patented the wedge splitting test, which minimizes this effect, because of the use of samples with a big fracture area. Since then, this method has been used for scientists around the world. But there are no studies that define the roll position of the test device, leading to the use of different positions, without know how it can influence the test. Besides not having a definition of from what aggregate size the wedge splitting test is advisable in despite of the bending test on notched beams. In this work was analyzed the influence of the rolls positions in the wedge splitting test and of the aggregate size in the measures of fracture energy and maximum load of test.

The continuous and aggressive dimensional miniaturization ofthe conventional complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)architecture has been the main impetus for the vast growth ofIC industry over the past decades. As the CMOS downscalingapproaches the fundamental limits, unconventional materials andnovel device architectures are required in order to guaranteethe ultimate scaling in device dimensions and maintain theperformance gain expected from the scaling. This thesisinvestigates both unconventional materials for the gate stackand the channel and a novel notched-gate device architecture,with the emphasis on the challenging issues in processintegration. High-κ gate dielectrics will become indispensable forCMOS technology beyond the 65-nm technology node in order toachieve a small equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) whilemaintaining a low gate leakage current. HfO2and Al2O3as well as their mixtures are investigated assubstitutes for the traditionally used SiO2in our MOS transistors. These high-κ filmsare deposited by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD) for anexcellent control of film composition, thickness, uniformityand conformality. Surface treatments prior to ALD are found tohave a crucial influence on the growth of the high-κdielectrics and the performance of the resultant transistors.Alternative gate materials such as TiN and poly-SiGe are alsostudied. The challenging issues encountered in processintegration of the TiN or poly-SiGe with the high-k are furtherelaborated. Transistors with TiN or poly-SiGe/high-k gate stackare successfully fabricated and characterized. Furthermore,proof-of-concept strained-SiGe surface-channel pMOSFETs withALD high-κ dielectrics are demonstrated. The pMOSFETs witha strained SiGe channel exhibit a higher hole mobility than theuniversal hole mobility in Si. A new procedure for extractionof carrier mobility in the presence of a high density ofinterface states found in MOSFETs with high-κ dielectricsis developed. A notched-gate architecture aiming at reducing the parasiticcapacitance of a MOSFET is studied. The notched gate is usuallyreferred to as a local thickness increase of the gatedielectric at the feet of the gate above the source/drainextensions. Two-dimensional simulations are carried out toinvestigate the influence of the notched gate on the static anddynamic characteristics of MOSFETs. MOSFETs with optimizednotch profile exhibit a substantial enhancement in the dynamiccharacteristics with a negligible effect on the staticcharacteristics. Notched-gate MOSFETs are also experimentallyimplemented with the integration of a high-κ gatedielectric and a poly-SiGe/TiN bi-layer gate electrode. Key words:CMOS technology, MOSFET, high-κ, gatedielectric, ALD, surface pre-treatment, metal gate, poly-SiGe,strained SiGe, surface-channel, buried-channel, notchedgate.

<p>The continuous and aggressive dimensional miniaturization ofthe conventional complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)architecture has been the main impetus for the vast growth ofIC industry over the past decades. As the CMOS downscalingapproaches the fundamental limits, unconventional materials andnovel device architectures are required in order to guaranteethe ultimate scaling in device dimensions and maintain theperformance gain expected from the scaling. This thesisinvestigates both unconventional materials for the gate stackand the channel and a novel notched-gate device architecture,with the emphasis on the challenging issues in processintegration.</p><p>High-κ gate dielectrics will become indispensable forCMOS technology beyond the 65-nm technology node in order toachieve a small equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) whilemaintaining a low gate leakage current. HfO₂and Al₂O₃as well as their mixtures are investigated assubstitutes for the traditionally used SiO₂in our MOS transistors. These high-κ filmsare deposited by means of atomic layer deposition (ALD) for anexcellent control of film composition, thickness, uniformityand conformality. Surface treatments prior to ALD are found tohave a crucial influence on the growth of the high-κdielectrics and the performance of the resultant transistors.Alternative gate materials such as TiN and poly-SiGe are alsostudied. The challenging issues encountered in processintegration of the TiN or poly-SiGe with the high-k are furtherelaborated. Transistors with TiN or poly-SiGe/high-k gate stackare successfully fabricated and characterized. Furthermore,proof-of-concept strained-SiGe surface-channel pMOSFETs withALD high-κ dielectrics are demonstrated. The pMOSFETs witha strained SiGe channel exhibit a higher hole mobility than theuniversal hole mobility in Si. A new procedure for extractionof carrier mobility in the presence of a high density ofinterface states found in MOSFETs with high-κ dielectricsis developed.</p><p>A notched-gate architecture aiming at reducing the parasiticcapacitance of a MOSFET is studied. The notched gate is usuallyreferred to as a local thickness increase of the gatedielectric at the feet of the gate above the source/drainextensions. Two-dimensional simulations are carried out toinvestigate the influence of the notched gate on the static anddynamic characteristics of MOSFETs. MOSFETs with optimizednotch profile exhibit a substantial enhancement in the dynamiccharacteristics with a negligible effect on the staticcharacteristics. Notched-gate MOSFETs are also experimentallyimplemented with the integration of a high-κ gatedielectric and a poly-SiGe/TiN bi-layer gate electrode.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>CMOS technology, MOSFET, high-κ, gatedielectric, ALD, surface pre-treatment, metal gate, poly-SiGe,strained SiGe, surface-channel, buried-channel, notchedgate.</p>

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