Due to the extreme operating conditions present in the combustion sections of gas turbines, designers have relied heavily on specialized engineering materials. For blades, which must retain substantial strength and resistance to fatigue, creep, and corrosion at high temperatures, directionally-solidified (DS) nickel-base superalloys have been used extensively. Complex thermomechanical loading histories makes life prediction for such components difficult and subjective. Costly product inspection and refurbishment, as well as capital expense required in turbine forced outage situations, are significant drains on the resources of turbine producers. This places a premium on accurate endurance prediction as the foundation of viable long-term service contracts with customers. In working towards that end, this work characterizes the behavior of the blade material CM247LC DS subjected to a variety of in-phase (IP) and out-of phase (OP) loading cycles in the presence of notch stress concentrations. The material response to multiaxial notch effects, highly anisotropic material behavior, time-dependent deformation, and waveform and temperature cycle characteristics is presented. The active damage mechanisms influencing crack initiation are identified through extensive microscopy as a function of these parameters. This study consisted of an experimental phase as well as a numerical modeling phase. The first involved conducting high temperature thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tests on both smooth and notched round-bar specimens to compile experimental results. Tests were conducted on longitudinal and transverse material grain orientations. Damage is characterized and conclusions drawn in light of fractography and microscopy. The influences of microstructure morphology and environmental effects on crack initiation are discussed. The modeling phase utilized various finite element (FE) simulations. These included an anisotropic-elastic model to capture the purely elastic notch response, and a continuum-based crystal visco-plastic model developed specifically to compute the material response of a DS Ni-base superalloy based on microstructure and orientation dependencies. These FE simulations were performed to predict and validate experimental results, as well as identify the manifestation of damage mechanisms resulting from thermomechanical fatigue. Finally, life predictions using simple and complex analytical modeling methods are discussed for predicting component life at various stages of the design process.

Os materiais cerâmicos são utilizados pelo homem há milhares de anos e podem ser considerados os primeiros materiais utilizados na fabricação de ferramentas. Argamassas são materiais cerâmicos formados pela mistura de cimento, areia e água, são fluidos nas primeiras horas e endurecem com o tempo, ganhando resistência mecânica, já os refratários são materiais constituídos basicamente por duas partes, uma de granulometria fina denominada matriz e a outra de granulometria grosseira, chamada agregado, trabalham em altas temperaturas e muitas vezes sofrem choques térmicos. Devido a sua fragilidade, são susceptíveis a fratura catastrófica, por isso o conhecimento de seu comportamento mecânico é tão importante. Uma importante propriedade dos materiais cerâmicos é a energia de fratura e o método mais conhecido para a sua determinação é o da barra entalhada flexionada em três ou quatro pontos, porém o grande problema deste método é a relação de tamanho de agregado/área de fratura, pois como a barra apresenta, em geral, pequenas dimensões, o material pode apresentar um agregado de dimensões próximas à dimensão da área de fraturada e o resultado final pode ser fortemente afetado. Então, em 1986, Tschegg patenteou o método da cunha (wedge splitting test) que minimiza este efeito, devido à utilização de amostras com grande área de fratura. Desde então, este método vem sendo utilizado com freqüência por diversos pesquisadores no mundo. Porém não há estudos publicados que definam a posição ideal dos roletes do dispositivo de teste, levando ao uso de diferentes posições, sem que se saiba como isso pode influenciar o ensaio. Além de não existir uma definição de, a partir de que tamanho de agregado o método da barra entalhada passa a ser desaconselhável sendo necessário o uso do método da cunha. Neste trabalho analisou-se a influência da posição dos roletes e do tamanho de agregados nas medidas de energia de fratura e na carga máxima atingida no ensaio. / The ceramic materials are used by humans for thousands of years and can be considerate the first materials used in the manufacture of tools. Mortar are ceramic materials made by the mixture of cement, sand and water, it is fluid in the first hours and stiffen over time, gaining mechanical strength, the refractories in turn are made basically of two phases, one of fine granulometry called matrix and another of coarse called aggregate. It works over high temperature and many times suffer thermal shock. Due to its fragility, it is susceptible to catastrophic fracture; therefore the knowledge of its mechanical behavior is so important. One of the mainly properties of ceramic materials is the fracture energy and o most knew method for its determination is of three-point bending test on notched beams, but the biggest problem of this method is the relation between aggregate size and fracture area, because as the beam has small dimensions the aggregate can have a dimension so closed of the fracture area dimension and the final result can be tightly affect. Then in 1986, Tschegg patented the wedge splitting test, which minimizes this effect, because of the use of samples with a big fracture area. Since then, this method has been used for scientists around the world. But there are no studies that define the roll position of the test device, leading to the use of different positions, without know how it can influence the test. Besides not having a definition of from what aggregate size the wedge splitting test is advisable in despite of the bending test on notched beams. In this work was analyzed the influence of the rolls positions in the wedge splitting test and of the aggregate size in the measures of fracture energy and maximum load of test.

In this article the correlation between the average molar mass and the melt flow rate (MFR) is achieved. Based on the example of Polyoxymethylene (POM) it is shown that a high average molar mass is associated with a low MFR (high viscosity). On the basis of this dependency, the mechanical properties of static and dynamic tensile strength, elastic modulus, hardness and notched impact strength are investigated. It was found that the characteristic values of static tensile strength, elastic modulus and hard-ness increase with increasing MFR (decreasing viscosity). On the other hand the dynamic long-term properties and notched impact strengths decrease with increasing MFR. / Im Beitrag wird der Zusammenhang zwischen der mittleren molaren Masse und des Schmelzfließindex (MFR) hergestellt. Dabei wird am Beispiel von Polyoxymethylen (POM) ersichtlich, dass eine hohe mittlere molare Masse mit einem geringen MFR (hochviskos) einhergeht. Basierend auf dieser Abhängigkeit werden die mechanischen Eigenschaften statische und dynamische Zugfestigkeit, E-Modul, Härte sowie Kerbschlagzähigkeit untersucht. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Kenngrößen statische Zugfestigkeit, E-Modul und Härte mit steigendem MFR (abnehmende Viskosität) zunehmen. Die dynamischen Langzeiteigenschaften und Kerbschlagzähigkeiten sinken hingegen mit zunehmendem MFR.

This thesis is intended to identify the mode I and mode II fracture toughness to characterize the thin laminate interface by using the Double Cantilever Beam test (DCB) and End Notched Flexure test (ENF). This study’s thin laminate was Polyethylene Terephthalate and Low-Density Polyethylene (PET-LDPE), which is mostly used by packaging industries in the manufacturing of packages to store liquid food. As PET-LDPE film is very flexible and difficult to handle, DCB and ENF tests cannot be performed directly so, sheet metal (Aluminium) was used as carrier material. PET-LDPE film is placed between two aluminum plates to reduce the flexibility and perform the tests. Therefore, the Aluminium plate was also studied to find the constitutive parameters (young’s modulus (E) and mixed hardening parameters (Plastic properties)) under the tensile test and three-point bending test. From the test response, energy release rate calculation has been done for different Pre-crack lengths to validate the DCB and ENF experimental setup, study the different Pre-crack lengths, and characterize the laminate interface. Finite Element simulation (FE simulation) for those tests were carried out in AbaqusTM2020. When needed, the force versus displacement response from FE simulation was optimized against experimental response to find the required constitutive parameters (Young’s modulus, Hardening parameters, and PET-LDPE material properties). Implementing of optimization algorithm and automated simulation has been done with the help of MATLAB code. In contrast, MATLAB works as a server, and Abaqus works as a client and connected two interfaces to run the optimization. The results obtained from experiments and FE simulations were compared to the results found in the literature.

The issue of ductile damage prediction can be generally divided in two types of tasks. The first one is to preventing the initiation of ductile damage with is most common group of calculation today. The second task can be described as aimed damaging, such as machining, cutting, etc. The significant development of this issue occurred in recent decades by help of development and access to powerful computational techniques and new experimental possibilities. However, the behaviour of ductile damage at multiaxial proportional and non-proportional loading is insufficiently described. This thesis helped to clarify some of the unknown this topic. It contributed to the understanding of selected materials behaviour at room temperature and quasistatic loading. Austenitic stainless steel AISI 316L was selected for detail study of ductile damage. A large number of experiments were performed on this material, such as uniaxial tensile tests of smooth and notched specimens, upsetting tests of smooth cylinder and special cylinder with dimple, butterfly specimens, notched tube specimens and penetration tests. Experimental results is used for calibration of five so-called simple criteria, taking into account fracture strain and stress triaxiality (Equivalent fracture strain, Johnson-Cook, simplify Bao-Wierzbicki, RT, RTCL) and universal criteria (Bai-Wierzbicki, Xue-Wierzbicki, EMC, LOU, KHPS). SPT potentially enable the determination of actual mechanical behaviour using only a fraction of specimen volume compared to standard specimen. It is promising tool to improve accuracy when assessing working life of components in operation. The inverse numerical simulation loop of SPT was designed using program OptiSLang on the basis of detailed sensitivity analysis. It was achieved 2% deviation of yield strength and 6% deviation of ultimate strength obtained from tensile tests. A several modification of SPT specimen was suggested for universal criteria calibration of small material volume. The 3D numerical model was built for numerical simulation with ductile damage simulation. The criteria KHPS and EMC gave the most accurate results.

The subject of the diploma thesis is a design of a highway bridge across the Svratka river in Brno. Among three options, the arch bridge with a trapezoidal bridge deck from prestressed concrete was chosen. The load effect is calculated with the assistance of Scia Engineer software. The design and the assessment of the structure are made for the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. Static assessment is done by hand calculation according to CSN EN 1992-2. The thesis includes drawings and visualizations of the bridge structure.

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No / To mitigate potential interferences with coexisting wireless systems operating over 3.3-3.6 GHz, 5.15-5.35 GHz, or 5.725-5.825 GHz bands, four novel band-notched antennas suitable for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications are proposed. These include UWB antennas with a single wide notched band, a single narrow notched band, dual notched bands, and triple notched bands. Each antenna comprises a half-circle shaped patch with an open rectangular slot and a half-circle shaped ground plane. Good band-notched performance is achieved by using high permittivity and low dielectric loss substrate, and inserting quarter-wavelength horizontal/vertical stubs or alternatively embedding quarter-wavelength open-ended slots within the feed line. The results of both simulation and measurement confirm that the gain suppression of the single and multiple band-notched antennas in each desired notched band are over 15 dB and 10 dB, respectively. The radiation pattern of the proposed triple band-notched design is relatively stable across the operating frequency band.