Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-02-24T18:02:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MURILO MIRANDA.pdf: 4361708 bytes, checksum: e91739f535112a0d36b2f372606f0fda (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-24T18:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MURILO MIRANDA.pdf: 4361708 bytes, checksum: e91739f535112a0d36b2f372606f0fda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-07 / This paper analyzes the actual system of civil liability for nuclear damage in Brazil, considering the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, the Vienna Convention on civil liability for nuclear damage and the Law 6.453/1977 as well as other sources of legislation applicable to the subject. It starts with the assumption that the system of civil liability for nuclear damage in force in Brazil needs to be revised because it is a system of more than fifty years and has not absorbed the changes consubstantial legal science in this period, especially with regard to human rights and raising the principle of human dignity as the foundation of the Federative Republic of Brazil. In this sense the system in various situations in question admits the damage without a corresponding compensation, or that operates partially. Consider It will also advance the exploration of possibly irreversible nuclear energy extension of the Brazilian energy in the coming decades, while Brazil confirms an international trend of increased use of nuclear energy with peaceful purposes of obtaining electricity, considered the driving force of the current system of consumption and an indispensable means of social and economic development of any nation in the world. That in order to demonstrate the system of civil liability for nuclear damage is compatible with the current growth of the use of nuclear energy, since this is undisputed source of benefits, but also represents a risk to society with regard to the occurrence of nuclear accidents. The methodology used to demonstrate this hypothesis was the analysis of international conventions to which Brazil is a signatory in the field of nuclear energy, the Brazilian legislation, as well as various documents and data relevant to the topic, as well as references. / Este trabalho analisa o sistema de responsabilização civil por danos nucleares vigente no Brasil, considerando a convenção sobre pronta notificação de acidente nuclear, a convenção de Viena sobre responsabilidade civil sobre por danos nucleares e a Lei Federal n. 6.453/1977, bem como outras fontes legislativas aplicáveis ao tema. Parte-se da hipótese que o sistema de responsabilidade civil por danos nucleares vigente no Brasil precisa ser revisto por se tratar de um sistema de mais de cinquenta anos e que não absorveu mudanças consubstanciais da ciência jurídica nesse período, sobretudo, no que se refere aos direito humanos e à elevação do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana como fundamento da República Federativa do Brasil. Nesse sentido o sistema em questão em várias situações admite o dano sem a correspondente indenização, ou que esta se opere de forma parcial. Considerar-se-á também o avanço possivelmente irreversível da exploração da energia nuclear para fins de extensão da matriz energética brasileira, nas próximas décadas, sendo que o Brasil confirma uma tendência internacional do aumento do uso de energia nuclear com a finalidade pacífica de obtenção de energia elétrica, considerada a força motriz do atual sistema de consumo e meio imprescindível para o desenvolvimento social e econômico de qualquer nação do mundo. Isso com a finalidade de se evidenciar se o sistema de responsabilização civil por danos nucleares vigente é compatível com o crescimento da exploração da energia nuclear, vez que esta é inconteste fonte de benefícios, mas representa também um risco à sociedade no que se refere à ocorrência de acidentes nucleares. A metodologia utilizada para demonstrar esta hipótese foi a análise das convenções internacionais das quais o Brasil é signatário no campo da energia nuclear, a legislação brasileira em vigor, bem como vários documentos e dados pertinentes ao tema, bem como referências bibliográficas.

The consequences to wildlife of living in contaminated areas with chronic low-dose rates of radiation are still relatively unknown. Laboratory studies using acute radiation have demonstrated that invertebrates are relatively radioresistant compared to other taxa. However, there is little scientific evidence to show how chronic low dose rates affect invertebrates. This is problematic for understanding the consequences to wildlife living in highly contaminated areas and also testing assumptions made for invertebrates by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). This thesis was designed to address a number of recommendations have been suggested to improve radioecological studies and help reduce the uncertainty as to effects at low dose rates. These include environmentally relevant laboratory studies (Chapters 2 and 4), improved dosimetry and dose assessments (Chapter 3), investgating confounding factors (Chapter 4) and continuity between laboratory experiments and field work conducted in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ) (Chapter4). Chapter 2 presents an environmentally-relevant experiment testing how bumblebee reproduction and life history is affected by chronic low-dose rates. Unexpectedly, at dose rates equivalent to the CEZ, queen production declined and reproductive timing was altered. The estimation of dose rates to establish a dose-effect relationship for wild animals is difficult and a common criticism of radioecological studies, therefore, Chapter 3 tests whether the common approach to measuring only external ambient dose rates is suitable and whether the inclusion of life-history traits significantly alters the dose rate. The findings from this chapter reiterate the necessity to use dose-assessment tools to test different parameters to estimate dose rate in different scenarios to account for unknown variation. Chapter 4 demonstrates that in areas of elevated dose rates in the CEZ parasite burden was higher and bumblebees did not live as long. These results were reinforced by a laboratory study, which determined bumblebees exposed to increased radiation doses had high parasite burdens and were infected quicker, resulting in reduced longevity. The data in this thesis detected effects below the current dose bands used in international radioprotection and therefore advocate these dose bands be re-evaluated. However, the data do not support studies which have measured adverse effects at dose rates similar to background and suggest that confounding factors such as habitat quality and co-stressors need to be included in field and laboratory studies.

The aim of this study is to compare the cause of the, to date, three onlycommercial nuclear power plant accidents. These are very complex incidents,which have dire impact on society and the environment and therefore benefitfrom further investigation, if there lays a possibility of identifying factors thatcould prevent further accidents in the future. In order to investigate this theactions and decisions that lead up to each nuclear meltdown was identified andcompared.The investigation was based on a qualitative study on three cases of nuclearmeltdown accidents. They are based on text analysis of official reports anddocumentaries on the subject. The theoretical background for this study wasKajtazi’s (2011) work on Information Inadequacy. The study was limited to theevents leading up to the accidents and do not include activities afterwards.The study shows that each case had different underlying reasons. It alsoshows that we seem to have learned something from our previous mistakes, andacted on them accordingly. From the Fukushima Daiichi accident we canrecommend that organizations in charge should take early warnings seriouslyand act upon them as soon as they are presented.

Cette thèse étudie l’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques sous différents angles. Le premier chapitre intéresse aux risques de très faibles probabilités. Nous montrons comment des instruments financiers hybrides, tels que les obligations catastrophes, peuvent être utilisés pour étendre le domaine d’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques. Notre application au cas du nucléaire en France révèle que, malgré des prix plus élevés pour la réassurance des événements de faibles probabilités, il est possible, et vraisemblablement souhaitable d’organiser un système d’assurance plus important que ce que prévoit la loi française. Le second chapitre s’attaque à la question du prix de la réassurance des risques de faibles probabilités. Nous montrons que les risques catastrophiques, ayant une composante systémique, donnent lieu à une prime de risque dont le montant décroit avec la probabilité de la catastrophe moins rapidement que la disposition à payer d’un assuré typique. Cela explique pourquoi les risques systémiques de faibles probabilités sont difficiles à assurer. Le troisième chapitre étudie le rôle des contrats mutuels et participatifs pour améliorer l’assurabilité des risques catastrophiques. De tels contrats permettent aux assurés d’ajuster au mieux leur demande d’assurance, en prenant en compte la dimension systémique des risques auxquels ils sont exposés. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre étudie l’utilisation d’obligations catastrophes pour assurer le risque de variations du prix des matières premières agricoles consécutives à des aléas climatiques extrêmes. En émettant une obligation catastrophe, l’entreprise qui s’approvisionne en matières premières emprunte un capital qu’elle peut conserver en cas de catastrophe, lorsque ses coûts d’approvisionnement sont élevés. Cette solution présente deux avantages par rapport à une couverture par achats de contrats à terme. D’une part,elle permet de réduire la facture d’assurance par effet de diversification. D’autre part, elle permet d’ajuster la couverture aux contraintes logistiques et stratégiques particulières de l’entreprise. / This thesis addresses several aspects of the insurability of catastrophic risks. In a first chapter, we focus on very low probability events and we show how hybrid financial instruments can be used to extend the domain of insurablerisks. Our application to the case of nuclear accidents using cat-bonds data in France shows that despite the higherprice of reinsurance for low probability events, it is advisable to insure more than is currently provided for by the Frenchlaw. The second chapter takes on the issue of why reinsurance is more costly for low probability events. We show thatbecause catastrophic risks have a systemic component, they give rise to a risk premium in equilibrium which decreasesat a lower pace than the willingness to pay for insurance. We use this finding to explain why systemic low probability catastrophes are hard to insure. The third chapter investigates the role of mutual and participating contracts to improveinsurability. Such contracts are necessary for people to adjust their demand for insurance when individual losses are correlated. Finally, the fourth chapter investigates the use of cat-bonds to hedge the risk of extreme agricultural suppliesprice variations. By issuing a cat-bond, the firm that purchases supplies borrows a capital that can be retained in caseof catastrophe. Such a solution would combine the advantage of risk-pooling, to lower the price of insurance, with lowerbasis risk compared to more traditional hedging strategies such as future purchases.

This thesis explores the psychological trauma of the survivors of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, which occurred on April 26, 1986. I argue for the emergence from the disaster of three Chernobyl traumas, each of which will be analysed individually – one per chapter. In reading these three traumas of Chernobyl, the thesis draws upon and situates itself at the interface between two primary theoretical perspectives: Freudian psychoanalysis and the deconstructive approach of Jacques Derrida. The first Chernobyl trauma is engendered by the panicked local response to the consequences of the explosion at Chernobyl Reactor Four by the power plant’s staff, the fire fighters whose job it was to extinguish the initial blaze caused by the blast, the inhabitants of nearby towns and villages, and the soldiers involved in the region’s evacuation and radiation decontamination. Most of these people died from radiation poisoning in the days, weeks, months or years after the disaster’s occurrence. The first chapter explores the usefulness and limits of Freudian psychoanalytic readings of local survivors’ testimonies of the disaster, examining in relation to the Chernobyl event Freud’s practice of locating the authentic primal scene or originary traumatic witnessing experience in his subjects’ pasts, as exemplified by his Wolf Man analysis, detailed in his psychoanalytic study ‘On the History of an Infantile Neurosis’ (1918). The testimonies read through this Freudian psychoanalytic lens are constituted by Igor Kostin’s personal account of the disaster’s aftermath, detailed in his book Chernobyl: Confessions of a Reporter (2006), and by Svetlana Alexievich’s interviews with Chernobyl disaster survivors in her book Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster (2006). The second chapter argues that Freudian psychoanalysis only provides a provisional, ultimately fictional origin of Chernobyl trauma. Situating itself in relation to trauma studies, this thesis, progressing from its first to its second chapter, charts the geographical and temporal shift between these first and second traumas, from trauma-as-sudden-event to trauma-as-gradual-process. In the weeks following the initial Chernobyl explosion, which released into the atmosphere a radioactive cloud that blew in a north-westerly direction across Northern Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Sweden, symptoms of radiation poisoning slowly emerged in the populations of the abovementioned countries. To analyse the psychological impact of confronting this gradual, international unfolding of trauma – the second trauma of Chernobyl – the second chapter of this thesis explores the critique of the global attempt to archivise, elegise and ultimately understand the Chernobyl disaster in Mario Petrucci’s elegies, compiled in his poetry collection Heavy Water: A Poem for Chernobyl (2006), the horror film Chernobyl Diaries (2012, dir. Bradley Parker), and Adam Roberts’ Science Fiction novel, Yellow Blue Tibia (2009). Analysing the deconstructive approach of Jacques Derrida in these texts – his notions of archive fever, impossible mourning and ethical mourning – this chapter argues that the attempt to interiorise, memorialise and mourn the survivors of the Chernobyl disaster is narcissistic, hubristic and violent in the extreme. It then proposes that Derrida’s notion of ethical mourning, outlined most clearly in his lecture ‘Mnemosyne’ (1984), enables us to situate our emotional sympathy for survivors – who, following Derrida’s lecture, are maintained as permanently exterior and inaccessible to us – in our very inability or failure to comprehend or locate the origin of their Chernobyl traumas. The third and final chapter analyses the third trauma of Chernobyl: the psychological and physiological effects of the disaster on second-generation inhabitants living near the Exclusion Zone erected around the evacuated, cordoned-off and still-radioactive Chernobyl region. These second-generation experiences of living near a sealed-away source of intense radiation are reconstructed in literature and videogaming: in Darragh McKeon’s novel All That Is Solid Melts Into Air (2014), Hamid Ismailov’s novel The Dead Lake (2014) and the videogame S.T.A.L.K.E.R: Shadow of Chernobyl (2007), developed by the company GSC Game World. The analysis of these texts is informed by Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok’s psychoanalytic theory of the intergenerational phantom: the muteness of a generation’s history which returns to haunt the succeeding generations. This chapter will explore the psychological effects upon second-generation Chernobyl survivors, which result from these survivors’ incorporation or unconscious interiorisation of their parents’ psychologically repressed traumatic Chernobyl experiences, by analysing reconstructions of this process in the abovementioned texts. These parental experiences, echoing the Exclusion Zone as a denied physical space, have been interred in inaccessible psychic crypts. By way of conclusion, the thesis then offers an alternative theory of reading survivors’ Chernobyl trauma. Survivors’ restaging of their Chernobyl witnessing experiences as jokes enables them to cathartically, temporarily abreact their trauma through the laughter that these jokes engender.

Une forte contamination radioactive du milieu marin, notamment par le 137Cs, s'est produite dans le Pacifique nord-ouest suite à l'accident nucléaire de Fukushima Dai-ichi survenu le 11 mars 2011. Deux sources majeures ont été à l'origine de cette contamination, les retombées atmosphériques (sèches et humides) et les rejets liquides directement en mer. Cette radioactivité a été transférée aux organismes marins conduisant à la contamination de plusieurs espèces pélagiques et benthiques. Dans le cadre de l'étude des conséquences de cet accident sur le milieu marin, une première modélisation de la dispersion du 137Cs dans les eaux de la côte Pacifique du Japon a été réalisée par le groupe SIROCCO, permettant ainsi d'estimer l'évolution spatio-temporelle de la concentration de ce radionucléide dans l'eau et de déterminer son terme source, c'est-à-dire sa quantité globale rejetée en mer sous forme liquide. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans la même démarche et vise, par une approche de modélisation, à étudier le transfert du 137Cs aux chaines trophiques pélagiques de la côte Est du Japon, composées par les populations planctoniques, les poissons planctonivores, et les poissons carnivores. Le couplage d'un modèle radioécologique, spécifiquement développé pour cette étude, à un modèle de l'écosystème composé d'un modèle NPZD (Nutrients-Phytoplankto-Zooplankton-Detritus) et d'un modèle de circulation régionale, s'est imposé comme la méthode la plus adaptée à l'étude de la contamination des populations planctoniques dans des conditions post-accidentelles. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré des niveaux de contamination assez élevés de ces populations notamment aux alentours de la centrale où les concentrations estimées sont environ 4 ordres de grandeur supérieures à celles observées avant l'accident. En dépit de ces concentrations élevées, le débit maximal de la dose absorbée reste largement au-dessous du débit de référence à partir duquel les effets sur les populations sont ressentis. Cette étude a aussi mis en évidence la prédominance de la voie trophique dans les processus d'accumulation du césium par ces espèces, ainsi que la présence d'une légère bioamplification chez les classes de taille de zooplancton. Le modèle radioécologique développé pour étudier la contamination des espèces nectoniques est structuré en taille. Chaque espèce est composé d'un ensemble de cohortes dont le nombre est fonction de la durée de vie de l'espèce et de sa fréquence de reproduction. Contrairement aux modèles classiques, le taux d'ingestion de la nourriture par l'organisme ainsi que son régime alimentaire ne sont pas constants dans le temps mais généralement variables en fonction de la taille de l'organisme. Dans cette approche le processus de prédation est considéré comme étant totalement opportuniste. Les résultats sont généralement satisfaisants et le modèle a été validé dans les conditions d'équilibre pré-accidentelles ainsi que dans les conditions post-accidentelles. L'importance de la prise en compte des mouvements migratoires de certaines espèces dans ce type de modèle a été mis en évidence notamment dans les conditions accidentelles caractérisées par une forte variabilité spatiale de la concentration du radionucléide dans la colonne d'eau. Les niveaux de contamination estimés pour les différentes espèces sont largement supérieurs à ceux observés avant l'accident, avec une tendance à l'augmentation lorsque la taille de l'individu augmente. / Huge amounts of radionuclides, espicially 137Cs, were released to the coastal northwestern Pacific ocean after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, that occurred on 11 March 2011. The resultant radiocesium contamination was quickly transferred to marine biota resulting in elevated cesium levels in various organisms. Using a modelling approach, this work aims to study the 137Cs transfer to the marine pelagic food chains, from plankton populations to the large piscivorous fishes. Coupling the radioecological model, developed in this study, with an ecosystem model comprising an NPZD biogeochemical model and a regional ocean circulation model, is appeared to be the most adapted tool for modelling of plankton populations contamination in this accidental situation. The results of this study showed high contamination levels in the plankton populations, especially in the vincity of the power plant, where the maximal concentrations are estimated to be about 4 orders of magnitude higher than those observed before the accident. In spite of these high contamination levels, the maximum 137Cs absorbed dose rates for phyto- and zooplankton populations were estimated to be well below the 10 Gy/h benchmark value, from which a measurable effect on the marine biota can be observed. This study has also highlighted the predominance of the cesium uptake from food and the presence of biomagnification potential at this trophic level. The radioecological model developed to study the nektonic species contamination is based on the individual size. In this approach, each species is represented by a set of cohorts. The number of these cohorts is a function of the species life span and reproduction frequency. Unlike traditional approaches, the organism ingestion rate and diet composition considered in this modelling approach are not constant, but vary over the time according to the size of the organism. The model results are in general satisfactory, and the validation is carried out in both equilibrium and accidental situations. This study highlighted the importance of the organism migratory movements in the radioecological modelling espicially in the accident situations caracterized by a very high spatial variability of radionuclides concentrations in the seawater. The detailed caracteristics of 137Cs concentration dynamics in the different species are discussed. The contamination levels estimated for the different species are significantly higher than those observed before the accident, with a clear tendency to increase with individual size.

En cas d' accident grave de réacteur nucléaire, la perte de réfrigérant peut conduire à la formation d'un mélange liquide à haute température (T>2500K) constitué majoritairement du combustible nucléaire et des matériaux de structure (corium). En cas de rupture de la cuve, le corium est susceptible d'interagir avec le béton de l'enceinte de confinement. Au contact du béton, la présence d'acier liquide modifie les processus d'ablation du béton et entraine une production de H2 et CO. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de déterminer la cinétique d'oxydation de l'acier liquide dans ces conditions, et d'identifier les mécanismes prépondérants. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, trois volets ont été développés: une approche à l'équilibre thermodynamique, des expériences analytiques à effets séparés et des expériences intégrales avec du corium prototypique. L'analyse des expériences intégrales montre que les gaz relâchés par le béton ne sont pas les seules sources d'oxydation, mais qu'une source d'oxydation extérieure au béton participe aux mécanismes d'oxydation. Les expériences analytiques ainsi que les calculs à l'équilibre thermodynamique ont montré que le corium, par sa capacité à devenir sur-stoechiométrique, est une source d'oxydation supplémentaire. Au contraire, les oxydes du béton ne participent pas au mécanisme d'oxydation. Le mécanisme d'oxydation de l'acier liquide est basé sur une oxydation relativement forte du chrome et du fer. Le nickel n'est pas oxydé, et serait consommé préférentiellement par Évaporation d'après les calculs thermodynamiques. L'étude cinétique de l'oxydation a permis d'une part d'établir deux lois cinétiques d'oxydation par O2 et CO2 et d'autre part de proposer une modélisation de la cinétique d'oxydation de l'acier lors des essais intégraux. / In case of severe nuclear accident, the loss of coolant leads to the formation of a high temperature liquid mixture (T>2500K) of nuclear fuel and structural materials inside the vessel. After the vessel failure, the corium could interact with the concrete of the reactor pit. The metallic phase inside the corium during corium-concrete interaction, changes the ablation processes and release H2 and CO. The aim of the PhD thesis was to study the kinetics and mechanisms of the liquid steel oxidation during corium-concrete interaction. In this way, the study was divided in three parts: with calculations at the thermodynamic equilibrium, with analytical experiments and with prototypical experiments. The results of oxidation analyses during prototypical experiments show that gases inside the concrete are not the only one source of oxidation and that another source outside the concrete have to participate to the oxidation mechanism. The analytical experiments and the thermodynamic approach show that the corium can oxidize the metallic phase whereas the concrete oxides cannot. The oxidation mechanism of liquid steel is based on high chromium and iron oxidation leading to their depletion. Oxidation of nickel does not occur, it would be mainly evaporated according to the thermodynamic calculations. Thanks to the kinetic study, the rates of the liquid steel oxidation by O2 et CO2 have been found and a phenomenological model have been proposed to estimate the steel oxidation during the prototypical experiments.

(137)Cs concentrations in ten species of foliose lichens collected within Tsukuba-city in August 2013 ranged from 1.7 to 35 kBq/kg. The relationships between (137)Cs in two dominant species, Dirinaria applanata and Physcia orientalis, and the air dose rate (muSv/h) at the sampling sites were investigated. (137)Cs in P. orientalis measured about 1 year after the Fukushima nuclear accident was correlated (r(2) = 0.80) more closely with the air dose rate than those measured after about 2 years (r(2) = 0.65), possibly demonstrating its continued value as a biomonitor to reflect ambient fall-out levels. In contrast, those of Dirinaria applanata were not correlated with the air dose rate in either year.

The dissertation The Media Image of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident on the Pages of Selected Czechoslovak/Czech and American Press based on contemporary press shows the way the Chernobyl nuclear accident was depicted in the press and the way its media image developed. The paper introduces historical context such as the Soviet-American relationships and ecological activities in the CSSR. Last but not least it describes causes, course and consequences of the Chernobyl accident. In the analysis only Czechoslovak/Czech and American press from the period from 1986 until 2011 was used. This procedure enabeled putting down and analysing the accident's media image in particular dailies and its transformation through the time. It also enabeled the confrontation between the Czechoslovak/Czech and the American press depiction. The contribution of this disertation is in the fact that it complements previous studies about the Chernobyl accident which primarily dealt with its ecological, health, social and economical consequences. A more extensive study about its media depiction was missing until now.

L’énergie nucléaire a toujours suscité la polémique. Alors que certains considèrent qu’une énergie nucléaire « sûre » pourrait contribuer à assurer à la fois une meilleure sécurité des approvisionnements énergétiques et une réduction des émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre, d’autres lui reprochent plusieurs types de risques et particulièrement les accidents nucléaires, la gestion des déchets nucléaires, la non-prolifération et les attaques terroristes ou même militaires contre les installations nucléaires civiles. En réalité, le retour d’expérience des accidents nucléaires les plus catastrophique de l’histoire, Three Mile Island (États-Unis) en 1979, Tchernobyl (ancienne URSS) en 1986 et Fukushima Daiichi (Japon) en 2011, a montré que des accidents nucléaires graves peuvent avoir des effets divers d’une portée potentiellement considérable, (très souvent transfrontières), à la fois pour les personnes, les biens et pour l’environnement. L’accident de Fukushima a confirmé une fois de plus la nécessité d’améliorer les règles existantes du droit international de l’énergie nucléaire, de manière à mettre en place un régime mondial de responsabilité civile du fait nucléaire, répondant aux préoccupations de tous les États qui pourraient être touchés par ce type d’accident. Le défit aujourd’hui est, donc, degarantir une réparation efficace, équitable et harmonisée des différents types de dommages issus d’un accident survenant dans une installation nucléaire. / Nuclear energy always caused the polemic. Whereas some consider that a “sure” nuclear energy could contribute to ensure at the same time a better safety of the energy supplies and a reduction of the greenhouses gas emissions, others reproach its several types of risks, particularly, the nuclear accidents, the nuclear waste control, the non-proliferation and the terrorist attacks or even armed against civil nuclear installations. Actually, return of the experience of the most catastrophic nuclear accidents in history (Three Mile Island (the United States) in 1979, Tchernobyl (former USSR) in 1986 and FukushimaDaiichi (Japan) in 2011), showed that serious nuclear accidents can have a variety of potentially far-reaching effects (very often transboundary) for people, property and the environment. The Fukushima accident confirmed once again the need to improve the existing rules of international nuclear energy law to put in place a global nuclear liability regime that addresses all of the states that may be affected by a nuclear accident. Today’s challenge is, therefore, to guarantee an efficient, fair and harmonized repair of the different types of damage resulting from an accident occurring in a nuclear installation.