Zugl.: Koeln, Paedag. Hochsch. Rheinland, Diss., 1978.

Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Univ., Diss., 2009.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2004

Marcus Antonius Muretus, the sixteenth century French and Italian Humanist orator and professor, employed, in his orations and, to a lesser degree, in his epistles, a system of metrical prose rhythm (numerus) consistent with Ciceronian practice. Muretus did not, however, seek to employ accentual prose rhythms (cursus) characteristic of medieval prose; nevertheless, such rhythms arose naturally in his work as a byproduct of metrical prose rhythm. These findings, confirmed by statistical analysis, are congruent with the assumption that Humanist authors preferred Ciceronian stylistics to those associated with the “middle ages,” in accord with the tripartite Humanist narrative of history, in which the Humanists usher in a Renaissance of learning and elegance lost by preceding centuries.

At every moment, persons are in contact withg oods that serve to satisfy the different needsencountered in daily life. Since the relations between persons and goods are an importantmatter, it is basic to understand the area of Civil Law that regulates them: the Rights inRem. However, we find that, from the relations that a person may establish with goods, notall of them are considered to be part of sucharea, but only a limited number.In this article, the author proposes to abandon the idea that the only Rights in Rem are the ones expressly set as them by the law, reminding that the persons themselves are the ones that can make the best decision about which relation is more  convenient for them to establish with a good, since the interest that wants to be satisfied depends on each person. / A cada momento, las personas están en contacto con bienes que sirven para satisfacerlas tantas necesidades que surgen en la vidadiaria. Siendo una materia importante la relación entre las personas y los bienes, es fundamental entender la rama del DerechoCivil que la regula: los Derechos Reales. Sin embargo, encontramos que, de las relaciones que una persona pueda establecer  con  unbien, no todas están consideradas dentro dee sta rama, sino solo un número cerrado.En el presente artículo, el autor propone abandonar la idea de que los Derechos Reales sólo son aquellos expresamente establecidos como tales por la ley, haciendo recordar que son las propias personas quienes mejor podrán decidir qué relación les conviene establecer con un bien, en vista de que el interés a satisfacer depende de cada uno.

Kiswahili hat ein doppeltes System der nominalen Klassifikation. Das erste System ist das aus dem Bantu (Niger-Congo) bekannte System der konkordierenden nominalen und \"pronominalen\" Präfixe; das zweite, jüngere System gründet sich auf das Bedeutungsmerkmal [belebt]. Die grammatische Kategorie NUMERUS (SINGULAR::PLURAL) gilt nur im zweiten System; innerhalb des ersten Systems ist die Bildung der Nominalpaare, z .B. mtulwatu, ein derivationeller Prozeß und bezieht Konkordanz sich ausschlieBlich auf die Kategorie KLASSE.

La sélection universitaire dans l’accès aux professions médicales, par son dispositif de numerus clausus et ses Épreuves nationales classantes (ECN) sont aujourd’hui au cœur de bien des débats, de bien des phantasmes. Système unique dans l’enseignement supérieur français, cette sélection se justifie essentiellement pour des raisons économiques, l’Etat ne pouvant se permettre de former un trop grand nombre de praticien chaque année. Problème, l’impact grandissant des déserts médicaux contraint un Etat qui reste soumis et confronté à son obligation constitutionnelle d’offre et de qualité de soin. Face à cette impasse, et pour répondre à la demande des étudiants déçus par leur PACES, de nombreuses initiatives privées étrangères ont vu le jour et proposent une formation médicale alternative. Protégés par les grands principes du droit de l’Union européenne, ces établissements, qu’ils soient roumains ou portugais, sont vivement critiqués par les principaux syndicats de professionnel de santé, inquiets par les proportions que prend le phénomène. Si ces derniers sont actuellement soutenus par les pouvoirs publics, peut-on, pour répondre à la demande de soin grandissante dans l’hexagone, se permettre d’écarter ce type de contournement ? / University selection in access to the medical professions, through its numerus clausus system and its Classifying national tests (ECN), are at the heart of many debates and fantasies. Unique system in French higher education, this selection is justified mainly for economic reasons since the state can not afford to train too many practitioners each year. Problem, the growing impact of medical deserts compels a state that remains subject and confronted with its constitutional obligation to offer and quality care. Faced with this impasse, and to meet the demands of students who have been disappointed by their PACES program, many foreign private initiatives have emerged and offer alternative medical training. Protected by the main principles of European Union law, these establishments, whether Romanian or Portuguese, are strongly criticized by the main trade unions of health professionals, worried by the proportions that the phenomenon takes. If the latter are currently supported by the public authorities, can we, in order to meet the growing demand for care in France, avoid such circumvention?

En France, depuis le début des années 2000, le discours relatif à la pénurie médicale s’est développé et l’accessibilité géographique aux soins de premier recours est devenue une question de politique publique et d’aménagement du territoire. Résultant de la contraction progressive du numerus clausus et de l’attractivité des formes d’exercice salarié, la réduction de l’offre de soins primaires observée pose la question du renouvellement des praticiens libéraux. En outre, les nouveaux diplômés en médecine générale qui font néanmoins le choix d’un exercice libéral se détournent des cabinets laissés vacants par leurs prédécesseurs, et manifestent des aspirations nouvelles en termes d’organisation de leur activité professionnelle.Cette thèse s’intéresse à la question du renouvellement des médecins généralistes libéraux. Elle interroge la désaffection pour le modèle d’exercice traditionnel de la part des arrivants dans la profession, et montre que leur appartenance générationnelle est une clé d’interprétation possible pour comprendre les transformations à l’œuvre dans l’exercice libéral de la médecine générale.La comparaison de deux générations de médecins généralistes libéraux, ceux qui entrent et ceux qui sortent de la profession, a permis de contextualiser les choix d’exercice de chacun à partir de leur période d’installation respective. En distinguant les mutations socio-historiques affectant la sphère du travail ainsi que la sphère domestique et familiale, de celles qui relèvent du champ médical, en particulier les fluctuations démographiques qu’il a traversées, cette perspective a montré dans quelle mesure l’ancrage dans un contexte particulier façonne un rapport spécifique au travail pour une génération déterminée, et conditionne la façon d’exercer la médecine générale.Il a enfin été question de revenir sur les disparités de l’offre de soins de premier recours en Franche-Comté et sur les instruments déployés par les pouvoirs publics afin d’y remédier. Cela a fourni l’occasion d’interroger les représentations respectives des deux générations de généralistes à l’égard de l’exercice regroupé, en particulier l’adéquation entre les aspirations des arrivants dans la profession et ce dernier, supposé constituer le mode d’exercice prédominant de demain. / In France, ever since the early 2000s, the discourse on medical shortages has become an issue and the geographical accessibility to primary health care has become a matter of public policy and regional planning. As a result of the gradual tightening of the numerus clausus and the attractiveness of the various forms of salaried activities, the decrease in the supply of primary care raises the question of private practitioners turnover. In addition, the fresh graduates in general medicine, who nevertheless chose a private practice, are turning away from vacant surgeries left by their predecessors, and show new expectations in terms of work organization.This thesis focuses on the issue of the liberal general practitioners turnover. It questions the newcomers' loss of interest for traditional exercise pattern from the new-comers, and shows that their generational affiliation is a possible interpretive key to understand the changes at work in the private practice of general medicine.The comparison between two generations of liberal General Practitioners, the incomers and the leavers, has helped to contextualize the choice of exercise of each group from their respective period of installation. While making a distinction between the socio-historical changes that affect the work sphere plus the family and personal world and those related to the medical field, particularly demographic changes, this perspective has shown how anchoring, in a particular context, shapes a specific link to work for a specific generation, and determines how to practice general medicine.Finally, inequalities in primary care available in Franche-Comté have raised issues that are discussed in this thesis as well as the tools given by the government to solve them. It provided the opportunity to question the representations that both generations of General Practitioners have about collective work, especially the balance between the incomers’ expectations who are taking up the craft and the concept of collective work which is supposed to be tomorrow’s mainstream.

Kiswahili hat ein doppeltes System der nominalen Klassifikation. Das erste System ist das aus dem Bantu (Niger-Congo) bekannte System der konkordierenden nominalen und \"pronominalen\" Präfixe; das zweite, jüngere System gründet sich auf das Bedeutungsmerkmal [belebt]. Die grammatische Kategorie NUMERUS (SINGULAR::PLURAL) gilt nur im zweiten System; innerhalb des ersten Systems ist die Bildung der Nominalpaare, z .B. mtulwatu, ein derivationeller Prozeß und bezieht Konkordanz sich ausschlieBlich auf die Kategorie KLASSE.

Esta tese analisa um regime jurídico convencionalmente designado numerus clausus dos direitos reais, examinando-o sob três aspectos. O primeiro deles concerne às funções que esse regime desempenha no interior do ordenamento jurídico. Em um sistema de direito patrimonial privado que promove a autonomia contratual e predispõe restrições jurídico-negociais ao poder de dispor, entre as quais se ressaltam os direitos subjetivos reais, o regime de numerus clausus se apresenta como uma previsão legal dos tipos de contratos que restringem o poder de dispor e, assim, modificam o poder de adquirir do sujeito passivo universal. Conquanto sofram essa modificação em sua esfera jurídica, esses sujeitos de direito não tomam parte na celebração daqueles contratos. De maneira que as funções do numerus clausus dirigem-se, fundamentalmente, ao concerto de um fenômeno de heteronomia privada: por meio de um catálogo, o adquirente pode não apenas conhecer quais são os contratos que, a despeito de sua declaração jurídico-negocial, afetam os seus interesses econômico-sociais, mas também desconsiderar a eficácia, sobre si, dos contratos que, extrapolando aquele catálogo, circunscrevem-se, seguramente, a só quem, dele, foi parte. Em segundo lugar, sustenta-se uma qualidade negativa e outra positiva no numerus clausus. Negativamente, esse regime jurídico se identifica por uma grave limitação na autonomia contratual, especialmente na autonomia dos contratos de disposição. Nesse sentido, e porque o poder de dispor não é uma posição jurídica exclusiva da titularidade de direitos subjetivos reais, assim como as conseqüências de suas restrições não despontam apenas no direito das coisas, não apenas a disposição contratual de direitos subjetivos reais, mas também a disposição contratual de créditos, de participações societárias e de propriedade imaterial submete-se, igualmente, a um numerus clausus. Essa circunstância remete a uma duplicidade de regimes de autonomia contratual no direito dos contratos: enquanto não há um tipo de contrato em gênero (tipicidade vinculativa) e predominam as regras cogentes (tipicidade fixa) para os contratos de disposição, os contratos obrigacionais obedecem a uma tipicidade aberta. Positivamente, por seu turno, o numerus clausus legitima uma poderosa técnica jurídica de oponibilidade de interesses econômico-sociais: o contrato de disposição. Selecionando um dos poucos tipos de contratos de disposição predispostos pela lei, os contratantes afetam, por meio da regra da prioridade e da imunidade contra disposição, a eficácia de contratos de cuja formação não tomam parte, sejam contratos subseqüentes, obrigacionais ou de disposição, sejam contratos precedentes, meramente obrigacionais. Sem dúvida, o ordenamento jurídico apresenta outras técnicas jurídicas de oponibilidade de interesses econômico-sociais aos terceiros-adquirentes, geralmente ligadas a procedimentos de publicidade, tais como a boa-fé. Muito embora elas manifestem efeitos semelhantes, por vezes contradizendo o regime de numerus clausus, não se verifica uma derrogação desse último, identificada, por vezes, como uma realização dos direitos obrigacionais. No fundo, em se tratando de fatos jurídicos inconfundíveis, as metódicas de argumentação e aplicação do direito, pressupostas em cada um deles, são, outrossim, diferentes. Essas diferenças correspondem, por fim, ao terceiro e último daqueles três aspectos sob os quais se analisa o numerus clausus. Efetua-se, para tanto, o estudo de dois casos representativos, colhidos da jurisprudência brasileira, a qual aplica ora esse último regime, ora a boa-fé, sem que isso signifique nenhuma contradição, uma vez que a excepcionalidade dessa última confirma o caráter do numerus clausus como a regulação motriz do tráfico jurídico, orientada à segurança da aquisição e à estabilidade de determinadas relações de intercâmbio dos bens econômicos. / My dissertation focuses on a legal regime generally referred to as \"numerus clausus of property rights\". It does so by examining three main aspects of the theme. First of all it analyses the function of that legal regime, which is the source of its perceived legitimacy nowadays. This function consists in tendering for buyers a welldefined catalogue describing all the possible agreements concerning the goods they intend to buy and that are going to be considered as burdens. In a Private Law system, which fosters the private autonomy and prearranges burdens, the numerus clausus works as a menu of those contracts likely to create burdens. All the other contracts not listed in that menu even if they make reference to certain goods will not be treated as burdens. Thus, the buyer may know that his own interests over these goods will not be affected. Second the dissertation identifies a positive and a negative quality in this function. A possible negative aspect is that the numerus clausus is a heavy limitation to private autonomy, mainly to exchange contracts. In this sense, not only the exchanges involving property interests (rights in rem) but also those affecting credits and other kinds of rights (rights in personam) are submitted to the same legal regime which leads to Private Law generally recognizing two kinds of private autonomy regimes in Contract. While inexchange contracts the autonomy is limited, in executory contracts the autonomy is sensitively wider. A possible positive aspect is that the numerus clausus establishes a very powerful tool for opposing interests to third parties: the exchange contract. By selecting one of the few exchange contracts available in that menu, parties may oppose their interests in future transactions they will not take part in. Exchange contracts are obviously not the only system available for opposing interests in Private Law. The so called good faith system, connected with publicity devices, works also in that way, but using a very different legal strategy. Although the legal doctrine is used to identify the application of the good faith system with a \"realization\" of personal rights, that seems problematic. As a matter of fact, as different legal conceptions, exchange contracts submitted to a numerus clausus regime and good faith system require different techniques and arguments. These different procedures are discussed in the third section of my dissertation. In this section I discuss major cases in Brazilian Law which apply sometimes the numerus clausus systems and sometimes the good faith system. I argue that there is no contradiction between the both fashions of judicial decision, unless one simply uses the incoherent notion of \"realization\".