Page 251 is missing from original but content appears complete. / Beginning with the question, "what are the forces and voices influencing the meaning of the concept, and the development of advanced nursing practice in New Zealand in the 1990s”, this thesis uses an historical sociological approach to explore what New Zealand nursing is becoming and what it is ceasing to be. Through the examination of New Zealand nursing history from 1860 through the first years of the 21st century, seven historical understandings of the meaning of 'advanced' nursing practice emerged: nurses with higher education; nurses with more than one type of registration; community nurses; nurse educators and administrators; specialty nursing; a career hierarchy based on further education, experience and clinical focus; and the contemporary Nurse Practitioner. The thesis argues that each of the earlier historical connotations of advanced nursing practice is reflected in the Nurse Practitioner. The analysis of this broad scope of New Zealand nursing history, including a case study of the interpretation and implementation of contemporary advanced nursing practice, reveals essential themes of profession and professionalisation; politics and political sophistication. Drawing on theoretical perspectives from sociology, political science, and nursing, these concepts are further analysed, and developed into a representational framework. This conceptualisation depicts critical factors for nursing to achieve its preferred position in the context of time. Therefore, this study is also an exploration of New Zealand nursing's professional project A professional project is the process through which an occupational group gains control over the education and entry to practice of practitioners; secures legitimacy through the state and the public; achieves self-regulation over its practice; and secures, maintains and extends a market, or jurisdiction for itself. This thesis illustrates that while the course of action of a professional project is not always clear or deliberate for all the members of the profession, it nevertheless has a coherence that may be seen ex post facto. It is argued that what became the drive for the development of New Zealand's Nurse Practitioner and the expansion of nursing's jurisdiction at the turn of the 21st century, began long before the 1990s. The importance of history to understanding the past, the relevance of history to the shape of the present, and the significance of history's influence on the future are affirmed.

Diss. Umeå : Univ., 2005.

Este estudo teve como objeto a pré-institucionalização da Enfermagem profissional na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, num dado campo organizacional, cujos antecedentes remontam às práticas oriundas das formas de organização hospitalar e das formas de organização escolar, expressas nos discursos dos agentes, tanto no campo da saúde como no da educação. Trata-se de estudo histórico-social, cujo recorte temporal compreende o período de 1922 a 1938, sendo o marco inicial o lançamento da pedra fundamental do Hospital do Centenário, ambiente institucional do estudo. O marco final ocorre com a sua desapropriação. A pesquisa apóia-se principalmente em fontes primárias, consultando-se periódicos e documentos de importantes acervos institucionais: Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Recife, Arquivo Público Jordão Emerenciano, Fundação Joaquim Nabuco, Arquivo Nacional, Biblioteca Pública de Pernambuco, Biblioteca Nacional, Academia Santa Gertrudes, Memorial de Medicina, Academia de Medicina, Mosteiro de São Bento de Olinda, Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Graças da Universidade de Pernambuco e Departamento de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Utilizou-se também depoimentos de informantes chave, como o da ex-aluna da Primeira Turma da Faculdade de Enfermagem Nossa Senhora das Graças. A teoria institucional e o pensamento de Pierre Bourdieu foram os referenciais teóricos do estudo. Os achados apontam para um campo organizacional emergente, visto a partir do Hospital do Centenário, além da chegada ao Recife de enfermeiras alemãs. Contudo, não se dá a criação de uma Escola para Enfermeiras como era esperado, pois os valores e as crenças dos agentes não foram compartilhados durante todo o período estudado, juntamente com as bases cognitivas e normativas necessárias na formação do campo organizacional. O contexto delineado percorre um período entre guerras, compreendendo, a Primeira e Segunda Repúblicas e início do Estado Novo. No campo emergente, nota-se a predominância de um modelo médico sanitário, com ênfase na Educação Sanitária. Na formação do campo organizacional da Enfermagem, foi possível destacar a luta dos agentes no campo da saúde e educação, sendo visível a diversidades de escolas, sobressaindo-se a ênfase nos cursos para visitadoras de saúde pública, o que leva à apreensão das disputas também existentes no campo da Saúde Pública e Hospitalar. Não menos importante foi o foco envolvendo a Igreja e o Estado, os quais irão dominar a luta pelo domínio do capital simbólico, definido pelas relações de forças entre dois agentes, que exercerão nítida influência na criação da futura Escola para Enfermeiras, nos idos de 1945. Nesse ínterim serão as Visitadoras de Saúde Pública e/ou Educadoras Sanitárias ou Educadoras de Higiene, que atuarão criando e dando forma às bases precursoras da Enfermagem na cidade do Recife (Pernambuco) / This study addresses the preinstitutionalization of professional Nursing in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, in a given organizational field. Its antecedents go back to the practice originated in the hospital and school organization forms, expressed in the discourse of agents in the health and education spheres. We carried out a social-historical study of the period from 1922 to 1938. The initial boundary is the cornerstone of the Hospital do Centenário, which constitutes the institutional environment for this study, and the final boundary its expropriation. The research is mainly based on primary sources, consulting journals and documents from important institutional collections: Santa Casa de Misericórdia in Recife, Public Archives Jordão Emerenciano, Joaquim Nabuco Foundation, National Archives, Pernambuco Public Library, National Library, Santa Gertrudes Academy, Memorial de Medicina, Academia de Medicina, São Bento de Olinda convent, Nossa Senhora das Graças Faculty of Nursing - University of Pernambuco and Department of Nursing, Federal University of Pernambuco. We also used testimonies by key informants, such as a former student in the first class group of Nossa Senhora das Graças Faculty of Nursing. The theoretical frameworks for the study were institutional theory and Pierre Bourdieu?s thinking. The findings point towards an emerging organizational field, from the perspective of the Hospital do Centenário, besides the arrival of German nurses to Recife. However, against expectations, a School for Nurses is not created, as the agents? values and beliefs were not shared across the entire study period, together with the cognitive and normative bases needed in the formation of the organizational field. The outlined context covers an interwar period, including the First and the Second Republic and the beginning of the Estado Novo. In the emerging field, the predominance of a medical health model is noticeable, with an emphasis on health education. In the formation of Nursing?s organizational field, the fight between health and education agents deserves special attention, which was visible to a wide range of schools. In this respect, the emphasis on courses for public health visitants stands out. This reveals the disputes that also existed in Public Health and in the Hospital sphere. No less important was the focus involving the Church and the State. These will dominate the struggle for the mastery of symbolic capital, defined by the power relations between two agents, which will exert a clear influence on the creation of the future School for Nurses, in 1945. In this interval, it will be the Public Health Visitants and/or Health Educators or Hygiene Educators who will act, creating and molding the bases that preceded Nursing in Recife (Pernambuco)

O presente estudo foi elaborado a partir dos depoimentos orais de sete enfermeiras, sendo uma ex-diretora e seis ex-alunas, da Escola de Enfermagem Lauriston Job Lane, do Hospital Samaritano, criado em 1894, na cidade de São Paulo. Essa instituição de ensino funcionou de 1959 a 1970. Os depoimentos revelaram inúmeras situações vividas por essas mulheres inseridas em uma categoria profissional historicamente identificada como feminina, vale dizer, a Enfermagem. Teve como objetivos: apresentar como essas narradoras vivenciaram o processo de sua formação profissional nessa escola, revelando como os registros (anotações) de enfermagem eram ensinados e realizados na década de 1960. Os dados coletados nas entrevistas foram analisados com base nas propostas da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin (1977) e Minayo (1989), distribuídos em duas principais categorias: Trajetória Acadêmico-Profissional das Colaboradoras e Registros de Enfermagem - Histórico dos Registros. A discussão sobre os registros de enfermagem torna-se relevante na medida em que a formação profissional privilegia a técnica, sobrepondo os conteúdos dos fundamentos da enfermagem, negligenciando, em muitos casos, a teorização do cuidado. Pelo conteúdo dos depoimentos orais foi possível identificar a importância das anotações de enfermagem para uma assistência de qualidade, suas características e transformações ao longo dos tempos / This study was written based on oral statements of seven nurses, being one ex-dean and six nurses, of the Nursing School Lauriston Job Lane, Samaritan Hospital, created in 1894, in the São Paulo city. This educational institution has functioned from 1959 to 1970. Statements showed several situations experienced by those women inserted within a category which is historically identified as feminine, that is, nursing. Objectives of the study were: to present how those narrators have experienced their professional education process within this school and disclosing how nursing records were taught and made in the 60´s. Collected data through interviews were analyzed based on Content Analysis proposed by Bardin (1977) and Minayo (1989), distributed in two categories: collaborators´ professional and academic trajectory and nursing records´ historical registration. A discussion on nursing records becomes relevant while professional education privileges the technical one, overlaying contents of fundamentals of nursing, neglecting in many cases the care theorizations. Through those contents of oral statements it was possible to identify the importance of nursing records for a quality care, their characteristics and changes brought along time

Até o presente momento, estudos sobre o perfil dos técnicos de enfermagem, assim como sobre sua inclusão na equipe de enfermagem, são em número muito reduzido. Isso nos motivou a desenvolver esta pesquisa, de natureza descritiva e de caráter histórico-social, com os objetivos de: levantar e analisar os atos legais relacionados à formação e ao exercício profissional do técnico de enfermagem, resgatar as origens e os motivos para a criação de cursos de formação em nível técnico no Brasil e descrever a trajetória histórica da implementação dos primeiros cursos dessa natureza no Rio de Janeiro e em São Paulo; no período de 1948 a 1973. Para tanto buscamos coletar, organizar e examinar a legislação pertinente, relativa à sua criação e às transformações experimentadas na sua implementação, e análises publicadas por pesquisadores renomados e representativos da Enfermagem Brasileira. O referencial teórico de análise utilizado foi o da teoria dos campos, de Pierre Bourdieu, que facilitou a compreensão dessa trajetória ao tornar possível a definição de alguns objetos de disputas e interesses específicos no território do ensino e do exercício das profissões de Enfermagem. A análise dos achados evidenciou novos motivos aparentemente adjacentes, porém os consideramos causais em relação aos rumos tomados e às condições alcançadas pelo curso e pelo profissional técnico de enfermagem. O curso, ao se tornar realidade, a transformou, introduzindo novos agentes e novas instituições no campo. Os primeiros cursos foram emblemáticos, por significarem uma mudança de paradigma e por terem sido instrumentos da luta de poder travada no campo. / Until the present moment, studies on Nursing Technicians profile as well as the inclusion in the job market are very reduced. This has motivated us to develop this study of descriptive nature and historical-social character, with the following objectives: survey and analyze legal acts related to education and practice of the nursing technician; rescue the origins and reasons to create courses in technical level in Brazil and describe the historical trajectory related to implementation of the first courses in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo; from 1948 to 1973. For this purpose we have searched the pertinent legislation related to the creation and the changes exprimented at their implementation, as well as published analysis by important researchers of the Brazilian Nursing. The theoretical references utilized were fro the theory of fields, by the philosopher Pierre Bourdieu, which made possible a better analysis and understanding of all trajectory, making possible the definition of some objects of dispute and specific interests related to the teaching and exercising the nursing professions. The analysis of the found materials brought out new reasons, aparently adjacent, that we took as causes of the directions and of the conditions reached by the nursing technicion course and by the professional. The course, when turned into reality, changed its own reality, introducing new agents and institutions in the field. The first courses were emblematic because they meant a change of paradigm and were instruments of the fight in the power on the field.

Neste presente estudo dedicamo-nos à investigação histórico-social da institucionalização do ensino de enfermagem no município de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, sendo um trabalho fundamentado em razões de caráter macropolítico e das políticas locais. Para tanto o período analisado iniciou-se em 1948 com a criação da Escola de Enfermagem Frei Eugênio de nível superior (extinta em 1970). Buscamos relacionar as características sócioeconômicas, políticas e culturais da sociedade de Uberaba e a atuação dos agentes sociais presentes na cena política, que contribuíram para a emergência da enfermagem como ensino e profissão. Também procuramos a compreensão da origem e da implantação do ensino de enfermagem, em 1988 a partir da escola de enfermagem anexa à faculdade de medicina do município. Identificamos as influências diretas e indiretas através de questionamentos pertinentes à criação, extinção e implantação do ensino de enfermagem no referido local. Como bases de referência para entendimento da conjuntura política aproximamo-nos dos ideais teóricos de Karl Marx e Pierre Bourdieu, que, complementares um ao outro no presente estudo, nos possibilitaram construir a visão, na época estabelecida, da sociedade nos setores culturais, histórico-sociais e político-econômicos; o surgimento do curso de enfermagem como demanda dessa comunidade e as lutas simbólicas pelo poder também simbólico do ensino da profissão. Os dados analisados obtidos por meio de fontes primárias foram oriundos de depoimentos dos agentes sociais do município envolvidos de forma relevante na criação e desenvolvimento das duas escolas de enfermagem de nível superior em 1948 e em 1988. As fontes secundárias envolveram visitas ao Arquivo Público de Uberaba, documentos particulares dos entrevistados, informações documentais de escolas, jornais e entidades relacionadas com a classe da enfermagem. A identidade dos entrevistados e envolvidos foi revelada perante autorização dos mesmos. Observamos que a atuação das Irmãs Dominicanas foi evidente devido à atuação imediata na Santa Casa de Misericórdia tão logo elas se instalaram no município. Outros fatores como a falta de mão de obra capacitada e a política nacional de Vargas foram importantes, porém o impulso maior foi dado pela ameaça de campo por outras ordens religiosas. Com relação à conjuntura da institucionalização do ensino de enfermagem junto à Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro (atual Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro), observamos que a emersão da mesma se deu devido a movimentos de agentes sociais em prol de uma universidade, liderados até então por Mário Palmério. O apoio de outras instituições e o envolvimento do poder público também se fez necessário. Ressaltase ainda que exigências legais das entidades de classes e uma ambição interna somaram-se às raízes dessa institucionalização. Por fim, novos estudos podem explorar melhor esse objeto de análise, pois acreditamos que o mesmo não se encerra a partir desta versão. / In this study we dedicated ourselves to the historical and social investigation of the institutionalization of Nursing Education in the city of Uberaba, Minas Gerais, being a research substantiated in reasons of macropolitical character and of local politics. For that, the period which was analised started in 1948 with the creation of the Frei Eugênio Nursing College of higher education (which was closed in 1970). We related the social, economical and politic, cultural characteristics of Uberaba\'s society and the performance of the social agents who were present in the political scenery, and who contributed to the emergence of Nursing as education and profession. We also searched the comprehension of the origins and settlement of Nursing education in 1988 from the Nursing College that was attached to the Medicine college in the city. The direct and indirect influences were identified through questionnaries pertinent to the creation, extinction and settlement of Nursing education referred to the city mentioned before. For the reference basis to the understanding of the political conjuncture we researched Karl Marx\'s and Pierre Bourdieu\'s theoretical ideals, used in this study as a complement one to another. These ideals allowed the construction of the society\'s view in the period analysed in the cultural, historical and social, political and economical sectors; the emergence of the Nursing course as a demand of that society and the symbolic competition for a Power which is also symbolic for the teaching of the profession. The data analysed obtained from primary sources were collected from testimonies given by the social actors in the city, relevantly involved with the creation and development of two Nursing colleges of higher education in 1948 and 1988. The secondary sources were obtained through visits to the Public Archive of Uberaba, confidential documents of the interviewees, information in documents of colleges, newspapers and entities related to the Nursing social class. The identity of the interviewees and the involved ones were revealed only when authorised to. We observed that the performance of the Dominican Sisters was evident due to their work in the Santa Casa da Misericórdia as soon as they had settled in the city. Some factors, like the lack of speciallised workforce and Varga\'s national policy were important but the major impulse was the threat of other religious orders. Regarding the conjuncture of the institutionalization of Nursing Education with the Faculdade de Medicina do Triângulo Mineiro (in free translation, Medicine College of Triângulo Mineiro) (today the Universidade Federal do Triângulo - or in free translation, the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro), we observed that the emergence of it occurred because of the action of social agents towards an university who were led by Mário Palmério.The support of other institutions and the involvement of public Power were also necessary. In addition, we emphasize that legal demands of the class of Nursing entities and na internal ambition added to the roots of this institutionalization. Finally, new studies could better explore the subject of the analysis, we believe that it does not end from this version.

Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar e analisar a participação de mulheres negras na Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932, bem como compreender a formação da história da Legião Negra, que contou com um grupo de mulheres que tinha por missão cuidar dos combatentes feridos desse conflito, daí serem chamadas enfermeiras. Com isso, pretende-se colaborar com os estudos sobre questões étnicas no âmbito da enfermagem, para, a partir de fontes documentais preservadas em arquivos históricos, alcançar as origens, a estrutura organizacional, a dinâmica de funcionamento, os métodos de arregimentação e o desempenho das mulheres negras no front de batalha. A Revolução Constitucionalista de 1932 foi considerada, por diversos autores, como o maior conflito armado já ocorrido em solo brasileiro e contou com a participação de diferentes etnias. Neste sentido, pretende-se identificar como e porque aquelas mulheres foram caracterizadas e cognominadas como enfermeiras. Embora a escravidão tenha sido legalmente abolida no país, ainda no período imperial, na República, que o sucedeu, o racismo continuou a persistir na sociedade. Como segmento dessa sociedade, a enfermagem, como profissão, que tem entre suas funções principais cuidar de doentes, também refletia esse racismo, de forma clara ou velada. De fato, pode-se dizer que tal preconceito perdura até os dias de hoje nos espaços sociais de trabalho do pessoal de enfermagem, como demonstram as atuais políticas públicas de saúde e campanhas ministeriais voltadas para o combate às formas de intolerância em relação aos brasileiros de origem africana. / This study aimed at identifying and analyzing the black women participation in the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution as well as understanding the history of the Black Legion, which counted with a group of women called nurses due to their mission to care of wounded combatant of this armed conflict. Thus, it is intended also to collaborate with other studies on ethnical issues within Nursing and through documental sources, preserved at the historical archives, reach the origins, organizational structure, functioning dynamics, methods for calling and performance of black women at the battle front. The 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution was considered by several authors as the greatest armed conflict in the Brazilian territory in which had participated different ethnic groups such as the Black Legion. For this purpose, it is intended to identify how and why these women were characterized and called as nurses. Although the slavery had been abolished in the country, still within the imperial period, in the Republic which followed it, the racism has continued to exist in the society. As a segment of this society, the nursing as profession, which has among its main functions to care of sick people, has reflected such racism, in a clear or veiled way. As a matter of fact, it is possible to say that such prejudice has existed until these days within job social spaces of nursing personnel as shown on the current health public policies and ministerial campaigns targeting combat against all forms of intolerance related to Brazilians of African origin.

O objeto deste estudo foi a identidade organizacional de uma academia científica no campo da Enfermagem, pautado na representatividade e no significado de uma academia científica na configuração de uma identidade profissional, ao considerar uma analogia nos processos de constituição das academias referenciadas. Contemplou aspectos teórico-conceituais no que se referiu à historicidade do conceito de academia, valendo-se da pesquisa documental e dos princípios da análise de conteúdo para interpretação dos dados. Descrever a identidade profissional dos membros de uma academia científica, analisar as implicações desta identidade e discutir os significados e representações de uma academia científica na Enfermagem brasileira e sua visibilidade internacional, foram os objetivos do estudo. Concluiu que a academia científica é uma organização profissional, cujo diferencial está no capital humano arrebanhado para seu interior, o modo como foi selecionado e os motivos pelos quais se encontram e se mantém juntos. A identidade profissional dos membros de uma academia científica deve ser ampla em competências e habilidades profissionais, além de agregar diferentes capitais simbólicos, trazendo implicações diretas em sua constituição. Na Enfermagem brasileira, identificou-se um movimento pela criação de uma Academia Brasileira de Enfermeiros, mas não que não foi avante por razões particulares aos seus integrantes; a existência de uma Academia Brasileira de Especialistas em Enfermagem, que pelo seu processo de criação não se caracteriza como uma academia segundo os princípios da Escola Platônica; e a criação e fundação Academia Brasileira de História da Enfermagem, cujos objetivos estabelecidos no Estatuto, inferem ser a organização, uma possível agente de mudança comportamental em relação ao campo da História. Entendeu-se que através do estudo da História da Enfermagem, identificamos, analisamos e compreendemos os avanços da profissão na sociedade, além de subsidiar e instrumentalizar a própria elaboração da identidade profissional da Enfermagem e a formação de seu habitus. Avaliou-se que a identidade profissional do membro de uma academia científica é sustentáculo fundamental aos propósitos da organização, ainda que nos exemplos citados neste estudo, o aspecto de irmandade e/ou confraria não tenha sido esquecido em alguma fase do processo de criação e fundação das academias aqui referidas. A visibilidade remete a expansão das fronteiras, na medida em que participam de eventos nacionais e internacionais na área, ratificando e fortalecendo os dados resultantes de pesquisas, além de aumentar a rede de relações sociais. Todos os atores sociais devem estar devidamente e suficientemente instrumentalizados, histórico, cultural e tecnicamente, para fazer manter as conquistas de seus precursores, e angariar novas posições no (in)constante campo da saúde. A divergência intelectual faz parte do conhecimento, onde ele é sempre relativo, ao supor um ponto de vista específico, certos instrumentos, e também os limites da pessoa humana. Ratifica-se a importância de considerar que o pesquisador é um intérprete, fazendo uma leitura discursiva influenciada pelos seus sentimentos, sua posição, suas experiências e vivências, e a sua interpretação nunca será absoluta e única, mas produzirá seu sentido. / The study object was the organizational identity of a scientific academy in the field of nursing, based on the representativeness and the meaning of a scientific academy in setting up a professional identity, to consider an analogy in the processes of formation of academies references here. Contemplated in the theoretical and conceptual aspects that referred to the historicity of the concept of the academy, drawing on archival research and the principles of content analysis to data interpretation. Describe the professional identity of members of a scientific academy, examining the implications of this identity and discuss the meanings and representations of a scientific academy in nursing in Brazil and its international visibility, were the objectives of the study. Concluded that the scientific academy is a professional organization, whose differential is rounded up to the human capital inside, how it was selected and the reasons who remain together. The professional identity of members of a scientific academy should be broad in expertise and professional skills, as well as adding different symbolic capital, bringing direct implications in its constitution. Nursing in Brazil, we identified a movement for the creation of a Brazilian Academy of Nursing, but that was not forward for reasons peculiar to its members and the existence of a Brazilian Academy of Experts in Nursing, which by its process of creation is not characterized as an academy under the principles of Platonic School, and the creation and founding the Brazilian Academy of Nursing History, whose goals established in the Statute, be infer the organization, a possible agent of behavioral change regarding the field of history. It would appear that by studying the history of nursing, identify, analyze and understand the progress of the profession in society, in addition to supporting development and orchestrate their own professional identity of nursing and the formation of their habitus. It was found that the professional identity of a member of a scientific academy is vital mainstay of the organization\'s purposes, although the examples cited in this study, the aspect of fellowship and / or guild has not been forgotten in some stage of the process of creating and foundation Academies stated here. Visibility refers to expanding the frontiers, to the extent that participate in national and international events in the area, confirming and strengthening the data resulting from research and improves the network of social relations. All social actors should be properly and sufficiently exploited, historical, cultural and technically, to preserve the achievements of their predecessors, and to build new positions in the (in) constant field of health. The disagreement is part of intellectual knowledge, where it is always relative, to assume a specific point of view, certain instruments, and also the limits of the human person. It confirms the importance of considering that the researcher is an interpreter, making reading a discourse influenced by their feelings, their position, their experiences and their interpretation will never be absolute and unique, but it will produce its effect.

Before the availability of antibiotics minor infections could become life threatening. Nurses working in voluntary and public hospitals in Britain were exposed to such risks. This thesis uses both oral testimonies and published sources in order to examine their practices concerning the management of infection risks. The detail of nursing work in this period has been generally hidden in nursing histories of the 1930s and 1940s which have addressed mainly political, recruitment, educational, registration and status issues. Whilst these histories may comment about menial duties, and the culture and discipline in clinical areas, they lack detailed exploration of the day-to-day work of the nurse. This novel study contributes to redressing the balance by examining nursing practice between the discovery of penicillin in 1929 and its widespread availability in Britain in 1948. Data analysis, including the oral testimonies of nineteen former nurses who worked between 1929 and 1948, suggests that nursing practice during this period placed enormous emphasis on cleanliness and hygiene. It is argued that this was linked to sanitarianism which influenced nursing practice before its replacement by germ theory. Probationer nurses learnt their skills in managing infection risks to themselves and their patients in a disciplined and safe way. This was achieved through the exercise of strict routines and a hierarchy of tasks that provided a graduated exposure to the patient and infection risks. This thesis draws on debates in the literature about purity, vocation and status to explore, and add weight to this argument. The analysis also identifies that the introduction of sulphonamide drugs and antibiotics altered nursing practices in the management of both infection risks and patients with infection. Whilst the full effects of these changes are not examined in this thesis, it is argued that the significant impact of these drugs was such that the emphasis on cleaning and hygiene became diminished in importance and nursing had to redefine its role. It suggests that more prominence needs to be given to changes in clinical practice in the history of nursing. This study breaks new ground by suggesting the rigorous training of nurses in cleaning and hygiene tasks was needed in order to manage the infection risks faced by nurses before the availability of antibiotics.

This study was designed to examine the status of public health nursing in British Columbia's Provincial Health Service during the period from 1939 to 1959. Based on the social history approach, the focus of the study was public health nursing and influences on its evolution during the selected period. The historical method was used to collect and analyze data from various primary and secondary sources; these included annual reports of provincial health units, annual reports of the Division of Public Health Nursing, journal articles, and oral histories. Data were subjected to content analysis to reveal themes relevant to the topic. Several important factors were identified that had affected the development of public health nursing during the selected period. Data were categorized according to the various influences and research notes were written as a basis for the historical account. The presentation of findings included descriptions of the organization of public health services in the province and the role of the public health nurse. This was followed by a discussion of the forces and their impact on public health nursing. The study's conclusions were drawn from the analysis of the historical data within the social context of the time. During the 1939 to 1959 period, some of the major influences on provincial public health nursing were basic education for public health nurses, staff development on the job, the demand for services, and the supply of qualified personnel. Other factors were the social and political forces of the time, the health care system, and the role of voluntary agencies in public health care. Although public health nursing faced a number of problems, these were overcome to a large extent through creative strategies that promoted collegiality among staff and enhanced job satisfaction. Public health nurses had a strong sense of identity and were respected because their work contributed to improving the health of the communities they served. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate