A descriptive design was used in this study to describe the feeding behaviors (as defined by changes in body position) in infants with congestive heart failure secondary to congenital heart disease. In addition, short term physiologic changes associated with the behaviors were measured through the use of pulse oximetry and cardiorespiratory monitors. Nine infants were observed in this study as they were being fed by their nurses. The method chosen was naturalistic observation. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic data and the measured physiologic variables. A point by serial correlation was conducted to describe any relationships between the position changes and the measured physiologic variables. Statistically significant relationships were found between certain positions and oxygen saturation, heart rate and respiratory rate. The results indicate that infants do experience position changes that are accompanied by changes in physiologic variables during feeding. These position changes can be categorized as infant-mediated or nurse-mediated.

INTRODUÇÃO: As prevalências de desnutrição infantil ainda são altas nos países da África Subsaariana; porém, há indícios de que a obesidade em adultos esteja aumentando. Neste cenário, se, por um lado, é importante combater a desnutrição, por outro, é fundamental identificar as tendências do excesso de peso ao longo do tempo, a fim de prevenir grandes elevações de obesidade e doenças crônicas. Com isso, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: descrever as tendências de obesidade ao longo das últimas décadas em mulheres em idade fértil e em crianças menores de 5 anos, paralelamente àquelas de desnutrição nesse mesmo grupo de crianças em países da África Subsaariana; e identificar os fatores associados à desnutrição em crianças menores de 2 anos em um município de Luanda, Angola. MÉTODOS: Para descrever as tendências da situação nutricional, foram utilizados dados de inquéritos nacionais (Demographic and Health Surveys e Multiple Indicator Cluster Samples) de 13 países do continente africano, que tinham pelo menos quatro inquéritos disponíveis. Foram traçadas tendências para os desfechos: obesidade em mulheres com idade entre 15 e 49 anos, e sobrepeso, baixa estatura (stunting), baixo peso para altura (wasting), baixo peso para idade (underweight) e baixo peso ao nascer em crianças com menos de 5 anos. Para as tendências individuais de cada país, foi realizada regressão linear, enquanto para as tendências considerando o conjunto dos 13 países, empregou-se modelo de regressão multinível. Quanto à identificação dos fatores associados com a desnutrição, foram utilizados dados de um estudo transversal de base populacional realizado em Cacuaco, município da província de Luanda, em 2010. Os desfechos estudados foram baixa estatura (stunting) e baixo peso para idade (underweight). Foram estimadas razões de prevalência (RP) por regressão de Poisson com variância robusta utilizando modelo hierarquizado. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de obesidade cresceu entre mulheres em idade fértil na maior parte dos países estudados, em média 2,8 pontos percentuais por década (P<0,001), acompanhada por importante diminuição de stunting, em média de 5,6 pontos percentuais por década (P<0,001) e diminuição bem menor de wasting, em média de 1,1 ponto percentual por década (P=0,09), sem evidência, até o momento, de aumento de sobrepeso em crianças abaixo de 5 anos (aumento de 1,0 ponto percentual por década, P=0,14). Em Angola, das 749 crianças incluídas no estudo, 232 [32,0% (IC 95%: 28,7-35,5%)] tinham baixa estatura e 109 [15,1% (IC 95%: 12,6-17,9%)] estavam com peso baixo para idade. Na análise multivariável final, foram identificados os seguintes fatores associados com os desfechos pesquisados: ocorrência de diarreia nos últimos 15 dias (RP 1,39 [IC95% 1,06-1,84]) para baixa estatura; e presença de óbito de outros filhos (RP 1,52 [IC95% 1,01-2,28]) para baixo peso para idade. Em modelo composto apenas de fatores distais e intermediários, a presença de cuidador principal (outro que não a mãe) aumentou a prevalência de baixa estatura em 42% (RP 1,42; IC95% 1,10-1,84) e para cada mês mais tarde que a mãe o iniciou pré-natal, a prevalência de baixo peso para idade aumentou em 20% (RP 1,20; IC95% 1,03-1,40). CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível descrever a tendência preocupante de aumento de obesidade em mulheres em idade fértil nos países estudados. Em Angola, poucos fatores individuais foram descritos, sugerindo que a influência de fatores coletivos é importante. Esses dados devem ser úteis para o planejamento de ações visando, por um lado, à prevenção de uma epidemia de obesidade em crianças na África Subsaariana e, por outro, ao enfrentamento atual das altas taxas de desnutrição em crianças em Angola e outros países. / INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of child malnutrition is still high in sub-Saharan Africa; however, there is evidence that obesity in adults is increasing. In this scenario, on the one hand, it is important to tackle malnutrition, while on the other, it is essential to identify trends in excess weight over time, so as to focus attention on the prevention of large increases in obesity and the chronic diseases it causes. Thus, the objectives of this study were to describe trends in sub-Saharan Africa in obesity over the past decades in women of childbearing age and in children under 5 years of age, in parallel with those of malnutrition in the same group of children; as well as to identify factors associated with malnutrition in children under 2 years living in the suburban area of Luanda, Angola. METHODS: To describe the trends in nutritional status, secondary data from national surveys (Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Samples) of 13 African countries having at least four available surveys, were used. Trends were described for the outcomes obesity in women aged 15 to 49, and overweight, stunting, wasting, underweight and low birthweight in children under 5 years. For individual trends in each country, linear regression was performed. For trends considering the group of 13 countries, we used a multilevel regression model. To identify the factors associated with malnutrition, data from a cross-sectional population-based study held in Cacuaco, a municipality of Luanda, in 2010 were used. The outcomes studied were stunting and underweight. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression with robust variance using a hierarchical model. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity increased among women of reproductive age in most of the countries studied, on average 2.8 percentage points per decade (P<0.001), accompanied by significant reduction of stunting, on average 5.6 percentage points per decade (P<0.001) and a decrease, though much smaller, of wasting, on average 1.1 percentage points per decade (P=0.09), with no evidence, to date, of an increase in overweight in children under 5 years (increase of 1.0 percentage points per decade, P = 0.14).In Angola, among the 749 children included in the study, 232 [32.0% (95% CI: 28.7 to 35.5%)] were stunted and 109 [15.1% (95% CI: 12.6- 17.9)] were underweight. In the final multivariate analysis model, the following factors have been identified as associated with the studied outcomes: occurrence of diarrhea in the last 15 days (PR 1.39 [95% CI 1.06 to 1.84]) for stunting; and death of other children from the same mother (PR 1.52 [95% CI 1.01-2.28]) for underweight. In a model composed only of distal and intermediate factors, the primary caregiver not being the mother increased the prevalence of stunting by 42% (PR 1.42, 95%CI 1.10- 1.84) and each month that prenatal care was delayed increased the prevalence of underweight by 20% (PR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.40). CONCLUSION: These results enabled the identification of a worrying increasing trend of obesity in women of childbearing age in the studied countries, in a context in which child malnutrition still prevails, especially stunting. In Angola, although it was possible to identify factors associated with malnutrition never before studied in Luanda, few individual factors were identified that increased the prevalence of malnutrition, suggesting that the problem results primarily from factors affecting society as a whole. These data should be useful for planning aimed, on the one hand, to prevent an epidemic of obesity in children in sub-Saharan Africa, and on the other, meeting the challenge of current widespread childhood malnutrition in Angola and other countries.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / "May 2006" The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

La obesidad y los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) constituyen los mayores problemas que debe afrontar la salud pública en adolescentes, no solo por su alarmante prevalencia, sino también debido a sus serias consecuencias tanto físicas como psicosociales. Asimismo, se ha demostrado que la obesidad es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de los TCA, y que algunos de estos (principalmente aquellos de tipo bulímico) a su vez pueden favorecer el desarrollo y el mantenimiento de la obesidad. Todo esto sugiere un solapamiento en los factores de riesgo para la obesidad y los TCA. El hecho de comer o no comer, conlleva consecuencias, en el exceso como en la restricción, ocasionando enfermedades como la obesidad, el trastorno por atracón, la bulimia y la anorexia nerviosa. El presente trabajo está focalizado en el estudio de dichas patologías, las cuales son integradas bajo el rótulo de problemas relacionados con el peso y la alimentación. El objetivo central de esta tesis ha sido esclarecer la definición fenotípica-nosológica de los problemas relacionados con peso-alimentación. Para tal fin, se han llevado a cabo 4 estudios, mediante los que se analizaron semejanzas y diferencias entre pacientes con distintas patologías alimentarias (obesos con y sin TCA y TCA con y sin obesidad), en cuanto a psicopatología general, sintomatología alimentaria y personalidad (estudios 1 y 2); buscando además identificar factores de riesgo y factores asociados, específicos y compartidos (estudios 3 y 4) entre ambas patologías. Resultados: 1 La presencia de múltiples problemas relacionados con peso-alimentación (pe. TCA, Obesidad), a lo largo de la vida, es frecuente y va asociado a mayor gravedad psicopatológica y sintomatológica. 2 La obesidad sin TCA ocupa una posición intermedia en cuanto a psicopatología (general y alimentaria) entre controles en normo-peso, con menor psicopatología, y los TCA, en el extremo opuesto. 3 El perfil de personalidad de los obesos presenta similitudes con el perfil de los TCA, principalmente con BN y TA. Rasgos de personalidad disfuncionales como alta evitación del daño y baja autodirección están presentes en obesidad y en TCA pero con diferencias cuantitativas (apareciendo más acentuados cuanto mayor es la sintomatología alimentaria). 4 En cuanto a los aspectos socioculturales y familiares, algunas influencias alimentarias de la infancia, como un ambiente familiar negativo y las burlas de amigos sobre la figura corporal, fueron compartidas entre las situaciones extremas de peso (TCA en bajo peso y obesidad), mientras que otros factores fueron específicos de cada uno de ellos. 5 Determinados patrones alimentarios durante la infancia fueron especialmente relevantes en individuos obesos. 6 La asociación hallada entre BDNF y conciencia interoceptiva confirma la existencia de interacciones entre factores biológicos y psicopatológicos en conductas alimentaria anormales. Los resultados obtenidos van en concordancia con las evidencias empíricas que indican la existencia de nexos de unión entre los TCA y la obesidad. El solapamiento de distintos factores de riesgo y factores asociados entre ambas patologías aporta evidencia sobre la necesidad de tener en cuenta dichos nexos de unión en programas, tanto de prevención primaria como secundaria. / Introduction Obesity and eating disorders are, currently, the major problems among the teenager population that has to face social security. Not only due to its alarming prevalence, but also because of its serious physical and psychosocial consequences. Eating or not eating leads to consequences, both as excess or restriction, that cause diseases such as obesity, binge eating disorders (BED), bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa. The job presented here is focused in the study of such pathologies, which are integrated under the labeling of weight-related problems. Objectives: With the main objective of clarifying the phenotypic-nosological definition of weight-related problems, the thesis presented here aims at: 1- Analyze clinical variables (eating symptomatology and psychopathology) and traits of personality, common and specific, among people with different eating pathologies (Obese with or without ED and ED with or without obesity). 2- Identify risk and associated factors for weight-related problems. For this purpose, 4 independent but complementary research studies were developed: 1. Lifetime Obesity in Patients with Eating Disorders: Increasing Prevalence, Clinical and Personality Correlates. 2. Loss of Control Over Eating: a Description of the Eating Disorder/Obesity Spectrum 3. Eating Related Environmental Factors in Underweight Eating Disorders and Obesity: Are there Common Vulnerabilities during Childhood and Early Adolescence? 4. Correlation of BDNF Blood Levels with Interoceptive Awareness and Maturity Fears in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Patients. Results: The results obtained are in agreement with the empirical evidences that point to the existence of commons links between ED and obesity. The presence of multiple lifetime weight-related problems is frequent and is associated with increased psychopathological and symptomatological severity. Obesity without ED occupies an intermediate position, in relation to psychopathology, among control group, with lower psychopathology, and the ED, in the opposite end. Dysfunctional personality traits such as high Harm Avoidance and low Self-Directedness are present in obesity and in ED but with quantitative differences (being worst when the eating symptomatology is more severe). Conclusion: The overlap of distinct risk and associated factors among both pathologies provides evidence for the need to take into account such links in prevention and treatment programs.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1572. Adviser: R. Sue Day. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1986.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1986.