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Canadian scientific literature lacks quantitative information on school meals, which, in Can-ada, are not regulated by law and do not have any national nutritional standard. Nutritional stan-dards and guidelines are essential in evaluation and monitoring studies to maintainor im-proveschool meals quality. This research looked at the nutritional quality of meals served by some elementary schools running a school meal program administered by CHEP Good Food Inc., a non-profit organization, in Saskatoon, SK. Data collected from 1997 until 2006 were combined to those collected in the 2007/08 school-year. Lunches were compared to 1/3 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and breakfasts and snacks, to ¼ DRI. Using one-sample t-tests and ANOVA, p< 0.05, we evaluated nutrients that were suggested to be below the standard. Sas-katchewans food-based standards were also used to evaluate food group content according to the Canadas Food Guide to Healthy Eating. On-site observations in selected schools shed light on childrens choices and plate waste. Focus groups with selected nutrition coordinators (NC) provided insight into their practices. Overall, lunches and breakfasts had a good nutrient profile but were low mainly in energy, vitamin E, potassium, and, in some years, folate and calcium, particularly for 9-13 year-olds. Findings suggested that snacks seem to be below the DRI stan-dards, but they can be an opportunity for nutrition education. We observed no clear or significant trend across the years. All meals offered good amounts of fruits and vegetables, grains, and dairy products. Plate waste was low and related to NCs practices. Analysis of the interviews exposed some possible explanations for the quantitative results and allowed some recommendations. Findings from this study provide support for future establishment of school meals nutritional standards and for possible changes and improvements of the program, and will enrich knowledge regarding school meals.

Canadian scientific literature lacks quantitative information on school meals, which, in Can-ada, are not regulated by law and do not have any national nutritional standard. Nutritional stan-dards and guidelines are essential in evaluation and monitoring studies to maintainor im-proveschool meals quality. This research looked at the nutritional quality of meals served by some elementary schools running a school meal program administered by CHEP Good Food Inc., a non-profit organization, in Saskatoon, SK. Data collected from 1997 until 2006 were combined to those collected in the 2007/08 school-year. Lunches were compared to 1/3 Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and breakfasts and snacks, to ¼ DRI. Using one-sample t-tests and ANOVA, p< 0.05, we evaluated nutrients that were suggested to be below the standard. Sas-katchewans food-based standards were also used to evaluate food group content according to the Canadas Food Guide to Healthy Eating. On-site observations in selected schools shed light on childrens choices and plate waste. Focus groups with selected nutrition coordinators (NC) provided insight into their practices. Overall, lunches and breakfasts had a good nutrient profile but were low mainly in energy, vitamin E, potassium, and, in some years, folate and calcium, particularly for 9-13 year-olds. Findings suggested that snacks seem to be below the DRI stan-dards, but they can be an opportunity for nutrition education. We observed no clear or significant trend across the years. All meals offered good amounts of fruits and vegetables, grains, and dairy products. Plate waste was low and related to NCs practices. Analysis of the interviews exposed some possible explanations for the quantitative results and allowed some recommendations. Findings from this study provide support for future establishment of school meals nutritional standards and for possible changes and improvements of the program, and will enrich knowledge regarding school meals.

Rates of obesity in the United States have been increasing despite an increase of dieters. A new paradigm, intuitive eating, has been introduced to counter the negative effects of dieting. Intuitive eating has not been compared to dieters on a nutritional level, however. The main purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional differences between intuitive eaters and dieters. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires regarding food consumption and attitudes about eating. Participants (N = 32) were then classified as intuitive eaters or dieters and asked to complete six, 24-hr food logs. Data received from these food logs were compared based on group classification to determine statistical significance. The results of the ttests did not determine statistical significance between groups regarding food consumption (p > .05). A chi-square test used to determine if intuitive eaters consumed within 100 kilocalories of their recommended level of calorie consumption was found to be statistically significant (p < .05).

O presente estudo analisou aspectos nutricionais e hábitos alimentares de idosos, de ambos os sexos (69,8 por cento mulheres e 30,2 por cento homens), matriculados em ambulatório geriátrico, com idade variando de 60 a 100 anos (média e mediana igual a 74 anos). As variáveis sangüíneas, analisadas para 127 idosos, quando comparadas com valores de referência, mostraram que a albumina, a HDL-C, a VLDL-C e os triglicérides apresentaram valores normais quanto à média para ambos os sexos, mas as duas primeiras ficaram abaixo desses valores e as duas últimas acima, em certo percentual de idosos quando consideradas segundo o sexo. A glicose, o colesterol e a LDL-C apresentaram valores acima dos de referência tanto na média quanto em certo número de idosos, quando separados por sexo. As medidas antropométricas, realizadas por nutricionistas treinadas, de acordo com metodologias previamente estabelecidas, foram analisadas também para 127 idosos e os resultados foram comparáveis aos de outros autores para peso e altura. A circunferência do braço apresentou-se excepcionalmente mais elevada nas mulheres do que nos homens. A prega cutânea triciptal e o índice de Quetelet são indicativos de obesidade, especialmente nas mulheres. O perfil de morbidade, estabelecido para 308 idosos, a partir dos diagnósticos registrados nos prontuários, revelou que a doença hipertensiva foi a mais prevalente, acometendo 49 por cento dos indivíduos, seguida pelas doenças do sistema osteomuscular e tecido conjuntivo e pelas doenças endócrinas e metabólicas. A dieta habitual obtida em entrevista por nutricionistas treinadas, também em 308 idosos, mostrou que a freqüência de alimentos construtores e energéticos parece adequada, mas não a de reguladores e que os hábitos alimentares devem estar influenciando para a alteração de algumas variáveis sangüíneas. / The present study analised the nutritional aspects and food habits of elderly persons, of both sexes (69.8 per cent women and 30.2 per cent men), registered at the geriatric out-patient service, with ages varying from 60 to 100 years (mean and median equal 74 years). The blood variables, analised for 127 elderly persons, when compared with reference values, showed that albumin, HDL-C, VLDL-C and triglycerides presented normal values regarding the mean for both sexes, but the first and the second were below these values, and the remainder were over the reference values for a certain percentual of elderly persons, when considered according to sex. Glucose, cholesterol and LDL-C were over the reference values both the global mean and age and sex specific mean in certain number of aged. The anthropometric measurements, carried out by trained nutritionists, according to previously established methodologies, were analised, too, for 127 elderly persons and the results for weight and height were comparable to the results of others authors. Arm circunference was greater in women than in men which is an exception. The triciptal skinfold and the Quetelet index are indicatives of obesity, especially in the women. The morbidity profile, established for 308 elderly persons, from diagnoses registered, reveled that hipertensive disease was the most prevalent, present in 49 per cent of individuals, followed by diseases of osteomuscular system and conjuntive tissue and endocrine and metabolic diseases. The habitual diet obtained from interview by trained nutritionists, also for 308 elderly persons, showed that the frequency of constructor and energetic foods seemed to be adequate, but regulatory foods did not seem so. Food habits probably exert an influence on the alteration observed in some blood variables.

O presente estudo analisou aspectos nutricionais e hábitos alimentares de idosos, de ambos os sexos (69,8 por cento mulheres e 30,2 por cento homens), matriculados em ambulatório geriátrico, com idade variando de 60 a 100 anos (média e mediana igual a 74 anos). As variáveis sangüíneas, analisadas para 127 idosos, quando comparadas com valores de referência, mostraram que a albumina, a HDL-C, a VLDL-C e os triglicérides apresentaram valores normais quanto à média para ambos os sexos, mas as duas primeiras ficaram abaixo desses valores e as duas últimas acima, em certo percentual de idosos quando consideradas segundo o sexo. A glicose, o colesterol e a LDL-C apresentaram valores acima dos de referência tanto na média quanto em certo número de idosos, quando separados por sexo. As medidas antropométricas, realizadas por nutricionistas treinadas, de acordo com metodologias previamente estabelecidas, foram analisadas também para 127 idosos e os resultados foram comparáveis aos de outros autores para peso e altura. A circunferência do braço apresentou-se excepcionalmente mais elevada nas mulheres do que nos homens. A prega cutânea triciptal e o índice de Quetelet são indicativos de obesidade, especialmente nas mulheres. O perfil de morbidade, estabelecido para 308 idosos, a partir dos diagnósticos registrados nos prontuários, revelou que a doença hipertensiva foi a mais prevalente, acometendo 49 por cento dos indivíduos, seguida pelas doenças do sistema osteomuscular e tecido conjuntivo e pelas doenças endócrinas e metabólicas. A dieta habitual obtida em entrevista por nutricionistas treinadas, também em 308 idosos, mostrou que a freqüência de alimentos construtores e energéticos parece adequada, mas não a de reguladores e que os hábitos alimentares devem estar influenciando para a alteração de algumas variáveis sangüíneas. / The present study analised the nutritional aspects and food habits of elderly persons, of both sexes (69.8 per cent women and 30.2 per cent men), registered at the geriatric out-patient service, with ages varying from 60 to 100 years (mean and median equal 74 years). The blood variables, analised for 127 elderly persons, when compared with reference values, showed that albumin, HDL-C, VLDL-C and triglycerides presented normal values regarding the mean for both sexes, but the first and the second were below these values, and the remainder were over the reference values for a certain percentual of elderly persons, when considered according to sex. Glucose, cholesterol and LDL-C were over the reference values both the global mean and age and sex specific mean in certain number of aged. The anthropometric measurements, carried out by trained nutritionists, according to previously established methodologies, were analised, too, for 127 elderly persons and the results for weight and height were comparable to the results of others authors. Arm circunference was greater in women than in men which is an exception. The triciptal skinfold and the Quetelet index are indicatives of obesity, especially in the women. The morbidity profile, established for 308 elderly persons, from diagnoses registered, reveled that hipertensive disease was the most prevalent, present in 49 per cent of individuals, followed by diseases of osteomuscular system and conjuntive tissue and endocrine and metabolic diseases. The habitual diet obtained from interview by trained nutritionists, also for 308 elderly persons, showed that the frequency of constructor and energetic foods seemed to be adequate, but regulatory foods did not seem so. Food habits probably exert an influence on the alteration observed in some blood variables.

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a management tool used to protect and sustain many ecologically and economically important fish species from overexploitation by recreational and commercial fishing. Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) and some of its prey species, such as rockfish (Sebastes spp.), are species that are protected from fishing in some California MPAs. Lingcod is an apex predator that consumes a variety of fish and invertebrate species. In this study, I sought to assess the effect of an MPA on the abundance, size and diet of Lingcod. I hypothesized that Lingcod in a no-take MPA would be more abundant and larger than Lingcod in an adjacent reference site (REF) that was open to fishing. Furthermore, I hypothesized that diet would differ between Lingcod in caught the MPA and Lingcod in the REF. I collected Lingcod from the Point Buchon State Marine Reserve (MPA) and an adjacent REF site that was open to fishing. I measured, weighed, sexed, and collected stomach contents from Lingcod using the gastric lavage (stomach pumping) technique. Then, I identified prey items from Lingcod stomach contents down to the lowest taxonomic level possible and quantified diet composition by percent by occurrence, percent by number, and percent by mass. Lingcod in the MPA consumed more fish prey items than Lingcod in the REF site. Lingcod in the REF consumed more cephalopod prey items than Lingcod in the MPA. I analyzed the four most common prey items (rockfish, anchovies, flatfish, and octopus) for nutritional content. My data suggest that Lingcod increased in size and abundance in a no-take MPA because they do not suffer from fishing mortality. However, a more nutritious diet could also contribute to a biologically significant advantage for Lingcod in the MPA. To address this would require further research focused on calculating the net energy (gross energy extracted from the prey item minus the energetic costs of handling and digesting the prey item) obtained by Lingcod from consuming different fish and cephalopod prey items. MPAs can be an effective management tool for protecting fish stocks, although, it is important to understand the interspecific interactions between predator and prey species to adaptively mange MPAs and the species that reside within them.

Introdução: Nicho interessante de pesquisa sobre o papel de hábitos de vida na saúde são os nutricionistas e estudantes de nutrição. Nesse sentido, surge o Nutritionists Health Study (NutriHS) na FSP-USP. Estudos desta natureza geram quantidade apreciável de informação, sendo desejável o uso de tecnologia para facilitar a obtenção e processamento de dados. Objetivos: O conjunto dos objetivos desta tese, que vão desde a criação de sistema web até sua aplicação no NutriHS, foram: 1) analisar softwares internacionalmente disponíveis, voltados à coleta e análise de dados sobre nutrição e alimentação; 2) desenvolver e implementar o sistema web, o e-NutriHS; 3) elaborar a documentação do sistema web; 4) proceder a validação os dados coletados pelo e-NutriHS; 5) comparar hábitos de vida (dieta e atividade física), medidas antropométricas e perfil bioquímico de estudantes de Nutrição e nutricionistas. Métodos: Realizou-se busca sistemática de estudos que utilizavam sistemas informatizados baseados na web. No desenvolvimento do e-NutriHS empregaram-se linguagens de programação livres: para o banco de dados utilizou-se MySQL 5.0 server via phpMyAdmin, localhost via UNIX socket e para a camada de apresentação Jquery 1.8, PHP 5.6, CSS e HTML 5. A documentação incluiu fluxogramas, arquitetura, código fonte e abordagem IBM Rational Unified Process, permitindo o desenvolvimento guiado por casos de uso, atendendo às recomendações do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial. Implementou-se a coleta de dados do NutriHS sobre hábitos de vida, eventos precoces da vida, saúde e clínico-laboratoriais, de estudantes de Nutrição em diferentes períodos do curso (1ª metade e 2ª metade) e graduados, por meio eletrônico e presencial. Bland-Altman e Kappa foram usadas para análises de concordância entre dados referidos e aferidos. Subgrupos de participantes foram comparados quanto a diversas variáveis (incluindo índice de dieta saudável) por ANOVA. Resultados: A busca das ferramentas de coleta eletrônica de dados de nutrição resultou em 10 estudos. A documentação do e-NutriHS incluiu detalhamento de fluxogramas, arquitetura, código fonte e casos de uso, atendendo às recomendações para registro de software. 723 indivíduos completaram dados autorreferidos no sistema e 228 realizaram antropometria, medidas de pressão arterial, composição corporal e coleta de materiais biológicos. Detectaram-se fortes correlações entre os valores antropométricos relatados e aferidos. A comparação de subgrupos mostrou tendência a menor consumo de energia, colesterol e carne vermelha e maior consumo de frutas & verduras nos grupos com maior duração da exposição a conhecimentos em nutrição. Os graduados apresentaram melhor escore de componentes do índice de dieta saudável e melhores índices lipídicos. Tais índices associaram-se ao consumo de frutas & verduras e inversamente ao de grãos refinados. Discussão: Instrumentos disponíveis na literatura apontam o meio eletrônico como de utilidade para condução de pesquisa em epidemiologia nutricional. O e-NutriHS atendeu adequadamente aos propósitos, motivando encaminhar seu registro de software. Com ferramenta eletrônica amigável, o NutriHS destacou-se como importante iniciativa de pesquisa em nutrição. Sugeriu que aquisição de conhecimento e habilidades traz benefícios clínicos que poderão, no longo prazo, reduzir o risco cardiometabólico. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento do e-NutriHS proporcionou rápida implementação do NutriHS, gerando dados de alta qualidade e baixo custo. Abrem-se perspectivas de testar hipóteses sobre mecanismos de doenças e intervenções na sua fase longitudinal que poderão ser úteis para a saúde pública. / Introduction: An interesting field of research on the role of lifestyle on health involves undergraduates and graduates of Nutrition Colleges. In this sense, emerges the Nutritionists\' Health Study (NutriHS) in the FSP-USP. This kind of study generates appreciable amount of information requiring technology to facilitate the data collection and processing. Objectives: The objectives for the development of this thesis began by programing a computerized system to its application in NutriHS. They were: 1) to analyze internationally available softwares addressed to the collection and analysis of data on nutrition; 2) to develop and implement the web system, e-NutriHS; 3) to develop the web system documentation; 4) to validate the data collected by NutriHS system; 5) to compare lifestyle habits (diet and physical activity), anthropometric measurements and biochemical profile of Nutrition undergraduates and nutritionists. Methods: A systematic search of epidemiological studies using web-based systems was performed. For the development of the e-NutriHS system free programming languages were employed: MySQL 5.0 for database server via phpMyAdmin, localhost via UNIX socket; and jQuery 1.8, PHP 5.6, CSS and HTML 5 for the users layer. Its documentation included detailed flowcharts, architecture, source code and the IBM Rational Unified Process approach, according to the National Institute of Industrial Property recommendations. Electronic data collection of the NutriHS participants on lifestyle, early life events, health and clinical laboratory from the undergraduates at different stages of course (1st half and 2nd half) and graduated, as well as face-to-face data collection, were implemented. Bland-Altman and Kappa were used for correlation analysis between reported and measured data. Subgroups of participants were compared according to a number of variables (including healthy eating index) by ANOVA. Results: Ten studies were selected in the search of webbased instruments. The e-NutriHS documentation included flowcharts, architecture, source code and use cases, taking into account the recommendations for software registration. 723 subjects completed self-reported data and 228 had measurements of anthropometry, blood pressure, body composition and collection of biological materials taken. Strong correlations were detected between reported and measured anthropometric values. In subgroups comparisons, a trend to lower energy and cholesterol red meat and higher fruits and vegetables intakes were found in groups with longer exposure to nutrition knowledge. The graduated group had better scores of some components the health eating index and better lipid indices. Lipid indices were associated with the intake fruits & vegetables and inversely with refined grains. Discussion: The systematic review indicates that web-based instruments are useful for conducting research in nutritional epidemiology. The e-NutriHS met its purposes appropriately, which led to referral to the software registration. The NutriHS has represented a major initiative research in nutrition. This suggested that acquisition of knowledge and skills reflects in clinical benefits that could reduce long term cardiometabolic risk. We conclude that the e-NutriHS development accelerate the NutriHS implementation, generating high-quality low-cost data. Perspectives of testing hypotheses about the mechanisms of nutrition-related diseases and interventions in the longitudinal phase are opened with potential use in public health.

Department of Botany / MSc(Botany)

Táto diplomová práca je zameraná na nutričné zhodnotenie vybraných práškov hmyzu zo svrčkov domových, z lariev múčiara obyčajného a potemníka stajňového a jedného potravinového produktu na báze hmyzu, ktorý bol tiež vyvinutý ako jeden z cieľov tejto práce. Okrem základných nutričných analýz boli použité aj ICP-OES pre zistenie obsahu minerálov a GC-FID pre zistenie zloženia mastných kyselín. Tiež bol stanovený obsah hrubej bielkoviny pomocou CHNSO analyzátora a stanovený obsah EAA. Pomocou PCA analýzy sa úspešne podarilo rozlíšiť vzorky jednotlivých hmyzích práškov, ktoré potvrdili rozmanitosť jednotlivých druhov hmyzu a vďaka projekcii do roviny hlavných komponent je možné vidieť, v ktorých nutričných parametroch sa najviac líšia. Bola tiež vykonaná senzorická analýza novo vyvinutého produktu na báze hmyzu s prídavkom prášku z potemníka stajňového v porovnaní s konkurenčnými produktmu. Súčasťou práce je aj rozsiahly spotrebiteľský prieskum na vzorke 2 019 účastníkov, týkajúci sa vnímania entomofágie v Českej republike a na Slovensku, ktorý sa uskutočnil online.