Worldwide, millets are regarded as significant grains; however, they are the least exploited. Millet grain is abundant in nutrients and health-beneficial phenolic compounds, making it suitable as food and feed. The diverse contents of nutrients and phenolic compounds present in finger and pearl millet are good indicators that the variety of millet available is important when selecting it for use as food or feed. The phenolic properties found in millets comprise of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which are beneficial to human health. Research has shown that millet phenolic properties have high antioxidant activity. Phytochemicals present in millet grains have positive effects on human health by lowering the cholesterol and phytates in the body. The frantic demands on maize and its uses in multiple industries have merit the search for alternative grains, to ease the pressure. Substitution of maize with pearl and finger millets in the diets of different animals resulted in positive impact on the performance. Of late, millet grain has been incorporated in other foods and used to make traditional beverages. In Chapter 1, the topic of the research was introduced, stating the importance of the study and to motivate on the significance of millet grains. Aims and objectives were also listed. Chapter 2 presented extensive literature review on millet and their uses in human and livestock nutrition. In addition, the use of tannin as alternative feed was also reviewed. Different studies have been conducted to investigate the suitability of millet grain as an energy source, in the animal industry. However, studies on the Southern African types of millet are limited; this might be due to lack of information on their nutritional composition and their suitability as animal feed. Overall, the aim of this study was to profile the nutritional characteristics of selected millet grains in South Africa and Zimbabwe, their suitability as energy source for human and livestock and to study the effect of pearl millet type on the performance indices of Ross 308 broiler chickens. In Chapter 3, the general materials and methods used to reach the scientific conclusion for this study was summarised. In Chapter 4, physical and chemical analysis were conducted on millet grains obtained from South Africa and Zimbabwe, the results revealed that the physiochemical characteristics of the millet grain qualify it as a suitable candidate in replacing maize as an energy source. To further understand the characteristics of the millet grain, Chapter 5 analysed the phenolic compounds available in the millet grain obtained from South Africa and Zimbabwe. The results showed that the grain is endued with valuable phenolic compounds beneficial in the nutrition of both human and animals and aid as health benefit. Chapter 6 investigated the various inclusion levels of pearl millet in a bid to establish the most suitable combination for the poultry sector. Pearl millet grain used in this experiment went through different breeding improvements and selections conducted at the Grain Crop Institute in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Pearl millet grain was used as the main source of energy for Ross 308 broiler chicks for a period of 42 days with performance indices investigated. The results revealed that pearl millet can be incorporated in the diets of broiler chickens, in replacement of maize, without adversely affecting the performance. In addition, the economic justification of replacing maize with pearl millet was studied. The cost of the grains was determined and the cost per weight gain was determined. The results showed that indeed it is economically sound to replace maize with pearl millet in the diet of poultry. The quadratic function best fitting optimum treatment combination in relation to performance parameters such as body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and internal organs was also examined. In Chapter 7, the research was generally discussed to tie up the conclusions of the experiments conducted. General recommendations were also given on the compounds of millet varieties and their health benefits to both humans and animals. / Kuwo wonke umhlaba, amabele athathwa njengezinhlamvu ezibalulekile, kodwa awasetshenziswa kakhulu. Uhlamvu lwebele lunemisoco eminingi kanye nenzuzo yempilo ngama-phenolic compound, okwenza ukuthi afaneleke kakhulu njengokudla kwabantu kanye nemfuyo. Imisoco eminingi equkethwe kanye nama-phenolic compound atholakala eminweni kanye nezinhlamvu zebele ayizinkomba ezinhle zokuthi izinhlobo zamabele ezitholakalayo zibaluleke kakhulu ekukhethweni njengokudla kanye nokudla kwabantu noma imfuyo. Amaphenolic properties atholakala kumabele aqukethe ama-phenolic acids, ama-flavonids, kanye nama-tannins, ayinzuzo kakhulu empilweni yabantu. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ama-phenolic properties amabele anomsebenzi wezinga eliphezulu lama-antioxidant. Ama-phytochemicals atholakala kwizinhlamvu zamabele anenzuzu enhle kakhulu kwimpilo yabantu ngokwehlisa izinga le-cholesterol kanye nama-phytate emzimbeni. Ukudingeka kakhulu kombila kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kwizimboni eziningi, kubangele ukuthi kwenziwe ucwaningo ngezinye izinhlamvu ukwehlisa ingcindezi. Ukuthatha isikhundla sombila, sithathwa amabele kwidayethi yezilwane ezehlukene kwaba nomphumela omuhle kakhulu ngokusebenza. Kamuva nje, izinhlamvu zamabele zifakelwe kwezinye izidlo ezisetshenziswa ukwenza iziphuzo zomdabu. Kwisahluko 1, isihloko socwaningo sethulwa khona, ukuchaza ukubaluleka kocwaningo kanye nokuqikelela ngokubaluleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele. Izinhloso nezinjongo nazo zifakelwe kuhla. Isahluko 2, sethula ukubuyekezwa kwemibhalo ngamabele kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo kubantu kanye nokudla kwemfuyo. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-tannin njengokunye ukudla kwemfuyo kuye kwabuyekezwa. Kwenziwe ucwaningo olwehlukene ukuphenyisisa ngokufaneleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele njengomthombo wamandla (we-eneji) kwimboni yezilwane. Kodwa, ucwaningo ngezinhlobo zamabele eNingizimu ne-Afrika alukenziwa ngokwanele; lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yokuswelakala kolwazi ngemisoco equkethwe kanye nokufaneleka njengokudla kwezilwane. Kanti ngokwengamele, inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukwenza iprofayili yemisoco ngezinhlamvu zamabele athile eNingizimu Afrika kanye naseZimbabwe, ukufaneleka kwawo njengomthombo wamandla (we-eneji) kubantu kanye nemfuyo, kanye nokwenza ucwaningo ngemiphumela yenhlobo yamabele ngama-performance indices wamachwane e-ROss 308. Kwisahluko 3, kusetshenziswe imetheriyali kanye namamethodi asetshenzisiwe ukufinyelela isiphetho sezesayense kulolu cwaningo, kwafinyezwa. Kwisahluko 4 kwenziwe uhlaziyo lokubambekayo kanye namakhemikhali ngezinhlamvu zamabele ngokutholakale eNingizimu Afrika kanye naseZimbabwe, imiphumela ikhombise ukugqama kwe-physiochemical kwezinhlamvu zamabele ukufaneleka kwazo njengekhandideti ekuthatheni isikhundla sombila njengomthombo wamandla. Ukuqhubeka nokuqondisisa ukuphawuleka kwezinhlamvu zamabele, iSahluko 5 sihlaziye ama-phenolic compound kwizinhlamvu zamabele aseNingizimu Afrika neZimbabwe. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi uhlamvu lwamabele lunama-phenolic compound ayinzuzo ekudleni okunomsoco kubantu kanye nezilwane, kanye nokuba wusizo lwenzuzo kwimpilo. Isahluko 6 siphenyisise ngamazinga okubandakanywa kwamabele ukwenzela ukuthola ukufaneleka kwawo kumkhakha wezinkukhu. Izinhlamvu zamabele e-pearl zisetshenziswe kule ekspirimenti, eyenziwa ezigabeni ezehlukene zokuthuthukisa ukuzalisa kanye nokhetho olwenziwe ngabe-Grain Crop Institute ePotchefstroom, eNingizimu Afrika. Amabele e-pearl asetshenziswe njengomthombo omkhulu we-eneji kumachwane eRoss 308 isikhathi sezinsuku ezingu 42 kanti kwaphenyisiswa ngokusebenza kwama-indices. Imiphumela iveze ukuthi amabele epearl angafakelwa kwidayethi yamachwane, ukuthatha isikhundla sombila, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusebenza. Nangaphezu kwalokho, ukufaneleka kwezomnotho ngokuthatha isikhundla zombila sithathwa ngamabele e-pearl kuye kwacwaningwa. Izindleko zezinhlamvu ziye zabekwa kanti futhi nesisindo ngezinhlamvu kuye kwabekwa. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi kuyinto enhle kwezomnotho ukuthatha isikhundla sombila sithathwa ngamabele e-pearl kwidayethi yezinkukhu. Ukusebenza kwe-quadratic function kufaneleke kakhulu kwi-optimum treatment combination mayelana nama-parameter okusebenza afana nokwenyuka kwesisindo somzimba, ukuguqula i-feed conversion ratio kanye nezitho zangaphakathi nazo ziye zahlolwa. KwiSahluko 7, ucwaningo kuye kwaxoxwa ngalo ukuhlanganisa iziphetho zama-ekspirimenti enziwe. Izincomo ezinabile, ziye zanikezwa ngama-compound ezinhlobo zamabele kanye nezinzuzo zawo kwezempilo kubantu kanye nezilwane / Lefaseng ka bophara, leotša le bonwa bjalo ka mabele a bohlokwa kudu; le ge go le bjale, ke dibjalo tšeo di sa bjalwego kudu. Dithoro tša leotša di tletše ka phepo ye ntši le ditswaki tša fenoliki tšeo di nago le mohola maphelong, gomme se sa dira gore di be maleba bjalo ka dijo le phepo. Dikagare tša lona tšeo di fapafapanego le ditswaki tša fenoliki tšeo di whetšagalago ka gare ga leotša la finger le la pearl ke dilaetši tše kaone tša gore mehutahuta ya leotša yeo e hwetšagalago e bohlokwa ge e kgethwa bjalo ka sejo le phepo. Diteng tša fenoliki tšeo di hwetšwago ka agre ga leotša di na le diesiti tša fenoliki, difolabanoite, le dithaninse, tšeo di lego mohola go maphelo a batho. Dinyakišišo di laeditše gore diteng tša fenoliki tša leotša di na le mošomo wa godimo wa dihlwekišammele tšeo di bitšwago dianthioksitente. Difaethokhemikhale tšeo di lego gona ka gare ga dithoro tša leotša di na le diabe tše kaone go maphelo a batho ka go fokotša kholesterole le difaetheite mmeleng. Dinyakwa tša ka pela go lefela le mešomo ya lona ka diintastering tše ntši di dirile gore go be le nyakego ye kgolo ya dithoro tše dingwe tšeo di ka emelago lefela legato, go nolofatša kgatelelo yeo e beilwego go lefela. Go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl le la finger ka dijong tša diphoofolo tšeo di fapafapanego go feleleditše ka seabe se sekaone ka ga go šoma ga lona. Go fihla mo lebakeng le, dithoro tša leotša di tsentšwe ka dijong tše dingwe gomme tša šomišwa go dira dino tša setšo. Ka go Kgaolo ya 1, hlogotaba ya dinyakišišo e tsebagaditšwe, ya fa bohlokwa bja dinyakišišo tše le lebaka mabapi le bohlokwa bja dithoro tša leotša. Maike mišetšo le dinepo le tšona di filwe. Kgaolo ya 2 e hlagišitše tekodišišo ya dingwalwa ye e tseneletšego ka ga leotša le mešomo ya lona go phepo ya batho le ya diphoofolo. Godimo ga fao, tšhomišo ya tannin bjalo ka phepo ya boikgethelo le yona e lekodišišitšwe. Dinyakišišo tše di fapafapanego di dirilwe go nyakišiša go ba maleba ga thoro ya leotša bjalo ka methopo wa enetši, ka intastering ya diphoofolo. Le ge go le bjale, dinyakišišo tš0e di dirilwego mabapi le mehuta ya leotša ka Borwa bja Afrika ke tše nnyane; se se ka ba se bakwa ke tlhoklego ya Tshedimošo mabapi le sebiopego sa phepo ka hare ha leotša le go ba maleba ga lona bjalo ka phepo ya diphoofolo. Ka kakaretšo, maikemišetšo a dinyakišišo tše e bile go lebeledišiša dikokwane tša phepo tša dithoro tša leotša tšeo di kgethilwego ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe, go ba maleba ga lona bjalo ka methopo wa enetši go batho le go diruiwa le go nyakišiša ka ga seabe ka ga mohuta wa leotša wa pearl go go šoma ga dipalopalo go dikgogo tša nama tša Ross 308. Ka go Kgaolo ya 3, ditlabelo le mekgwa ka kakaretšo yeo e šomišitšwego go fihlelela sephetho sa tša mahlale sa dinyakišišo tše di filwe kakaretšo. Ka go Kgaolo ya 4, tshekatsheko ya naga le ya dikhemikhale e dirilwe mabapi le dithoro tša leotša tšeo di hweditšwego ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe, dipoelo di utollotše gore dikagare tša dikhemikhale tša thoro ya leotša di le dira le be lebele leo le loketšego go tšeela legato lefela bjalo ka methopo wa enetši. Go kwešiša go tšwela pele dikagare tša thoro ya leotša, Kgaoilo ya 5 e sekasekile diteng tša fenoliki tšeo di hwetšagalago ka gare ga thoro ya leotša leo le hwetšago ka Afrika Borwa le ka Zimbabwe. Dipoelo di laeditše gore thro ya leotša le tletše ka dikagare tša fenoliki tšeo di lego mohola go phepo ya bobedi batho le diphoofolo le gore le thuša bjalo ka kholego ya tša phepo. Kgaolo ya 6 e nyakišišitše maemo a mehutahuta a kakaretšo a leotša la pearl ka nepo ya go hwetša motswako wa maleba kudu ka lekaleng la dikgogo. Dithoro tša leotša la pearl tšeo di šomišitšwego ka mo tekodišišong ye di sepedišitšwe ka go dikaonafatšo tše di fapanego tša monontšha gomme dikgetho di dirilwe ka go Sehlongwa sa Dibjalo tša Dithoro ka Potchefstroom, ka Afrika Borwa. Dithoro tša leotša la pearl di šomišitšwe bjalo ka mothopo wa enetši go matswiana a nama a Ross 308 mo matšatšing a 42 fao go dirilwego dinyakišišo ka ga dipalopalo tša go gola ga dikgogo. Dipoelo di laeditše gore leotša la pearl le ka tsenywa ka dijong tša dikgogo tša nama, go tšeela legato lefela, ka ntle le go ama gampe go gola ga dikgogo. Godimo ga fao, lebaka la tša ekonomi la go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl le nyakišišitšwe. Theko ya dithoro e hweditšwe gomme theko ka boima bjo itšego le yona e hweditšwe. Dipoelo di laeditše gore ka nnete go tloga go kwagalago kudu go tša ekonomi go tšeela lefela legato ka leotša la pearl. Mošomo wa tekanelo wa wo o loketšego bokaone motswako wa tlhokomelo ya godimo mabapi le mahlakore a kgodišo ya dikgogo a go swana le boima bja mmele, go nona, rešio ya go fetošetša dijo le ditho tša ka gare le ona o lekodišišitšwe. Ka go Kgaolo ya 7, dinyakišišo di hlalošitšwe ka kakaretšo gore go fihlelelwe sephetho ka ga ditekodišišo tšeo di dirilwego. Ditšhišinyo ka kakaretšo le tšona di filwe mabapi le dikagare tša mehutahuta tša leotša le dikholego tša ona go tša maphelo go bobedi batho le diphoofolo / College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. Agr. (Animal Science)

This study aims to design and validate a nutritional recipe for a snack made of Green Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peel Flour (GBPF) and to assess the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the flour. Banana peel, a food industry by-product, is a nutritious, low-cost material available for all year. Banana peel flower could be used as a functional ingredient due to its high fiber content and good functional properties. In general, university students have a deficient dietary fiber intake due to altered dietary patterns; thus, this study was focused on this population. The GBPFs were obtained from the peels of pre-climacteric bananas by fluidized bed (FDB) dryer, after which, microbiological, proximate, and dietary fiber analyses were applied. It was designed the nutritional recipe for the snack taking into account the energy and dietary fiber nutritional requirements of the target population. It could be validated and adjusted the recipe following the methodology of Centro Nacional de Alimentaci n y Nutrici n, concluding with the determination of dietary fiber in the end-product. The dietary fiber, total carbohydrate, protein, total fat and energy contents of the GBPF were as following: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g, 3.6 g, and 361.2 kcal, per 100 g of flour. The snack contained 7.74 g of dietary fiber per serving size, having a good acceptance among the university students' panelists based on an organoleptic test. In conclusion, the GBPF showed great potential as a source of dietary fiber, and it was an excellent source of carbohydrates and other nutrients to a lesser degree. When included as a functional ingredient in the nutritional formulation of a snack, it had an overall positive effect on the product's organoleptic characteristics. / Revisión por pares

A importância econômica da carne de aves conduziu extensivos esforços de seleção genética para aumentar o rendimento de peito de frangos de corte comerciais proporcionando músculos formados com o dobro de fibras musculares e com maior diâmetro. Esse aumento causou a incidências de alterações musculares peitorais denominadas de White Striping e Wooden Breast, conhecida respectivamente como estrias brancas e peito madeira. Foram utilizados 1.755 pintos de 3 linhagens (Cobb, Ross e Hubbard) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3X5 (três linhagens, cinco estratégias nutricionais) com nove repetições por tratamento, distribuídas em 135 boxes e densidade de 13 aves/m². Foram abatidas 1 ave por repetição aos 35, 42, 49 e 56 dias para as análises de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes, miopatias peitorais e composição nutricional do peito. As estratégias nutricionais (EN) foram: EN1 - desempenho regular, 500 FTU de fitase; EN2 - desempenho superior, 500 FTU de fitase; EN3 - desempenho superior, 1500 FTU; EN4 - desempenho superior, 500 FTU, complexo antioxidante; EN5 - desempenho superior, 1500 FTU, complexo antioxidante. Entre as linhagens, Ross predominou com o maior consumo de ração com 21, 49 e 56 dias e maior peso médio em todas as idades. A linhagem Hubbard que prevaleceu com a menor conversão alimentar aos 49 e 56 dias de idade. Para rendimento de carcaça Cobb e Ross foram superiores ao Hubbard com 35 dias e predominaram maior rendimento de peito entre as idades de abate. Hubbard obteve maior rendimento de pernas em todas as idades. Para consumo de ração, peso médio e conversão alimentar por EN, o consumo de ração só apresentou diferença significativa entre as EN nas fases iniciais (8-21 dias) e finais (50-56 dias). Quando observado o peso médio, a EN 5 teve o maior peso em todas as idades. O menor peso foi para as aves da EN 1 em todas as idades. Na análise de conversão percebe-se que a EN 1 teve a maior conversão nas fases: inicial (8-21 dias), crescimento (22-49 dias) e final (50-56 dias). EN 5 obteve a menor conversão alimentar na fase inicial e final. Não houve diferença significativa para incidência de White Striping em todas as idades entre linhagens. Para Wooden Breast (WB), houve diferença significativa entre as linhagens com 42, 49 e 56 dias de idade, onde Cobb prevaleceu com maior incidência nessas idades. Ross obteve junto ao Cobb as maiores incidências com 49 e 56 dias. Não houve diferença significativa entre White Striping e Wooden Breast entre as estratégias nutricionais. Para composição química do peito das aves entre as linhagens, observa-se que só houve diferença significativa para extra etéreo (EE) com 49 dias de idade, onde Cobb e Ross tiveram o maior percentual. Entre as estratégias nutricionais não houve diferença significativa para composição nutricional do peito. Há diferença significativa entre Cobb, Ross e Hubbard para desempenho e rendimento, o que afetam a incidência das miopatias peitorais. No entanto, entre as estratégias nutricionais não observou diferença significativa para incidências de White Striping e Wooden Breast. / The economic importance of poultry meat led extensive genetic selection efforts to increase breastfeeding of commercial broilers by providing muscles formed with twice the muscle fibers and with larger diameter. This increase caused incidences of pectoral muscle changes called White Striping and Wooden Breast, known respectively as white striations and chest wood. A total of 1,755 chicks (Cobb, Ross and Hubbard) were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3X5 factorial arrangement (three lines, five nutritional strategies) with nine replicates per treatment, distributed in 135 boxes and density of 13 birds / m². One bird per replicate was slaughtered at 35, 42, 49 and 56 days for analyzes of performance, carcass yield and cuts, pectoral myopathies and nutritional composition of the breast. The nutritional strategies (EN) were: EN1 - regular performance, 500 FTU of phytase; EN2 - superior performance, 500 FTU of phytase; EN3 - superior performance, 1500 FTU; EN4 - superior performance, 500 FTU, antioxidant complex; EN5 - superior performance, 1500 FTU, antioxidant complex. Among the lineages, Ross predominated with the highest feed intake at 21, 49 and 56 days and highest mean weight at all ages. The Hubbard strain prevailed with the lowest feed conversion at 49 and 56 days of age. For carcass yield Cobb and Ross were superior to Hubbard with 35 days and had a higher breast yield between the slaughter ages. Hubbard obtained higher leg yield at all ages. For feed intake, mean weight and feed conversion by EN, feed intake only showed a significant difference between the early (8-21 days) and the late (50-56 days). When the average weight was observed, EN 5 had the highest weight in all ages. The lowest weight was for birds of EN 1 at all ages. In the conversion analysis, it was observed that EN 1 had the highest conversion in the phases: initial (8-21 days), growth (22-49 days) and final (50-56 days). EN 5 obtained the lowest feed conversion in the initial and final phases. There was no significant difference in the incidence of White Striping at all ages between strains. For Wooden Breast (WB), there was a significant difference between the 42, 49 and 56 days old strains, where Cobb prevailed with higher incidence at these ages. Ross obtained the highest incidences with Cobb at 49 and 56 days. There was no significant difference between White Striping and Wooden Breast between nutritional strategies. It was observed that there was only a significant difference for fat at 49 days of age, where Cobb and Ross had the highest percentage. Among nutritional strategies there was no significant difference in the nutritional composition of the breast. There is a significant difference between Cobb, Ross and Hubbard for performance and yield, which affect the incidence of pectoral myopathies. However, among the nutritional strategies did not observe significant difference for incidences of White Striping and Wooden Breast.

The aim of this diploma thesis was a sensory and nutritional evaluation of vegetable drinks. The analysis focused on rice and oat drink. Part of the population has health problems with milk consumption. Some substitutes can be beverages from legumes, cereals, nuts, etc. Oat and rice drinks does not contain cholesterol, are a source of minerals and vitamins. Rice and oat drink does not contain lactose or milk proteins. The downside is the insufficient amount of protein and the fact that, unlike milk protein, the protein of cereals is poor, deficient. Rice drink does not contain gluten. The sensory analysis aimed to compare individual drinks and determine their differences between samples, to determine the intensity of certain properties and to rank the samples from best to worst. The sensory analysis confirmed the differences between manufacturers. In the case of rice beverages, the evaluators concluded that they perceived the difference between the product of Alpro and Alnatura, with the Alnatura drink being considered the most acceptable. The amount of fat in rice beverages was low (1-1.1 g fat per 100 ml). Drinks also contain little protein (0.1-0.3 g / 100 ml). Oat beverages differed in particular with Alnatura and Delhaize - Bio. The evaluators preferred Delhaize Drink Company - Bio the most. The nutritional composition of the fat-like products is similar to rice beverages (1-1.5 g fat per 100 ml). The amount of protein was slightly higher (0.6-1 g protein per 100 ml). From a nutritional point of view, there is a noticeable difference between cow's milk and oat and rice beverages. The rice and oat drinks that were preferred contained the most sugar and the brewing flavor was the least noticeable.

A Portulaca oleracea L. (beldroega) possui propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, podendo ser utilizada como planta medicinal e alimento funcional. O estudo objetivou determinar: a composição centesimal e mineral da beldroega in natura; a intensidade da atividade de inibição bacteriana (IINIB) e a intensidade da atividade de inativação bacteriana (IINAB) das concentrações de 50, 25, 12.5 e 6.25 % de extratos alcoólicos da beldroega sobre diferentes inóculos bacterianos de interesse em alimentos (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis e Enterococcus faecalis), pelo método do Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos; a atividade antioxidante pelo método de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrihidrazil), relacionando-as com a presença de polifenóis totais e antocianinas determinados pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e do pH diferencial, respectivamente. Os teores de umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas totais, fibra bruta, carboidratos e valor energético em base úmida foram de 91.23±0.39, 1.67±0.30, 0.37±0.09, 1.22±0.16, 1.45±0.08, 4.05±0.27% e 109.52±6.46 Kj.100g-1, respectivamente. Em base seca os teores de proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas totais, fibra bruta e carboidratos foram de 17.40±2.36, 3.85±1.06, 12.79±2.32, 16.57±0.31 e 42.09±0.89%, respectivamente. As folhas e talos da beldroega demonstraram ser excelentes fontes de Fe (10.5 mg.100-1) e K (9100 mg.100-1). A bactéria mais sensível ao extrato da planta foi a Escherichia coli e a menos sensível foi o Staphylococcus aureus. Os teores dos polifenóis totais e antocianinas foram superiores na concentração de 50% tendo-se obtido os seguintes valores 51.46±0.26 mgEAG.100g-1 e 8.05±0.06 mg.100g-1, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa destes compostos bioativos com a variação da concentração (p ≤ 0.05). O percentual de inibição máximo na concentração de 50 % foi de 61.31% sugerindo que o extrato possui atividade antioxidante moderada e nas restantes concentrações mostrou-se fraca. Os resultados desta pesquisa fundamentam a caracterização nutricional e a atividade antibacteriana potencial da beldroega como planta comestível não convencional, buscando estabelecer a relação estrutura-atividade. / Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and can be used as a medicinal plant and functional food. The study aimed to determine the proximate and mineral composition of fresh purslane; the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB) in concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25% from aerial parts ethanolic extracts of purslane on different bacterial inocula of interest in food (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Enterococcus faecalis ) by the method of Multiple Tube System, antioxidant activity by DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrihidrazil) and relating them to the presence of total polyphenols and anthocyanins evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu and differential pH methods, respectively. The moisture, protein, fat, total ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates and energy value on wet basis were 91.23±0.39, 1.67±0.30, 0.37±0.09, 1.22±0.16, 1.45±0.08, 4.05±0.27% and 109.52±6.46 Kj.100g-1, respectively. On dry basis the values of protein, fat, total ash, crude fiber and carbohydrates were 17.40±2.36, 3.85±1.06, 12.79±2.32, 16.57±0.31 and 42.09±0.89%, respectively. The leaves and stems of purslane proved to be excellent sources of Fe (10.5 mg.100-1) and K (9100 mg.100-1). The most sensitive bacteria to the extract were Escherichia coli and the less one was Staphylococcus aureus. The content of total polyphenols and anthocyanins were higher at a concentration of 50% yielding the following values 51.46±0.26 mg EAG.100g-1, 8.05±0.06 mg.100g-1, respectively. There were significant differences of these bioactive compounds by varying the concentration (p ≤ 0.05). The maximum percentage inhibition at a concentration of 50% was 61.31% suggesting that the extract has a moderate antioxidant activity and the remaining concentrations was weak. The findings of this research grounded the nutritional characterization and potential antibacterial activity of purslane as unconventional edible plant, seeking to establish the relationship structure-activity.

Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como propósito estudar o processamento das vísceras de frango (Gallus domesticus) e das ratitas avestruz (Struthio camellus) e ema (Rhea americana), para elaboração de farinhas, com uma avaliação de seus parâmetros tecnológicos de qualidade e de controle de produção. As vísceras das três espécies (frango, avestruz e ema) foram processadas pelo mesmo método, sob as mesmas condições de tempo e de temperatura. Basicamente, a matéria-prima foi esterilizada, filtrada em peneira para a separação do óleo, moída, seca em estufa e analisada. Foram obtidos dados de rendimentos de produção, de composição de nutrientes, de digestibilidade em pepsina, teores de cálcio e fósforo, e valor calórico, além da estabilidade durante o armazenamento. Os resultados encontrados nas análises foram: i) rendimentos de produção para frango (14,3%), avestruz (15,0%) e ema (15,7%); ii) composição de nutrientes para frango, avestruz e ema, respectivamente: umidade 5,5%, 3,5% e 3,6%; proteínas 60,7%, 47,6% e 51,4%; lipídios 27,1%, 20,1% e 32,9%; cinzas 4,3%, 17,5% e 6,3%; fibra 0,8%, 5,1% e 3,2%; e carboidratos 1,5%, 6,3% e 2,7%; iii) digestibilidade 82,4%, 84,6% e 78,6%; iv) teores de cálcio 0,2% 1,1% e 0,1% e de fósforo 1,1%, 1,0% e 0,5%; v) valor calórico 21335,3 kJ.kg-1, 17155,1 kJ.kg-1 e 22060,6 kJ.kg-1. Com relação à estabilidade, durante o armazenamento das farinhas das três espécies, não foi verificada a presença de Salmonella; além disso, o pH, o índice de acidez e o número de TBA não variaram ao longo do período de armazenamento (0, 7, 15 e 30 dias). Os valores de pH da suspensão da farinha em água, para as três espécies, encontrados na faixa entre 6 e 7; enquanto os índices de acidez estão entre 3 e 9,1 mg NaOH/g e o TBA entre 0,6 e 2,1 mg MA/kg. / Abstract: This work had as objective to study the processing of chicken (Gallus domesticus) and of the ratites ostrich (Struthio camellus) and rhea (Rhea americana) viscera for flour elaboration, with an evaluation of the quality technological parameters and of production control. The viscera of the three species (chicken, ostrich and rhea) were processed by the same method on the same conditions of time and temperature. Basically, the raw material was sterilized, filtered in sieve for the separation of oil, minced, dried in chamber and analyzed. The values of production yields, nutritional composition, digestibility in pepsin, calcium and phosphorus contents, and the calorific value were obtained, besides the stability during the storage. The following results were found: i) production yields for chicken (14.3%), ostrich (15.0%) and rhea (15.7%); ii) nutritional composition for chicken, ostrich and rhea, respectively: moisture 5.5%, 3.5% and 3.6%; protein 60.7%, 47.6% and 51.4%; lipid 27.1%, 20.1% and 32.9%; ash 4.3%, 17.5% and 6.3%; fiber 0.8%, 5.1% and 3.2%; and carbohydrate 1.5%, 6.3% and 2.7%; iii) digestibility 82.4%, 84.6% and 78.6%; iv) calcium content 0.2%; 1.1% and 0.1%; phosphorus content 1.1%, 1.0% and 0.5%; v) calorific value 21335.3 kJ.kg-1, 17155.1 kJ.kg-1 and 22060.6 kJ.kg-1. In relation to the stability, during the storage of the flours of the three species, it wasn't verified the presence of Salmonella, besides, the pH, the acidity rate and the number of TBA didn't vary during the period of storage (0, 7, 15 and 30 days). The pH values of the suspension of flour in water, for the three species, ranged from 6.0 and 7.0; while the acidity values ranged from 3.0 to 9.1 mg NaOH/g and the TBA from 0.6 to 2.1 mg MA/kg. Key words: ratites; viscera flour; nutritional composition; storage. / Orientador: Pedro Fernando Romanelli / Coorientador: Elizeu Trabuco / Banca: Nilson Evelázio de Souza / Banca: José Francisco Lopes Filho / Mestre

A Portulaca oleracea L. (beldroega) possui propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, podendo ser utilizada como planta medicinal e alimento funcional. O estudo objetivou determinar: a composição centesimal e mineral da beldroega in natura; a intensidade da atividade de inibição bacteriana (IINIB) e a intensidade da atividade de inativação bacteriana (IINAB) das concentrações de 50, 25, 12.5 e 6.25 % de extratos alcoólicos da beldroega sobre diferentes inóculos bacterianos de interesse em alimentos (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis e Enterococcus faecalis), pelo método do Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos; a atividade antioxidante pelo método de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrihidrazil), relacionando-as com a presença de polifenóis totais e antocianinas determinados pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e do pH diferencial, respectivamente. Os teores de umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas totais, fibra bruta, carboidratos e valor energético em base úmida foram de 91.23±0.39, 1.67±0.30, 0.37±0.09, 1.22±0.16, 1.45±0.08, 4.05±0.27% e 109.52±6.46 Kj.100g-1, respectivamente. Em base seca os teores de proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas totais, fibra bruta e carboidratos foram de 17.40±2.36, 3.85±1.06, 12.79±2.32, 16.57±0.31 e 42.09±0.89%, respectivamente. As folhas e talos da beldroega demonstraram ser excelentes fontes de Fe (10.5 mg.100-1) e K (9100 mg.100-1). A bactéria mais sensível ao extrato da planta foi a Escherichia coli e a menos sensível foi o Staphylococcus aureus. Os teores dos polifenóis totais e antocianinas foram superiores na concentração de 50% tendo-se obtido os seguintes valores 51.46±0.26 mgEAG.100g-1 e 8.05±0.06 mg.100g-1, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa destes compostos bioativos com a variação da concentração (p ≤ 0.05). O percentual de inibição máximo na concentração de 50 % foi de 61.31% sugerindo que o extrato possui atividade antioxidante moderada e nas restantes concentrações mostrou-se fraca. Os resultados desta pesquisa fundamentam a caracterização nutricional e a atividade antibacteriana potencial da beldroega como planta comestível não convencional, buscando estabelecer a relação estrutura-atividade. / Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and can be used as a medicinal plant and functional food. The study aimed to determine the proximate and mineral composition of fresh purslane; the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB) in concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25% from aerial parts ethanolic extracts of purslane on different bacterial inocula of interest in food (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Enterococcus faecalis ) by the method of Multiple Tube System, antioxidant activity by DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrihidrazil) and relating them to the presence of total polyphenols and anthocyanins evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu and differential pH methods, respectively. The moisture, protein, fat, total ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates and energy value on wet basis were 91.23±0.39, 1.67±0.30, 0.37±0.09, 1.22±0.16, 1.45±0.08, 4.05±0.27% and 109.52±6.46 Kj.100g-1, respectively. On dry basis the values of protein, fat, total ash, crude fiber and carbohydrates were 17.40±2.36, 3.85±1.06, 12.79±2.32, 16.57±0.31 and 42.09±0.89%, respectively. The leaves and stems of purslane proved to be excellent sources of Fe (10.5 mg.100-1) and K (9100 mg.100-1). The most sensitive bacteria to the extract were Escherichia coli and the less one was Staphylococcus aureus. The content of total polyphenols and anthocyanins were higher at a concentration of 50% yielding the following values 51.46±0.26 mg EAG.100g-1, 8.05±0.06 mg.100g-1, respectively. There were significant differences of these bioactive compounds by varying the concentration (p ≤ 0.05). The maximum percentage inhibition at a concentration of 50% was 61.31% suggesting that the extract has a moderate antioxidant activity and the remaining concentrations was weak. The findings of this research grounded the nutritional characterization and potential antibacterial activity of purslane as unconventional edible plant, seeking to establish the relationship structure-activity.

A Portulaca oleracea L. (beldroega) possui propriedades antioxidantes e antimicrobianas, podendo ser utilizada como planta medicinal e alimento funcional. O estudo objetivou determinar: a composição centesimal e mineral da beldroega in natura; a intensidade da atividade de inibição bacteriana (IINIB) e a intensidade da atividade de inativação bacteriana (IINAB) das concentrações de 50, 25, 12.5 e 6.25 % de extratos alcoólicos da beldroega sobre diferentes inóculos bacterianos de interesse em alimentos (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis e Enterococcus faecalis), pelo método do Sistema de Tubos Múltiplos; a atividade antioxidante pelo método de DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrihidrazil), relacionando-as com a presença de polifenóis totais e antocianinas determinados pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e do pH diferencial, respectivamente. Os teores de umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas totais, fibra bruta, carboidratos e valor energético em base úmida foram de 91.23±0.39, 1.67±0.30, 0.37±0.09, 1.22±0.16, 1.45±0.08, 4.05±0.27% e 109.52±6.46 Kj.100g-1, respectivamente. Em base seca os teores de proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas totais, fibra bruta e carboidratos foram de 17.40±2.36, 3.85±1.06, 12.79±2.32, 16.57±0.31 e 42.09±0.89%, respectivamente. As folhas e talos da beldroega demonstraram ser excelentes fontes de Fe (10.5 mg.100-1) e K (9100 mg.100-1). A bactéria mais sensível ao extrato da planta foi a Escherichia coli e a menos sensível foi o Staphylococcus aureus. Os teores dos polifenóis totais e antocianinas foram superiores na concentração de 50% tendo-se obtido os seguintes valores 51.46±0.26 mgEAG.100g-1 e 8.05±0.06 mg.100g-1, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa destes compostos bioativos com a variação da concentração (p ≤ 0.05). O percentual de inibição máximo na concentração de 50 % foi de 61.31% sugerindo que o extrato possui atividade antioxidante moderada e nas restantes concentrações mostrou-se fraca. Os resultados desta pesquisa fundamentam a caracterização nutricional e a atividade antibacteriana potencial da beldroega como planta comestível não convencional, buscando estabelecer a relação estrutura-atividade. / Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and can be used as a medicinal plant and functional food. The study aimed to determine the proximate and mineral composition of fresh purslane; the intensity of bacterial inhibition activity (IINIB) and the intensity of bacterial inactivation activity (IINAB) in concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25% from aerial parts ethanolic extracts of purslane on different bacterial inocula of interest in food (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Enterococcus faecalis ) by the method of Multiple Tube System, antioxidant activity by DPPH method (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrihidrazil) and relating them to the presence of total polyphenols and anthocyanins evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu and differential pH methods, respectively. The moisture, protein, fat, total ash, crude fiber, carbohydrates and energy value on wet basis were 91.23±0.39, 1.67±0.30, 0.37±0.09, 1.22±0.16, 1.45±0.08, 4.05±0.27% and 109.52±6.46 Kj.100g-1, respectively. On dry basis the values of protein, fat, total ash, crude fiber and carbohydrates were 17.40±2.36, 3.85±1.06, 12.79±2.32, 16.57±0.31 and 42.09±0.89%, respectively. The leaves and stems of purslane proved to be excellent sources of Fe (10.5 mg.100-1) and K (9100 mg.100-1). The most sensitive bacteria to the extract were Escherichia coli and the less one was Staphylococcus aureus. The content of total polyphenols and anthocyanins were higher at a concentration of 50% yielding the following values 51.46±0.26 mg EAG.100g-1, 8.05±0.06 mg.100g-1, respectively. There were significant differences of these bioactive compounds by varying the concentration (p ≤ 0.05). The maximum percentage inhibition at a concentration of 50% was 61.31% suggesting that the extract has a moderate antioxidant activity and the remaining concentrations was weak. The findings of this research grounded the nutritional characterization and potential antibacterial activity of purslane as unconventional edible plant, seeking to establish the relationship structure-activity.

Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T21:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarruetoGonzalez_NorkaBeatriz_D.pdf: 1348327 bytes, checksum: 18f0856e8caba5f78415b8cd169e869a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Dada a importância que os feijões secos têm na dieta tradicional brasileira, a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) tem desenvolvido novos cultivares de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris), por meio melhoramento genético, para atender os altos padrões agronômicos e culinários do mercado interno. Entretanto, as características nutricionais destas novas cultivares estão documentadas de maneira incompleta, tanto em termos de conteúdo de macro/micro nutrientes, como também de seus valores biológicos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o valor nutritivo de sete novas cultivares de feijão: Jalo Precoce, Radiante, Vereda, Pérola, Timbó, Valente e Ouro Branco, da EMBRAPA do Centro de Pesquisa Arroz-Feijão, Goiás. Após análise centesimal de rotina, foram determinados o perfil aminoacídico e alguns importantes componentes minerais (cálcio, ferro, magnésio, cobre e zinco). Os resultados mostram que variações significativas (P<0,05) ocorreram no conteúdo protéico e de carboidratos totais entre todas as cultivares. O teor de proteína variou entre 21 e 28%, com destaque para Radiante, Jalo Precoce e Ouro Branco que tiveram as maiores concentrações. O teor de carboidratos foi de 55,4 (Radiante) a 62,1% (Valente), entretanto, os lipídios permaneceram constantes, variando de 2,4 a 2,8%. As proteínas de todas as novas cultivares alcançaram os padrões internacionais para os requerimento de histidina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina e tirosina. Com destaque para as cultivares Vereda e Ouro Branco, que alcançaram os requerimentos de lisina e treonina. Por outro lado, todas as cultivares apresentaram baixo conteúdo de aminoácidos sulfurados, metionina e cistina. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre as cultivares em termos de Mg, Fe e Zn, mas as concentrações de Ca e Cu variaram significativamente (P<0,0001). O conteúdo de ferro foi de 4,7 (Ouro Branco) a 5,5mg/100g (Vereda e Valente), enquanto que o cobre foi de 0,5 (Ouro Branco) a 0,9mg/100g (Radiante), e o conteúdo de zinco foi de 2,4 (Ouro Branco e Pérola) a 3,1mg/100g (Jalo Precoce). Pelos altos teores de Ca se destacaram as variedades Pérola (486), Vereda (428) e Valente (387mg/100g), enquanto que Jalo Precoce, Pérola e Valente apresentaram os maiores teores de Mg (129-117mg/100g). Considerando o fato de que todas as variedades foram cultivadas sob condições estritamente controladas de solo, água e práticas agrícolas, estes resultados podem ser altamente representativos com relação às características individuais de composição, onde as variedades Jalo Precoce, Ouro Branco e Valente apresentaram-se mais vantajosas em termos de composição de nutrientes. A partir destes resultados, três novas cultivares de feijão-comum (P. vulgaris) foram selecionadas, por causa do seu conteúdo de nutrientes, para avaliação da biodisponibilidade mineral e comparar com um cultivar clássico de soja (Glycine Max), var. Conquista. As três cultivares foram: feijão branco ¿Ouro Branco¿, feijão preto ¿Valente¿ e Carioca ¿Pérola¿ e os minerais testados foram os previamente estudados: cálcio, magnésio, cobre e zinco. O balanço metabólico, coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) e a taxa de retenção e absorção (R/A) para estes minerais foram os parâmetros determinados, usando ratos Wistars recém-desmamados. Os animais receberam por doze dias dietas contendo exclusivamente os feijões cozidos ou farinha integral de soja tostada. Os níveis de fitatos foram determinados pelo método colorimétrico de Latta & Eskin e os minerais por absorção atômica nas dietas, fezes, urina e fêmur. Além disso e com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto das dietas no crescimento do osso cortical das tíbias, foram feitas medidas histomorfométricas da altura e espessura da cartilagem. Os resultados mostraram que as dietas à base de leguminosas diferiram estatisticamente uma das outras em termos de cálcio (275-480mg/100g), magnésio (108-262mg/100g), cobre (0,5-1,06mg/100g) e zinco (2,4-5,0mg/100g), e que as dietas à base de feijão Carioca ¿Pérola¿ e feijão preto ¿Valente¿, bem como a soja foram as que maior conteúdo mineral apresentaram. As dietas à base de feijão mostraram baixos teores de fitatos (3,1-3,9mg/g), especialmente com relação à soja (6,5mg/g). A análise estatística do balanço mineral detectou diferenças significativas entre os índices biológicos obtidos para os tratamentos de feijão e soja. As dietas ¿Valente¿ e ¿Pérola¿ mostraram alto balanço de cálcio (22-25mg/d), em comparação com as dietas ¿Ouro Branco¿ (12,8mg/d) e soja (14,4mg/d). A taxa de retenção e absorção (R/A), entretanto, foi maior para a dieta soja (99,0%), seguida pela dieta ¿Valente¿ (96,7%). Com relação ao CDA para cálcio, a dieta ¿Pérola¿ se destacou (92,5%) entre todos os tratamentos à base de leguminosas e Controle (AIN-93G). Os índices de avaliação revelaram que a soja teve maior balanço de magnésio (4,7mg/d) entre todas as dietas è base de feijão, entretanto o CDA foi melhor para a dieta ¿Pérola¿ (82%), apesar da taxa R/A ter sido melhor para ¿Valente¿ (7,1%) e soja (6,8%), enquanto que ¿Ouro Branco¿ e Controle (AIN-93G) tiveram índices negativos (valores de balanço e R/A). Com relação ao cobre, todas as dietas à base de leguminosas tiveram resultados negativos de balanço e CDA, de maneira similar ao que foi observado para o zinco. A dieta à base de soja, entretanto, mostrou balanço e CDA positivos para cobre e zinco. Por outro lado, somente a dieta Controle teve resposta positiva no teste de balanço de zinco, apesar da taxa de R/A para as dietas ¿Ouro Branco¿ e ¿Pérola¿ ter sido alta. Juntando estes dados, os índices sugerem que a biodisponibilidade de cálcio e magnésio não foi afetada pelos fitatos presentes nestas fontes alimentares, porém, para o zinco e o cobre este efeito foi evidente. As medidas histomorfométricasm, entretanto, não detectaram nenhuma diferença entre os diversos tratamentos à base de feijão e soja. Além disso, pode ser concluído que a baixa ingestão de cálcio dos grupos alimentados com leguminosas, acarretou alterações no sistema esquelético, tais como alta redução do platô da cartilagem de crescimento e na espessura do osso em si, mesmo que a retenção de cálcio no fêmur dos animais tratados com as dietas ¿Pérola¿ e soja tenham sido significativa / Abstract: Given the importance that dry beans have in the traditional Brazilian diet, the Brazilian Agency for Agricultural Research (EMBRAPA) has developed new cultivars of common beans (P. vulgaris) by means of classical breeding expecting to meet higher agronomic and culinary standards for the domestic market. Nevertheless, the nutritional characteristics of these new cultivars are incompletely documented, both in terms of macro/micro nutrient contents and biological value. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the nutritive value of seven new dry bean cultivars: Jalo Precoce, Radiante, Vereda, Pérola, Timbó, Valente e Ouro, from the Embrapa Rice and Bean Research Center in Goiás. After routine proximal composition, their amino acid profiles and key mineral components (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc and copper) were determined. The results show that substantial and significant (P<0,05) variations occur in protein and carbohydrates among all the cultivars. Protein contents varied between 21 and 28%; Radiante, Jalo Precoce and Ouro Branco having the highest contents. In turn, the total carbohydrate contents ranged between 55,4 for Radiante, to 62.1%, for Valente, whereas the lipids remained rather constant, varying from 2.4 to 2.8%. The proteins of all these new cultivars met the international standard requirements for histidine, valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine plus tyrosine. Additionally, the cultivars Valente and Ouro Branco stood out because of their contents for lysine and threonine that also met the requirements. As in the case of all leguminous seeds, all the cultivars were low in the sulfurcontaining amino acids, methionine and cysteine. No statistical differences were noticed among the cultivars in terms of Mg, Fe and Zn, but the concentrations of Ca and Cu did vary significantly (P<0.0001). Iron contents varied from 4.7 in Ouro Branco, to 5.5mg/100g in Vereda and Valente, while copper ranged from 0.5 in Ouro Branco, to 0.9mg/100g, in Radiante, and the zinc contents went from 2.4 (Ouro Branco and Pérola) to 3.1mg/100g (Jalo Precoce). Insofar as calcium is concerned, Pérola (486), Vereda (428) and Valente (387mg/100g) were the richest, whereas Jalo Precoce, Pérola and Valente stood out because of their high contents of magnesium (129 ¿ 117mg/100g). Considering the fact that all the cultivars were grown under strictly controlled conditions of soil, weather and agricultural practices, these results can be taken as highly representative of the individual compositional characteristics and could be concluded that among the new cultivars, the Jalo Precoce, Ouro Branco and Valente are the most advantageous in terms of nutrient composition. Then, three of those new Brazilian dry bean (P. vulgaris) cultivars were selected because of their nutrient content for mineral bioavailability evaluation, and compared with the classical soybean (Glycine max) cultivar Conquista. The three cultivars were the white bean ¿Ouro Branco¿, a black bean ¿Valente¿ and the Carioca type ¿Pérola¿ and the minerals tested were the least commonly studied: calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc. The metabolic balance, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and the ratio of retention to absorption (R/A) for these minerals were the parameters determined using young Wistar rats (21d). The animals received for twelve days diets consisting exclusively of the cooked beans or the roasted soybean flour. The phytate levels of the diets were determined by the colorimetric method of Latta & Eskin and the minerals by atomic absorption in the diets, feces, urine and femur. Additionally and in order to evaluate the impact of the diets on the cortical bone growth of the tibias, histomorphometric measurements of the height and thickness of the cartilage were made. The results showed that the legume-based diets statistically differed from each other in terms of calcium (275 ¿ 480 mg/100g), magnesium (108 ¿ 262 mg/100g), copper (0.50 ¿ 1.06 mg/100g) and zinc (2.4 ¿ 5.0mg/100g), and that the diets made up of the Carioca ¿Pérola¿ and the Black ¿Valente¿, as well as soy bean were those with the highest mineral contents. The dry bean diets exhibited low concentrations of phytates (3.1 ¿ 3.9mg/g), especially with respect to the soybean (6.5mg/g). Statistical analysis of the mineral balance detected significant differences between the biological indices obtained by the dry-bean and the soybean treatments. The dry bean diets ¿Valente¿ and ¿Pérola¿ exhibited higher balance for calcium (22 ¿ 25mg/d), in comparison to ¿Ouro Branco¿ (12.8mg/d) and the soybean (14.4mg/d) diets. The ratio of retention to absorption (R/A), however, was greatest for the soybean (99.0%), followed by the ¿Valente¿ (96.7%) diet. With regard to the ADC for calcium, in turn, the ¿Pérola¿ ranked first (92.5%) among all treatments and the Control. The evaluation indices revealed that the soybean had the highest magnesium balance (4.7mg/d) among all the dry bean diets, whereas the ADC was best for the ¿Pérola¿ (82%) diet, although the R/A ratios were better for the ¿Valente¿ (7.1%) and soybean (6.8%), while the ¿Ouro Branco¿ and Control gave negative indices (balance and R/A values). With regard to copper, all the dry bean diets gave negative balance and ADC indices, something similar to what was observed for zinc. The soy bean diet, however, showed positive balance and ADCs for both copper and zinc. On the other hand, only the Control diet gave a positive response in the balance test for zinc, although the R/A ratios of the ¿Ouro Branco¿ and ¿Pérola¿ diets were the highest. Taken together, these indices suggest that the little studied calcium and magnesium bioavailability from dry beans is not affected by the phytates present in this staple food, but a suppressive effect on zinc and copper was clear. Histomorphometric measurements, however, did not detect any differences between the various dry bean treatments or the soybean. In addition, it could be concluded that the low calcium intake by dry bean-fed groups had profound consequences to the skeleton system of the animals, such as the height reduction of the cartilaginous grow plates and the thickness of the bone itself, in spite of the femur calcium retention having been significant in the ¿Pérola¿ and soybean diets / Doutorado / Nutrição Básica Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-20T12:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Larissa de souza k.pdf: 1966700 bytes, checksum: 433c39e96a3a7d2b6e01f34c1043575e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In recent years the search for foods that promote quality of life and expectation of consumers has grown worldwide. Species of Pleurotus cater to this trend because they are considered foods of high nutritional potential. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro conditions of production and the nutritional properties of Pleurotus albidus in order to develop cereal bars. Initially we evaluated the influence of culture conditions on solid medium and physicochemical parameters in submerged fermentation to produce mycelial biomass. The results showed that the mycelial growth was similar in all culture media in the absence of light, however, in the presence of light growth in malt extract agar and malt extract agar with yeast extract was statistically superior compared with others. In submerged fermentation sucrose, fructose and maltose were the carbon sources that most favored the production of biomass, 7.28 g.L-1, 7.07 g.L-1, 6.99 g.L-1, respectively, and the best result was obtained with extract of yeast (7.98 g.L-1) as nitrogen source. The factorial design used to evaluate the influence of sucrose and yeast extract, agitation speed and pH indicated that all variables significantly influenced the production of biomass, especially the concentration of sucrose. The maximum biomass production (9.81 g.L-1) was in media containing sucrose (30.0 g.L-1), yeast extract (2.5 g.L-1), pH 7.0 and agitation speed (180 rpm). Biomass exhibited no microbial contamination or toxicity in the brine shrimp¸ and showed a reduction in antioxidant capacity with 28% DPPH. In nutritional quality, biomass indicated total carbohydrate 50.7%, 20.41% protein, 18.55% crude fiber, 8.18% ash, 2.66% fat and 308.34 Kcal. Potassium was the most abundant macromineral, followed by phosphorus, sodium and magnesium, with 17.13 g.kg-1, 12.31 g. Kg-1 3.52 g.Kg-1 and 2.06 g.Kg-1 respectively, while zinc (57.99 mg.Kg-1), iron (28.82 mg.Kg-1) and copper (3.97 mg.kg-1) were as trace minerals in greater quantities. All essential amino acids were detected in the biomass, being the most abundant leucine, lysine and valine at levels of 0.91 g.100g-1, 0.78 g.100 g-1 and 0.73 g.100 g-1, respectively. Aspartic acid (1.31 g.100 g-1), glutamic acid (1.14 g.100 g-1), alanine (1.12 g.100 g-1) and arginine (1.01 g.100 g-1) stood out in relation to non-essential amino acids. In relation to microbiological quality of the three formulations prepared cereal bars with different P. albidus biomass concentration (0%, 4% and 8%) were considered safe for human consumption. The addition of biomass of P. albidus in cereal bars increased the content of fiber, carbohydrates and minerals. The mean values of the attributes evaluated were not statistically different among the three formulations and all had acceptability index above 70%. The cultivation conditions provided the production of mycelial biomass of P. albidus for developing cereal bars, food product with nutritional and sensory qualities suitable for consumption, subject to technology transfer to industry and consequently a new alternative source of incomes. / Nos últimos anos a busca por alimentos que promovam a qualidade e expectativa de vida dos consumidores tem crescido mundialmente. Espécies de Pleurotus atendem para essa tendência, pois são considerados alimentos de elevado potencial nutricional. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as condições in vitro de produção e as propriedades nutricionais de Pleurotus albidus visando a elaboração de barras de cereais. Inicialmente foi avaliada a influência das condições de cultivo em meio sólido e os parâmetros físico-químicos por fermentação submersa para produzir biomassa micelial. Os resultados mostraram que em meio sólido o crescimento micelial foi similar em todos os meios de cultivo na ausência de luz, contudo, na presença de luz o crescimento em ágar extrato de malte e ágar extrato de malte com extrato de levedura foi estatisticamente superior em relação aos demais. Na fermentação submersa sacarose, frutose e maltose foram as fontes de carbono que mais favoreceram a produção da biomassa, 7,28 g.L-1, 7,07 g.L-1, 6,99 g.L-1, respectivamente, e das fontes de nitrogênio o melhor resultado foi com extrato de levedura (7,98 g.L-1). O planejamento fatorial utilizado para avaliar a influência da concentração de sacarose e extrato de levedura, pH e velocidade de agitação indicou que todas as variáveis influenciaram significativamente na produção da biomassa, com destaque para a concentração da sacarose. A máxima produção de biomassa (9,81 g.L-1) foi em meio contendo sacarose (30,0 g.L-1), extrato de levedura (2,5 g.L-1), pH 7,0 e velocidade de agitação (180 rpm). A biomassa não apresentou contaminação microbiana nem toxicidade frente a Artemia salina¸e mostrou uma capacidade antioxidante com redução em 28% do radical DPPH. Na qualidade nutricional, a biomassa apresentou teor de carboidratos totais de 50,7%, 20,41% de proteínas, 18,55% de fibra bruta, 8,18% de cinzas, 2,66% de lipídios e 303, 34 Kcal. O potássio foi o macromineral mais abundante, seguido de fósforo, sódio e magnésio, com 17,13 g.Kg-1, 12,31 g.Kg-1, 3,52 g.Kg-1 e 2,06 g.Kg-1, respectivamente, enquanto zinco (57,99 mg.Kg-1), ferro (28,82 mg.Kg-1) e cobre (3,97 mg.Kg-1) foram os microminerais em maior quantidade. Todos os aminoácidos essenciais foram detectados na biomassa, sendo os mais abundantes a leucina, lisina e valina com teores de 0,91 g.100 g-1, 0,78 g.100 g-1 e 0,73 g.100 g-1, respectivamente. Ácido aspártico (1,31 g.100 g-1), ácido glutâmico (1,14 g.100 g-1), alanina (1,12 g.100 g-1) e arginina (1,01 g.100 g-1) destacaram-se em relação aos aminoácidos não essenciais. Na avaliação da qualidade microbiológica as três formulações de barras de cereais elaboradas com diferentes concentrações da biomassa de P. albidus (0%, 4% e 8%) foram consideradas seguras para consumo humano. A adição da biomassa nas barras de cereais elevou o teor de fibras, carboidratos e minerais. Os valores médios dos atributos avaliados não diferiram estatisticamente entre as três formulações e todos tiveram índice de aceitabilidade acima de 70%. As condições de cultivo proporcionaram a produção da biomassa micelial de P. albidus para o desenvolvimento de barras de cereais, produto alimentício com qualidades nutricional e sensorial adequadas ao consumo, passível de transferência tecnológica para a indústria e consequentemente uma nova alternativa de geração de renda.