O magnésio (Mg) é um íon intracelular, co-fator essencial de mais de 300 reações enzimáticas, envolvido principalmente nas reações de geração de energia (ATP). Sua deficiência tem sido associada a complicações durante a gravidez, como préeclâmpsia, eclâmpsia, restrição do crescimento fetal intrauterino e mortalidade fetal. Deste modo, este estudo observacional de corte transversal teve como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional em Mg de mulheres saudáveis no terceiro trimestre gestacional atendidas no pré-natal do Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo. A amostra foi composta por 52 gestantes saudáveis, entre a 26ª e 42ª semana gestacional, com média de idade de 28,1 (5,9) anos, que realizavam pré-natal no HU/USP. Elas foram submetidas a avaliação antropométrica (peso e altura), dietética (Mg), por meio do recordatório alimentar de 24 h e registro alimentar de 3 dias, e bioquímica (Mg plasmático, eritrocitário e urinário). Foi observado que todas as gestantes tinham inadequação no consumo alimentar de Mg. Das gestantes, 38,5% apresentaram baixa excreção urinária de Mg, porém a concentração de Mg nos outros parâmetros, plasma e eritrócito, não mostrou deficiência deste mineral. Foram observadas correlações significativas entre a ingestão alimentar de Mg e as seguintes variáveis: pressão arterial sistólica (r = - 0,297; p = 0,032), Mg eritrocitário (r = 0,285; p = 0,041) e tendência a ser significativa com a pressão arterial diastólica (r = -0,247; p = 0,078). As gestantes atendidas no HU/USP apresentaram inapropriado consumo alimentar do Mg, que se refletiu em alterações na excreção urinária deste mineral, porém sem afetar os demais compartimentos biológicos estudados. / Magnesium (Mg) is an intracellular ion, an essential co-factor for over 300 enzymatic reactions, involved mainly in energy (ATP) generation. Its deficiency has been associated to complications during pregnancy such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, restriction to intrauterine fetal growth and fetal mortality. So, this observational cross-section study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status concerning Mg in healthy women in the third trimester of pregnancy received prenatal care at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo (HU/USP). The sampling comprised 52 healthy pregnant women between the 26th and the 42nd week of pregnancy, with a mean age of 28.1 (5.9) years, who received prenatal care at the HU/USP. They were submitted to anthropometric (weight and height), dietary (Mg), through the food recall 24 h and food record of 3 days, and biochemical (plasma, erythrocytic and urinary Mg) evaluations. It was observed that all pregnant women presented an inadequate Mg intake from food. An amount of 38.5% of the pregnant women showed low urinary Mg excretion, but Mg concentrations within the other parameters, that is, plasma and erythrocytic Mg, did not show deficiency of this mineral. Significant correlations were observed between Mg intake from food and the following variables: systolic blood pressure (r = - 0.297; p = 0.032), erythrocytic Mg (r = 0.285; p = 0.041) and a trend to be significant with diastolic blood pressure (r = - 0.247; p = 0.078). The pregnant women assisted at HU/USP presented inadequate intake of Mg from food, which was reflected in alterations in the urinary excretion of this mineral, although it was not affected in the other biological compartments studied.

Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional e o risco de doença cardiovascular (DCV) de mulheres no climatério. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, cuja população foi composta por 200 mulheres de 35 a 65 anos, agrupadas de acordo com a fase do climatério: pré-menopausa (PRÉ), perimenopausa (PERI) e pós-menopausa (PÓS). As mulheres do grupo PÓS foram divididas em dois grupos: sem terapia de reposição hormonal (S/TRH) e com TRH oral por no mínimo 12 meses (C/TRH). O estado nutricional foi avaliado segundo o índice de massa corporal (IMC) e o percentual de gordura corporal (%GC); o risco de DCV foi avaliado segundo a relação cintura/quadril (RCQ). O nível de significância utilizado nas análises foi alfa=5%. Resultados: A prevalência de pré-obesidade + obesidade, segundo o IMC, foi 65,4% (PRÉ), 70,9% (PERI) e 67,4% (PÓS), porém não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Comparado ao grupo C/TRH, houve maior proporção de mulheres obesas no grupo S/TRH (p=0,04), 21,4% e 48,4%, respectivamente. O %GC revelou sobrepeso e obesidade em 50,7% (PRÉ), 66,7% (PERI) e 57,4% (PÓS); 67,7% (S/TRH) e 54,8% (C/TRH) – essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significativas. O risco de DCV foi considerado alto e muito alto para a maioria das mulheres: 90,7% (PRÉ), 95,8% (PERI) e 84,1% (PÓS); 90,3% (S/TRH) e 76,2% (C/TRH) e não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos. Conclusão: Grande parte das mulheres apresentou alto risco de afecções relacionadas à obesidade, como a DCV, justificando a atenção à mulher no climatério para a prevenção das principais causas de mortalidade nesse grupo. / Purpose: To evaluate the nutritional status and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk of climacteric women. Methodology: Transversal study, composed by 200 women aged 35-65 years, grouped according to the climacteric stage: premenopause (PRE), perimenopause (PERI) and postmenopause (POS). The PÓS group was divided in two groups: with no hormonal replacement therapy (N/HRT) and with oral HRT for at least 12 months (W/HRT). The nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage (BF%); the CVD risk was assessed by waist hip ratio (WHR). The significance level used for the analyses was alpha=5%. Results: According to BMI, the pre-obesity + obesity prevalences were 65,4% (PRÉ), 70,9% (PERI) e 67,4% (POS) and there was no significant difference among these groups. Compared with the group W/HRT, there was a higher rate (p=0,04) of obesity among women in the N/HRT group: 21,4% and 48,4%, respectively. The BF% showed overweight and obesity in 50,7% (PRE), 66,7% (PERI) and 57,4% (POS); 67,7% (N/TRH) and 54,8% (W/TRH), differences that were not statisticaly significant. In all groups there was a greater proportion of women considered with high and very high risk of CVD: 90,7% (PRE), 95,8% (PERI) and 84,1% (POS); 90,3% (N/TRH) and 76,2% (W/TRH) and the risk did not differ statisticaly among the groups. Conclusion: The majority of women had increased obesity-related and cardiovascular disease risk, emphasizing women´s health attention programms to the prevention of the leading mortality causes in this group.

Bakgrund: En tredjedel av Sveriges befolkning över 70 år ligger i farozonen för att drabbas av undernäring. Detta riskerar inte bara deras hälsa utan även att sänka deras livskvalité.     Syfte: Att undersöka måltidsmiljöns påverkan på nutritionsstatus hos personer som bor på omvårdnadsboenden.   Metod: Litteraturstudie. 11 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades, åtta stycken var med kvantitativ metod och tre stycken var med kvalitativ metod.   Resultat: En hemlik måltidsmiljö gav en förbättrad nutritionsstatus hos personer på omvårdnadsboenden. Möjlighet att välja mellan olika maträtter samt möjlighet till självservering gynnar nutritionsstatusen hos personer som bor på omvårdnadsboenden. Förmågan till självservering gav en högre grad bevarad autonomi hos de personer som bor på omvårdnadsboenden när de erbjuds möjligheter att välja själva.   Slutsats: Möjlighet till självservering samt valmöjligheter av mat vid måltider har en positiv effekt på nutritionsstatusen på individer på omvårdnadsboenden. Tillsammans med en förbättrad måltidsmiljö kan det motverka en minskning av livskvalité. Då många interventioner i måltidsmiljön ofta genomfördes samtidigt behövs studier som fokuserar på en intervention i taget, för att se hur olika delar inom måltidsmiljön påverkar personerna som befinner sig i den. Mer utbildning och förbättrad kunskap hos vårdpersonalen behövs för att optimera vården / Background: One third of the Swedish population over 70 years is in danger of suffering from malnutrition. This risk not only their health but also to reduce their quality of life.   Aim: To investigate the impact from mealtime environment on the nutritional status of people living in nursing homes   Method: Literature review. 11 articles were included, eight were with quantitative method and three were with qualitative method. Results: A mealtime with a homelike environment gave an improved nutritional status of people in nursing homes. Ability to choose between different dishes and the opportunity to serve oneself benefit the residents' nutritional status. The ability to serve oneself gave a higher degree of preserved autonomy of persons living in nursing homes when offered opportunities to choose for themselves   Conclusion: The opportunity for self-service and choice of food have a positive impact on the nutritional status at nursing homes. Along with an improved mealtime environment it can counteract a decrease in quality of life. As many interventions in the food environment is often conducted at the same time, studies that focus on one intervention at a time are needed. In order to optimize care, the training and knowledge need to be increased within the medical staff.

Orientador: Antonio de Azevedo Barros Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T12:15:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cocetti_Monize_D.pdf: 4184206 bytes, checksum: 2c3d8f738ef8e44e22af1cab17355eca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Este é um estudo transversal que teve como objetivo principal comparar peso, a altura, o Índice de massa corporal e a composição corporal de 6998 escolares, de 7 a 17 anos, matriculados em escolas públicas e particulares da rede de ensino do Município de Campinas, SP., além de avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade nos adolescentes. Foram realizadas medidas de peso, altura, circunferência do braço (CB), circunferência da cintura (CC), dobras cutâneas triciptal (DCT) e subescapular (DCSE) e aplicação do método de bioimpedância elétrica (BIA). As medidas derivadas foram índice de massa corporal (IMC), área muscular do braço (AMB), área de gordura do braço (AGB), % de gordura corporal (%GC), massa gorda (MG) e massa magra (MM). As variáveis foram agrupadas por idade, sexo e tipo de escola, e distribuídas em percentil. O IMC foi utilizado para avaliar sobrepeso (P=85) e obesidade (P=95), usando como referencial as curvas do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2000). Foi verificado se existia diferença estatisticamente significante entre as variáveis em função da idade, sexo e tipo de escola. As medidas de altura, peso e IMC foram estatisticamente significantes, respectivamente, até os 16 anos, 15 anos e 14 anos, em função do tipo de escola, sendo maiores nas escolas particulares. Enquanto as medidas de %GC, MG, DCSE e AGB foram estatisticamente significantes, em todas as idades, em função do sexo e tipo de escola. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 11,1% e de obesidade foi de 5,6%. O sobrepeso e a obesidade foram maiores nas escolas particulares do que nas publicas, respectivamente, 14,5% vs 9,2% (p<0,01) e 7,9% vs 4,4% (p<0,01), e nos meninos do que nas meninas, respectivamente, 12,3% vs 10,2 (p<0,01) e 8,3% vs 3,7% (p<0,01). Os escolares deste estudo atingem peso, altura e IMC semelhantes ao final da adolescência, porém com diferenças significativas na composição corporal, com maior prevalência de obesidade e percentual de gordura corporal entre as crianças e adolescentes das escolas particulares do que nas públicas. / Abstract: The main purpose of this cross sectional study was to evaluate the body composition and growth of 6,998 children and adolescents aged between 07 and 17 years, enrolled at public and private schools in the city of Campinas, 8ao Paulo. In addition to assessment of overweight and obesity prevalence in the adolescents. Measurements were also taken of weight, height, arm circumference (AC), waist circumference (WC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSFT), subscapular skinfold thickness (SSFT) and bioelectrical impedance (BI). The derived measures were body mass index (BMI), arm muscle area (AMA), arm fat area (AFA), body fat percent (%BF), lean body mass (LM) and fat mass (FM). The variables were grouped according to age, sex and type of school and then transformed into percentiles. The BMI was used to evaluate overweight (p=85) and obesity (p=95) using the CDC (2000) as reference. The existence of a statistically significant difference in growth assessment measures in relation to age, sex and type of school was verified. Among the adolescents, weight, height and BMI were statistically significant in relation to sex and type of school. Measures of %BF; FM, 88FT and AMA were statistically significant for all ages in relation to sex and type of school. Overweight prevalence was 11.1 % and obesity was 5.6%. Both overweight and obesity were higher in private schools than in public schools respectively, overweight 14,5 vs 9,2 (p<0.0l) and obesity 7,9 vs 4,4 (p<0.01) and boys than girls, respectively, 14,5 vs 9.2 (p<0.0l) and 7,9 vs 4,4 (p<0.01). The schoolchildren in this study reach weight, height and BMI of similar values at the end of puberty, but with different results related to the body composition, with higher prevalence of obesity and percent of fat among schoolchildren of private schools than public schools. / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

An assessment of the nutritional status of a representative sample of an urban African population has not previously been conducted, nor the extent to which the traditional diet has been abandoned for a western diet. To meet this end, a cross-sectional analytic study was carried out on a representative sample (N=1146) of the urban African population, aged 3 - 64 years in 1990. Particular attention was paid to specific at-risk groups viz. preschoolers (aged 3 - 6 years; N=163), adolescents (aged 15 - 18 years; N=119) and adults (19 - 44 years; N=649). The interrelationships of dietary intake with socio-economic status, demographic indicators as well as measures of urban exposure were also examined. A further aim was to determine the extent to which this rapidly urbanising population ' s macronutrient profile had shifted from a traditional towards a western atherogenic dietary pattern. This analytic study was nested in a community-based descriptive survey on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. A multi-staged, proportional sampling strategy was used. Quotas were used in the final stage of sampling, based on the age/sex distribution of a 1988 census conducted by the local authorities. Dietary data were collected by means of the 24-hour recall method, by Xhosa -speaking registered nurses who had received intensive training. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and blood samples were drawn according to standard procedures. Socio-demographic questions elicited information on the physical environment and facilities, educational level and employment status. Information was also elicited regarding urban exposure relating to lifetime migration history, thus incorporating retrospective temporality into the study des ign. From these data, an index of urban exposure was established by calculating the percentage of life spent in an urban environment. Univariate analyses of dietary, anthropometric and biochemical vitamin status were used for the descriptive components of the study of the three specific at-risk age categories. Bivariate analyses examined the effects of selected proxies of socio-economic status, and urban exposure on dietary intake. Finally, multiple linear regressions were performed on the preschoolers (N=163) and adult sample, aged 15 - 64 years (N=983) incorporating additional indicators of socio-economic status as predictors, and dietary intake data as outcome measures. Correspondence analysis further explored the relationships between dietary atherogenicity (using the Keys score) and other risk factors for degenerative disease.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / The significance of malnutrition in public health has increasingly gained recognition in South Africa due to its negative effect on the quality of life, both at the individual and societal levels. The most vulnerable groups to suffer from malnutrition are pregnant and lactating women as well as children below 5 years of age. Given the importance of maternal and child health, this study is set out to assess the prevalence and trend of maternal and child malnutrition in South Africa. In addition to the health cost, there is also economic cost, resulting from malnutrition. Therefore, the association between malnutrition and labour force participation is of academic and policy interest due to the crucial role the labour force plays in stimulating economic growth.

PURPOSE: A retrospective chart review was conducted to determine if nutritional source of feeding and/or infant age at diagnosis of cystic fibrosis had any effect on nutritional status and subsequent growth accretion. Additionally, an attempt was made to identify predictors for poor growth in patients with undiagnosed cystic fibrosis. METHODS: Data was collected from medical and clinic charts at Primary Children's Medical Center (PCMC), Salt Lake City, Utah, for subjects born between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 200 I, who were diagnosed with cystic fibrosis before 1 year of age. Thirty-one subjects met inclusion parameters. These subjects were divided into two groups: an "early" diagnosis group (N= 13) included those who were diagnosed before 9 weeks of age, and a "late" diagnosis group (N= 18) included those who were diagnosed after 9 weeks of age. "Breastfed at diagnosis" (N=7) and "not breastfed at diagnosis" (N= 17) groups were established as well, with nutritional source of feeding remaining unknown for 7 of the 31 subjects. RESULTS: Paired t-tests indicated that children who were primarily breastfed at time of diagnosis did not grow significantly more than children who were formula-fed at time of diagnosis, although regression analysis indicated that nutritional source of feeding at time of diagnosis was a significant predictor of growth later in life. This contradiction could have come about due to the small sample size. Age at diagnosis had a significant effect on growth, at diagnosis, at age 2 years, and age 6 years. Children who were diagnosed early grew taller and weighed more than the children who were diagnosed after 9 weeks of age, both at the 2-year mark and at the 6- year mark. Additionally, low blood albumin levels at diagnosis were predictive of more growth at age 2 years and 6 years. Other identified predictors of growth included gender, age at diagnosis, and whether the child had a family history of cystic fibrosis. This research highlights the crucial need for early detection and correction of malnutrition in infants and children with cystic fibrosis. It should be viewed as a pilot study, with more research needed in this area.

This study highlights the importance of national factors in explaining the wide variations in child malnutrition that exists among population groups in the three Central Asian Republics under study, and as an avenue through which the investigation of the processes by which other factors influencing child malnutrition can be executed. This study has been guided by the proposition that the effects of socio-economic, health and the environmental factors vary by province of residence. The suggested theory underlying this proposition is the structural violence theory, which stems from the evidence of differences in malnutrition levels among provinces of residence within the three countries under study. Against the background of this theory, the study explores and compares the effects, on child malnutrition of sixteen covariates of malnutrition within these countries. The study assessed, first, the nutritional status of children below 3 years using the three anthropometric indices, weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height. Secondly, it examined the confounding factors that influence nutritional status in the Central Asian Republics. The DHS data for Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan were used. The data of the countries were combined in order to create a more usable dataset for multivariate analyses. This descriptive analysis was done on all relevant variables in order to get a better understanding of the dynamics involved in the data. A binary logistic regression analysis estimating models using the stepwise forward method (based on Wald statistics) on the pooled dataset was carried out controlling socio-economic, health and environmental characteristics. Separate analysis was carried out to study the odds of being underweight, and stunted among children in the study population. Analyses for the odds of being wasted were not performed because the percentage of wasted children was too low. The main results indicate that province of residence within a country, country of residence, number of people in a household, household wealth, birth weight, age of child, knowledge of ORT, maternal education, number of children under five years, and source of drinking water, are strong predictors of child nutritional status in the three Central Asian Republics. Furthermore, it has revealed that chronic malnutrition (stunting), which is long-term undernutrition, is most prevalent in all three countries but at varied levels. An unexpected finding is that fully vaccinated children were highly likely to be malnourished compared to children who were partially vaccinated. Since stunting appears in early ages in Central Asian children many of the children in this study may be stunted before they receive all the recommended vaccinations. This could also be influenced by the poor nutritional status of the mother who cannot provide nutritious breast milk. Another unexpected finding was that breast-feeding especially in children more than six months old had a strong negative association with stunting and underweight. Women who breastfeed longer may be doing so because they lack the resources and nutritional knowledge to provide their children with adequate nutrition. Another explanation for the observed adverse association of breastfeeding and nutritional status beyond infancy is that of reverse causality, where mothers continue to breastfeed children who appear small for their age. In summary, the results from both the descriptive and binary logistic regression analysis are similar in terms of the explanatory variables and the statistical significance in the models. The study recommends more area-specific (province) policies for the development of nutritional intervention programmes including closer attention to childcare and mother care programmes. / Thesis (PhD (Sociology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Sociology / PhD (Sociology) / Unrestricted

No description available.

Condition indices are widely used to generate biological insight. However, purported relationships to indices are imprecise or inconsistent in the wild. I investigated factors influencing relative weight (Wr), a condition index commonly applied to fish. I first examined the relationship of Wr to physiology in two bluegill Lepomis macrochirus populations over a year. I regressed tissue composition (percentages of lipid, protein and water) and organ indices (liver-, gonad-, and viscerosomatic indices) on Wr. The regression model had little explanatory power (adjusted R2 = 0.14). Lipid was most influential (partial R2 = 0.11), but correlation strength fluctuated by season and population. To test the generality of these results, I performed a similar regression on a bluegill population with higher average Wr. Again, variables were not well correlated to Wr (adjusted R2 = 0.13). Combining comparable data sets increased Wr range 64% but explanatory power was low (adjusted R2 = 0.41) Both studies showed that expected correlations of physiological variables to Wr can be confounded in natural environments. To examine differences between natural and laboratory environments, I manipulated initial Wr and ration of juvenile bluegills. Although organ indices and tissue composition of all groups changed in time ((Wilks' Δ > 0.387, P > 0.03), no temporal pattern matched to Wr. At termination, all variables showed high correlations to Wr (r2 > 0.64). Correlation strength increased with time in the laboratory. Both ration and environment influenced correlations. Lastly, I examined differences in interpretation of Wr for chain pickerels Esox niger, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, and black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus. Regression models were compared to concurrent bluegill models. Piscivore models fit well (adjusted R2 > 0.50), whereas bluegill models had the lowest explanatory power (adjusted R2 = 0.13 and 0.14). Ecological specialization affected correlations to Wr. Theoretically, condition index values are determined by resource acquisition versus expenditure. Exact physiological expression is determined by life history and performance. Condition indices are imprecise predictors but track net somatic investment with great generality. Ancillary data, such as growth or length-at-maturity, may clarify interpretation. Condition indices should be used as qualitative monitoring tools, not omnibus physiological predictors. / Ph. D.