With the increasing effect of disasters and long term issues on human well-being and economy over the recent years, effective management of humanitarian supply chains has become more important. This thesis work focuses on three problems in humanitarian supply chains where uncertainty is inherent, namely (i) post-disaster debris clearance with uncertain debris amounts, (ii) allocation of a health/humanitarian commodity in a developing country setting with multiple demand types, and (iii) distribution of specialized nutritious foods by a large scale humanitarian organization. In each of the three parts, the problem is formally defined, and a novel optimal solution approach incorporating the inherent uncertainty in the environment and updates is proposed. In cases where optimal models cannot be solved within reasonable time, novel heuristics are developed. Through structural analysis and computational experiments based on real data, the proposed approaches are compared to those that ignore the uncertainty in the environment and/or updates of information as new data becomes available. Using computational experiments, the proposed approaches are compared to those that are applied in practice, and the aspects of the system where performance improvements are more significant are analyzed.

O objeto deste trabalho é fornecer dados hidrológicos com fins de caracterização e monitoramento da região da Cadeia Norte do Brasil e da Cadeia de Fernando de Noronha, assim como levantar e sistematizar informações sobre a geoquímica dos diversos tipos de sedimentos encontrados na plataforma continental externa adjacente ao banco Aracati, contribuindo para o levantamento dos potenciais sustentáveis de exploração dos recursos vivos da Zona Econômica Exclusiva. A área em estudo compreende a sub-área II, setor 1 e parte do setor 2, e está localizada entre 1oN e 5oS de latitude e entre 30o e 40oW de longitude, abrangendo uma área de aproximadamente 400.000 km2. Foram analisadas amostras coletadas em 8 estações resultando em 20 amostras de sedimentos nos anos de 1997 (verão), 1998 (outono) e 2000 (primavera) e 34 estações que originaram 272 amostras de água na primavera de 2000. As concentrações máximas dos parâmetros analisados, com exceção do fosfato, nas amostras de água se localizam na região próxima à costa. Detectou-se na área uma termoclina bem marcada, sendo mais profunda na primavera. A camada de mistura é bastante homogênea, sendo porém, mais espessa na primavera. O pH detectado encontra-se na faixa alcalina sendo os maiores valores de pH detectados na primavera. Verifica-se, um máximo de salinidade na camada de inicio da termoclina sazonal. Não verificou-se na área condição anaeróbica na coluna d’água. A distribuição de fosfato, nitrato e silicato, apresenta-se de forma muito semelhante, sendo que na primavera essas concentrações são maiores, nas camadas superficiais. Na cobertura sedimentar da plataforma continental adjacente aos bancos da cadeia norte do Brasil, encontro-se areia quartzosa, areia carbonática, fragmentos de concha, Lithothanmium e Halimedas. Os fragmentos de concha apresentaram as maiores concentrações totais de metais, enquanto Lithothanmium apresentou o maior teor de carbonato. Há uma forte correlação entre ferro e manganês na amostras de água e em todas as frações de sedimentos analisadas, sendo que nestas a relação média entre estes elementos é da ordem de 1:25. Existe forte correlação entre cromo e carbonato nas amostras que apresentam teor de carbonato maior que 20%. As amostras de areia quartzosa, fragmentos de concha e Halimedas, apresentam-se muito semelhantes quanto à distribuição de ferro, manganês, zinco e cromo. Existe forte correlação nas amostras de sedimento, assim como nas amostras de água, entre ferro, manganês, zinco, correlacionando-se também nas amostras de sedimento com o chumbo. As 8 concentrações de metais nas amostras de água apresentaram-se relativamente baixas em se comparando com as amostras de sedimento. Nas amostras de água as concentrações de cromo e chumbo estão abaixo do limite de detecção. / The object of this work is to supply hidrologicals datas with ends of monitoramento of the area of the North Chain of Brazil and of the Chain of Fernando of Noronha, as well as to lift and to systematize information on the geochesmitry of the several types of sediments found in the external continental platform adjacent to the bank Aracati, contributing to the rising of the maintainable potentials of exploration of the alive resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone. The area in study understands the subarea II, section 1 and it leaves of the section 2, and it is located among 1oN and 5oS of latitude and among 30o and 40oW of longitude, embracing an area of approximately 400.000 km2. Samples collected in 8 stations resulting in 20 samples of sediments in the years of 1997 were analyzed (summer), 1998 (autumn) and 2000 (spring) and 34 stations that originated 272 samples of water in the spring of 2000. The maximum concentrations of the analyzed parameters, except for the phosphate, in the samples of water are located in the close area to the coast. It was detected in the area a very marked termocline, being deeper in the spring. The mixture layer is quite homogeneous, being even so, more it thickens in the spring. The detected pH meets in the alkaline strip being the largest pH values detected in the spring. It is verified, a maximum of salinity in the layer of I begin of the seasonal termoclina. It was not verified in the area anaerobic condition in the column of water. The distribution of phosphate, nitrate and silicate, come in a very similar way, and in the spring those concentrations are larger, in the superficial layers. In the sedimentary covering of the continental platform adjacent to the banks of the north chain of Brazil, find quartz sands, it sands carbonate, shell fragments, Lithothanmium and Halimedas. The shell fragments presented the largest total concentrations of metals, while Lithothanmium presented the largest text of carbonate. There is a strong correlation between iron and manganese in to samples of water and in all the analyzed fractions of sediments, and in these the medium relationship among these elements is of the order of 1:25. strong correlation Exists between chromium and carbonate in the samples that present text of larger carbonate than 20%. The samples of quartz sand, shell fragments and Halimedas, come very similar with relationship to the distribution of iron, manganese, zinc and chromium. Strong correlation exists in the sediment samples, as well as in the samples of water, among iron, manganese, zinc, being also correlated in the sediment samples with the lead. The concentrations 10 of metals in the samples of water came relatively low in if comparing with the sediment samples. In the samples of water the concentrations of chromium and lead are below the detection limit.

Brazil is the largest sugarcane producer in the world, and this extremely important crop gives rise to significant social, economical and environmental implications for the country. Brazil is also the largest industrial manufacturer of sugarcane alcohol and thus occupies a strategic position in terms of supply of this alternative and renewable source of energy. Owing to its unrivalled agricultural and industrial productivity, and lower production costs in comparison with other countries, Brazil is a competitive exporter of both sugar and alcohol, and exerts a strong influence on the international price of these products. The aim of the present work was to determine the photosynthetic activity and the levels of nutrients and soluble carbohydrates in four sugar cane cultivars, with different flowering cycles, planted at three different times of the year in Serra do Ouro (State of Alagoas, Brazil). The experimental design constituted a 4 x 3 factorial random arrangement involving four sugarcane cultivars (F150, RB72454, RB842021 and RB92579) and three planting periods (20th July 2005, 20th August 2005 and 20th September 2005 ). For each crop, the chlorophyll content, the gas exchange and the total number of flowering stalks were determined XIV from March 2006 until the end of the flowering period. The nutrients present in the cortex of the stalk were also analysed prior to flowering. In terms of flowering, the smallest response to planting earlier than normal (i.e. in July rather than September) was presented by the F150 cultivar, whilst the RB92579 cultivar exhibited the greatest response. In general, the non-flowering cultivar RB842021 showed lower stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, carbon fixation efficiency and transpiration compared with the flowering cultivars. The highest chlorophyll content determined in the F150 cultivar may have contributed to its superior photosynthetic rate compared with the other cultivars and also for its premature flowering. The concentration of most macronutrients decreased according to the time of flowering, i.e., the concentration was higher in the premature cultivars compared with the late cultivars. This was not the case for Ca and S, however, since the concentration of these two elements was reduced in the premature cultivar suggesting participation of Ca in the early onset of flowering. The concentration of the micronutrients Zn, Fe and Mn also decreased with the time of flowering, with the late cultivar presenting the smallest values. After flowering the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in cultivars F150, RB72454 and RB92579 increased by 19.74%. A balanced content of nutrients may favour flowering in sugarcane cultivars. Word key: Gaseous changes, nutritious e carbohydrate. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A cana-de-açúcar é uma cultura de alta importância social, econômica e ambiental para o Brasil, que é o maior produtor mundial. É estratégica em termos energéticos, pois o Brasil se apresenta como o principal país do mundo a implantar, em larga escala, um combustível renovável alternativo ao petróleo. Considerado o país mais competitivo por deter os maiores níveis de produtividade, de rendimento industrial e menores custos de produção, é o maior exportador de açúcar e álcool, exercendo forte influência na determinação dos preços internacionais desses produtos. O presente trabalho visou caracterizar, atividade fotossintética, os níveis de nutrientes e carboidratos solúveis em quatro cultivares de cana-de-açúcar com diferentes ciclos de florescimento plantadas em três épocas. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, seguindo o esquema fatorial 4 x 3, constituído de quatro genótipos e três datas de plantio: 20 de julho, 20 de agosto e 20 de setembro de 2005. A partir do mês de março de 2006, foram mensurados os teores de clorofila e as trocas gasosas, além da contagem do total de colmos florescidos até o final do período de floração na Serra do Ouro. Antes da floração foi coletado o palmito das cultivares para análise de nutrientes. As concentrações de carboidratos solúveis foram determinadas nas folhas antes e após o período de floração na Serra do Ouro. A cultivar F150 foi a que menos respondeu e a RB92579 foi a que apresentou à maior resposta da floração a antecipação da data de plantio de setembro para julho. No geral, a cultivar RB842021, que não floresce, apresentou menor condutância estomática, fotossíntese, eficiência de carboxilação e transpiração do que as cultivares floríferas. O maior teor de clorofila mostrado pela F150 pode ter contribuído para sua maior taxa fotossintética em relação aos outros genótipos, além de supostamente estar envolvida em sua precocidade ao florescimento. A concentração de macronutrientes decresceu de acordo com a época de floração (precoce a supertardia), com exceção para o Ca e S onde a cultivar precoce apresentou os menores valores, sugerindo-se a participação do Ca no processo de antecipação do florescimento. Para os micronutrientes foi observado o mesmo gradiente decrescente na concentração de Zn, Fe e Mn, sendo que a cultivar considerada de florescimento supertardio apresentou sempre os menores valores. A concentração de carboidratos solúveis apresentado pelas cultivares F150, RB72454 e RB92579 após a floração aumentou 19,74%. Uma concentração equilibrada de nutrientes pode favorecer ao florescimento das cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. Palavras chaves: Trocas gasosas, nutrientes, carboidratos.

O objeto deste trabalho é fornecer dados hidrológicos com fins de caracterização e monitoramento da região da Cadeia Norte do Brasil e da Cadeia de Fernando de Noronha, assim como levantar e sistematizar informações sobre a geoquímica dos diversos tipos de sedimentos encontrados na plataforma continental externa adjacente ao banco Aracati, contribuindo para o levantamento dos potenciais sustentáveis de exploração dos recursos vivos da Zona Econômica Exclusiva. A área em estudo compreende a sub-área II, setor 1 e parte do setor 2, e está localizada entre 1oN e 5oS de latitude e entre 30o e 40oW de longitude, abrangendo uma área de aproximadamente 400.000 km2. Foram analisadas amostras coletadas em 8 estações resultando em 20 amostras de sedimentos nos anos de 1997 (verão), 1998 (outono) e 2000 (primavera) e 34 estações que originaram 272 amostras de água na primavera de 2000. As concentrações máximas dos parâmetros analisados, com exceção do fosfato, nas amostras de água se localizam na região próxima à costa. Detectou-se na área uma termoclina bem marcada, sendo mais profunda na primavera. A camada de mistura é bastante homogênea, sendo porém, mais espessa na primavera. O pH detectado encontra-se na faixa alcalina sendo os maiores valores de pH detectados na primavera. Verifica-se, um máximo de salinidade na camada de inicio da termoclina sazonal. Não verificou-se na área condição anaeróbica na coluna d’água. A distribuição de fosfato, nitrato e silicato, apresenta-se de forma muito semelhante, sendo que na primavera essas concentrações são maiores, nas camadas superficiais. Na cobertura sedimentar da plataforma continental adjacente aos bancos da cadeia norte do Brasil, encontro-se areia quartzosa, areia carbonática, fragmentos de concha, Lithothanmium e Halimedas. Os fragmentos de concha apresentaram as maiores concentrações totais de metais, enquanto Lithothanmium apresentou o maior teor de carbonato. Há uma forte correlação entre ferro e manganês na amostras de água e em todas as frações de sedimentos analisadas, sendo que nestas a relação média entre estes elementos é da ordem de 1:25. Existe forte correlação entre cromo e carbonato nas amostras que apresentam teor de carbonato maior que 20%. As amostras de areia quartzosa, fragmentos de concha e Halimedas, apresentam-se muito semelhantes quanto à distribuição de ferro, manganês, zinco e cromo. Existe forte correlação nas amostras de sedimento, assim como nas amostras de água, entre ferro, manganês, zinco, correlacionando-se também nas amostras de sedimento com o chumbo. As 8 concentrações de metais nas amostras de água apresentaram-se relativamente baixas em se comparando com as amostras de sedimento. Nas amostras de água as concentrações de cromo e chumbo estão abaixo do limite de detecção. / The object of this work is to supply hidrologicals datas with ends of monitoramento of the area of the North Chain of Brazil and of the Chain of Fernando of Noronha, as well as to lift and to systematize information on the geochesmitry of the several types of sediments found in the external continental platform adjacent to the bank Aracati, contributing to the rising of the maintainable potentials of exploration of the alive resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone. The area in study understands the subarea II, section 1 and it leaves of the section 2, and it is located among 1oN and 5oS of latitude and among 30o and 40oW of longitude, embracing an area of approximately 400.000 km2. Samples collected in 8 stations resulting in 20 samples of sediments in the years of 1997 were analyzed (summer), 1998 (autumn) and 2000 (spring) and 34 stations that originated 272 samples of water in the spring of 2000. The maximum concentrations of the analyzed parameters, except for the phosphate, in the samples of water are located in the close area to the coast. It was detected in the area a very marked termocline, being deeper in the spring. The mixture layer is quite homogeneous, being even so, more it thickens in the spring. The detected pH meets in the alkaline strip being the largest pH values detected in the spring. It is verified, a maximum of salinity in the layer of I begin of the seasonal termoclina. It was not verified in the area anaerobic condition in the column of water. The distribution of phosphate, nitrate and silicate, come in a very similar way, and in the spring those concentrations are larger, in the superficial layers. In the sedimentary covering of the continental platform adjacent to the banks of the north chain of Brazil, find quartz sands, it sands carbonate, shell fragments, Lithothanmium and Halimedas. The shell fragments presented the largest total concentrations of metals, while Lithothanmium presented the largest text of carbonate. There is a strong correlation between iron and manganese in to samples of water and in all the analyzed fractions of sediments, and in these the medium relationship among these elements is of the order of 1:25. strong correlation Exists between chromium and carbonate in the samples that present text of larger carbonate than 20%. The samples of quartz sand, shell fragments and Halimedas, come very similar with relationship to the distribution of iron, manganese, zinc and chromium. Strong correlation exists in the sediment samples, as well as in the samples of water, among iron, manganese, zinc, being also correlated in the sediment samples with the lead. The concentrations 10 of metals in the samples of water came relatively low in if comparing with the sediment samples. In the samples of water the concentrations of chromium and lead are below the detection limit.

O objeto deste trabalho é fornecer dados hidrológicos com fins de caracterização e monitoramento da região da Cadeia Norte do Brasil e da Cadeia de Fernando de Noronha, assim como levantar e sistematizar informações sobre a geoquímica dos diversos tipos de sedimentos encontrados na plataforma continental externa adjacente ao banco Aracati, contribuindo para o levantamento dos potenciais sustentáveis de exploração dos recursos vivos da Zona Econômica Exclusiva. A área em estudo compreende a sub-área II, setor 1 e parte do setor 2, e está localizada entre 1oN e 5oS de latitude e entre 30o e 40oW de longitude, abrangendo uma área de aproximadamente 400.000 km2. Foram analisadas amostras coletadas em 8 estações resultando em 20 amostras de sedimentos nos anos de 1997 (verão), 1998 (outono) e 2000 (primavera) e 34 estações que originaram 272 amostras de água na primavera de 2000. As concentrações máximas dos parâmetros analisados, com exceção do fosfato, nas amostras de água se localizam na região próxima à costa. Detectou-se na área uma termoclina bem marcada, sendo mais profunda na primavera. A camada de mistura é bastante homogênea, sendo porém, mais espessa na primavera. O pH detectado encontra-se na faixa alcalina sendo os maiores valores de pH detectados na primavera. Verifica-se, um máximo de salinidade na camada de inicio da termoclina sazonal. Não verificou-se na área condição anaeróbica na coluna d’água. A distribuição de fosfato, nitrato e silicato, apresenta-se de forma muito semelhante, sendo que na primavera essas concentrações são maiores, nas camadas superficiais. Na cobertura sedimentar da plataforma continental adjacente aos bancos da cadeia norte do Brasil, encontro-se areia quartzosa, areia carbonática, fragmentos de concha, Lithothanmium e Halimedas. Os fragmentos de concha apresentaram as maiores concentrações totais de metais, enquanto Lithothanmium apresentou o maior teor de carbonato. Há uma forte correlação entre ferro e manganês na amostras de água e em todas as frações de sedimentos analisadas, sendo que nestas a relação média entre estes elementos é da ordem de 1:25. Existe forte correlação entre cromo e carbonato nas amostras que apresentam teor de carbonato maior que 20%. As amostras de areia quartzosa, fragmentos de concha e Halimedas, apresentam-se muito semelhantes quanto à distribuição de ferro, manganês, zinco e cromo. Existe forte correlação nas amostras de sedimento, assim como nas amostras de água, entre ferro, manganês, zinco, correlacionando-se também nas amostras de sedimento com o chumbo. As 8 concentrações de metais nas amostras de água apresentaram-se relativamente baixas em se comparando com as amostras de sedimento. Nas amostras de água as concentrações de cromo e chumbo estão abaixo do limite de detecção. / The object of this work is to supply hidrologicals datas with ends of monitoramento of the area of the North Chain of Brazil and of the Chain of Fernando of Noronha, as well as to lift and to systematize information on the geochesmitry of the several types of sediments found in the external continental platform adjacent to the bank Aracati, contributing to the rising of the maintainable potentials of exploration of the alive resources of the Exclusive Economic Zone. The area in study understands the subarea II, section 1 and it leaves of the section 2, and it is located among 1oN and 5oS of latitude and among 30o and 40oW of longitude, embracing an area of approximately 400.000 km2. Samples collected in 8 stations resulting in 20 samples of sediments in the years of 1997 were analyzed (summer), 1998 (autumn) and 2000 (spring) and 34 stations that originated 272 samples of water in the spring of 2000. The maximum concentrations of the analyzed parameters, except for the phosphate, in the samples of water are located in the close area to the coast. It was detected in the area a very marked termocline, being deeper in the spring. The mixture layer is quite homogeneous, being even so, more it thickens in the spring. The detected pH meets in the alkaline strip being the largest pH values detected in the spring. It is verified, a maximum of salinity in the layer of I begin of the seasonal termoclina. It was not verified in the area anaerobic condition in the column of water. The distribution of phosphate, nitrate and silicate, come in a very similar way, and in the spring those concentrations are larger, in the superficial layers. In the sedimentary covering of the continental platform adjacent to the banks of the north chain of Brazil, find quartz sands, it sands carbonate, shell fragments, Lithothanmium and Halimedas. The shell fragments presented the largest total concentrations of metals, while Lithothanmium presented the largest text of carbonate. There is a strong correlation between iron and manganese in to samples of water and in all the analyzed fractions of sediments, and in these the medium relationship among these elements is of the order of 1:25. strong correlation Exists between chromium and carbonate in the samples that present text of larger carbonate than 20%. The samples of quartz sand, shell fragments and Halimedas, come very similar with relationship to the distribution of iron, manganese, zinc and chromium. Strong correlation exists in the sediment samples, as well as in the samples of water, among iron, manganese, zinc, being also correlated in the sediment samples with the lead. The concentrations 10 of metals in the samples of water came relatively low in if comparing with the sediment samples. In the samples of water the concentrations of chromium and lead are below the detection limit.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture, Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The unavailability of environment-friendly nematicides for managing root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes in crop husbandry have led to various alternative methods being sort which includes the development of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides. The cited phytonematicides consistently suppressed nematode numbers on different crops under greenhouse, microplot and field conditions, although there is lack of information on how the products would affect susceptible Swiss chard infected by root-knot nematodes. Swiss chard is one of most nutritious vegetables, grown throughout the year and is well adapted to different soil types. However, these products have the potential to induce phytotoxicity on various crops, if applied improperly. Phytotoxicity of phytonematicides on different crops, has been resolved by deriving Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP). The MCSP, developed using the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Data (CARD) computer-based model, is crop-specific, hence it should be developed for every crop. The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) whether population densities of Meloidogyne species, growth and accumulation of selected nutrient elements in Swiss chard would respond to increasing concentration of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides under greenhouse and microplot conditions and (2) whether the nemarioc-group and nemafric-group phytonematicides in liquid and granular formulations would affect population densities of Meloidogyne species and the productivity of Swiss chard with related accumulation of nutrient elements in leaf tissues under field conditions. Parallel experiments for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were conducted concurrently under greenhouse and microplot conditions. Greenhouse experiment was prepared by arranging 25-cm-diameter plasticpods on greenhouse benches, whereas microplot experiment was prepared by digging holes and inserting 30-cm-diameter plastic pots in the field. The four-week-old Swiss chard seedlings were transplanted into the pots, filled with steam-pasteurised loam, sand and Hygromix-T at 3:1:1 (v/v) ratio. Treatments comprised 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% phytonematicides arranged in randomised complete block design (RCBD), with six replications. Treatments were applied seven days after inoculation, with 3000 eggs and J2 of M. incognita race 4 under greenhouse conditions, whereas under microplot conditions were inoculated with 6000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica. Under field conditions, treatments comprised untreated control (0), 2 g Nemarioc-AG and 3% Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides (nemarioc-group) or 0, 2 g Nemafric-BG and 3% Nemafric-BL phytonematicides (nemafric-group), arranged in RCBD, each experiment with 8 replications. At 56 days after initiation of treatments, eggs in roots, J2 in roots and Pf exhibited negative quadratic relations under both greenhouse and microplot conditions. Under greenhouse conditions, dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.81), dry root mass (R2 = 0.87) and leaf number (R2 = 0.91) over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. In contrast, dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.78), dry root mass (R2 = 0.93) and leaf number (R2 = 0.70) over Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. Under microplot conditions, dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.95) and gall rating (R2 = 0.96) over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, exhibited positive quadratic relations. Dry shoot mass (R2 = 0.84) and gall rating (R2 = 0.97) versus Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. Selected nutrient elements under greenhouse conditions K (R2 = 0.96), Ca (R2 = 0.79), Mg (R2 = 0.64), Fe (R2 = 0.78) and Zn (R2 = 0.77) over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. In contrast, only Ca (R2 = 0.90), Mg (R2 = 0.68) and Zn (R2 = 0.84) over Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations, whereas K (R2 = 0.72) and Fe (R2 = 0.63) over the product exhibited negative quadratic relations. Under microplot conditions, K (R2 = 0.82), Ca (R2 = 0.90) and Mg (R2 = 0.98) over Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations, whereas Fe (R2 = 0.91) and Zn (R2 = 0.79) over the product exhibited negative quadratic relations. In contrast, K (R2 = 0.60), Ca (R2 = 0.68) and Zn (R2 = 0.95) over Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relation, whereas Mg and Fe over the product did not have significant relationships. Under greenhouse conditions, MCSP values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on Swiss chard were 3.03 and 2.36%, whereas overall sensitivity (∑k) values of the crop to the product were 3 and 0 units, respectively. In contrast, MCSP values of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides on Swiss chard under microplot conditions was successfully established at 3.71 and 3.33%, whereas the ∑k values were 2 and 1 units, respectively. Under field conditions, at 64 days after initiating the treatments, the nemarioc-group phytonematicides had highly significant effects on eggs in roots and reproductive potential (RP), contributing 79 and 77% in total treatment variation (TTV) of the respective variables. In contrast, the nemafric-group phytonematicides had highly significant effects on eggs in roots and RP, contributing 67 and 76% in TTV of the respective variables. Under field conditions, all plant growth variables were not significantly affected by the treatments. The nemarioc-group phytonematicides had significant effects on K and Mg in leaf tissues of Swiss chard, contributing nemafric-group phytonematicides had significant effects on Mg, contributing 62% in TTV of the variable. In conclusion, the products could be used on Swiss chard for managing population densities of Meloidogyne species. However, due to the sensitivity of Swiss chard to the products, it would be necessary to use the derived MCSP values to determine the application intervals of the products on the test cultigen / National Research Foundation (NRF) Agricultural Research Council (ARC)

El modelo de negocio se basa en la comercialización de premezclas de panqueques saludables y nutritivos hechos a base de cereales andinos como lo son la kiwicha y quinua. El proyecto busca aprovechar y satisfacer la falta de opciones en el mercado de productos alimenticios saludables y nutritivos pre - elaborados para personas que lleven un estilo de vida saludable y vivan en Lima Metropolitana. Asimismo, se busca que este vaya acorde a la preocupación medioambiental existente utilizando empaques eco amigables. Para poder validar el problema identificado con anterioridad se tuvo que realizar entrevistas a usuarios y a personal experto en la materia. Para la puesta en marcha del negocio se tuvo que realizar un análisis profundo del mercado, segmentos de clientes, competidores, proveedores, entre otros. Asimismo, se aplicaron distintas actividades y estrategias para lograr el posicionamiento del producto, las cuales fueron fueron realizadas e ideadas por los fundadores.

Nutrifish es un proyecto que nace de la idea de brindar nutrición a los consumidores, entre ellos, su principal público objetivo son las madres amas de casa encargadas de llenar las despensas del hogar. A lo largo del camino, encontramos dificultades, pros y contras de realizar la comercialización del producto, sin embargo, con las herramientas y conceptos básicos aprendidos a lo largo de la carrera, pudimos determinar que el balance era positivo y la rentabilidad atractiva. Nutrifish fue el resultado de realizar una lluvia de ideas, las cuales abarcaban desde temas de salud, hasta opciones lúdicas, por ende, los cimientos del proyecto eran bastante débiles, se fueron fortaleciendo a medida que tomábamos conocimiento sobre el mercado de productos precocinados y el manejo interno de sus marcas. A continuación, les mostraremos el camino recorrido por nuestro grupo de trabajo. / Nutrifish is a proyect born from the idea of taking nutrition to a certain number of costumers, its main target are the housewifes, in charge of filling the house storerooms. Along the way we’ve found some difficulties, pros and cons of the commercialization of the product, however, the tools and basic concepts learnt to this day, we found ourselves able to establish a positive balance and an attractive profitability. Nutrifish was the result of a brainstorming, the group went from healthy themes to playful options, thus, the foundations of the project were certainly weak, and we strengthened them by taking knowledge of the precooked food market and the internal management of their brands. In the following paragraphs, we’ll show you the way taken by our work group. / Trabajo de investigación

La siguiente tesis explica la viabilidad del negocio sobre galletas nutritivas a base de quinua, cañihua y kiwicha. Con un ingrediente principal llamado espirulina, un alga rica en más de 11 vitaminas, minerales, proteínas, grasas y carbohidratos complejos. Los segmentos usados en este proyecto son A, B y C, de la zona 7 de Lima Metropolitana. Los rangos de edad de nuestro target son entre 18 y 55 años. Nuestra idea de negocio consiste en la venta de un snack saludable de fácil acceso para los usuarios como tiendas, minimarkets y ferias. Además, en dos presentaciones de 70 y 150 gramos, con precios económicos de S./3 y S./4.9, respectivamente. El siguiente trabajo explicará el modelo de negocio, el desarrollo del plan de negocio, el concierge, el plan operacional, el plan de recursos humanos, el plan de marketing, el plan de responsabilidad social empresarial, el plan financiero y finalmente el aprendizaje que obtuvimos de todo el proyecto. / The following thesis explains the viability of the business on quinoa, cañihua and kiwicha nutritious cookies. With a main ingredient called spirulina, an algae rich in more than 11 vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats and complex carbohydrates. The segments used in this project are A, B and C, of ​​zone 7 of Metropolitan Lima. The age ranges of our target are between 18 and 55 years. Our business idea is the sale of a healthy snack with easy access for users such as stores, minimarkets and fairs. In addition, in two presentations of 70 and 150 grams, with economic prices of S/. 3 and S/. 4.90, respectively. The following work will explain the business model, the development of the business plan, the concierge, the operational plan, the human resources plan, the marketing plan, the corporate social responsibility plan, the financial plan and finally the learning we obtained of the whole project. / Trabajo de investigación

This study aims to design and validate a nutritional recipe for a snack made of Green Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Peel Flour (GBPF) and to assess the nutritional composition and microbiological quality of the flour. Banana peel, a food industry by-product, is a nutritious, low-cost material available for all year. Banana peel flower could be used as a functional ingredient due to its high fiber content and good functional properties. In general, university students have a deficient dietary fiber intake due to altered dietary patterns; thus, this study was focused on this population. The GBPFs were obtained from the peels of pre-climacteric bananas by fluidized bed (FDB) dryer, after which, microbiological, proximate, and dietary fiber analyses were applied. It was designed the nutritional recipe for the snack taking into account the energy and dietary fiber nutritional requirements of the target population. It could be validated and adjusted the recipe following the methodology of Centro Nacional de Alimentaci n y Nutrici n, concluding with the determination of dietary fiber in the end-product. The dietary fiber, total carbohydrate, protein, total fat and energy contents of the GBPF were as following: 38.7 g, 76.3 g, 5.9 g, 3.6 g, and 361.2 kcal, per 100 g of flour. The snack contained 7.74 g of dietary fiber per serving size, having a good acceptance among the university students' panelists based on an organoleptic test. In conclusion, the GBPF showed great potential as a source of dietary fiber, and it was an excellent source of carbohydrates and other nutrients to a lesser degree. When included as a functional ingredient in the nutritional formulation of a snack, it had an overall positive effect on the product's organoleptic characteristics. / Revisión por pares