Digital communication produces millions of emails, text messages, movies, images, and much more every day. As with all historical records, digital records are important to preserve because they allow us to study the past. There are, however, several challenges regarding their preservation. Unlike many of their analogue counterparts, digital records rely on a combination of hardware and software to be accessible, but hardware and software eventually degrade and become obsolete. This makes digital records inaccessible because the means to render them are no longer available. In addition to these technological challenges, there are issues surrounding appraisal, copyright, significant properties, and metadata. This thesis studies the challenges of digital preservation and what is being done to address them. I begin by introducing the challenges surrounding this topic and the methods of preservation that are currently available to archivists. I then analyse leading digital preservation standards such as the Reference Model for an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) and Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies (PREMIS) as well as digital preservation systems including Archivematica and Preservica. I also conduct a case study of Archivematica to analyse how well it manages the challenges of digital preservation. I conclude by explaining that there are no perfect solutions to digital preservation problems. The best that can currently be done is to manage the issues rather than solve them. / February 2017

La preservación digital es una disciplina emergente en la gestión de archivos y bibliotecas digitales. El presente trabajo de tesis propone el diseño de un modelo de preservación digital aplicable a una institución sanitaria que tanto puede ser pública como privada. En el caso que nos ocupa, la conceptualización de dicho modelo está orientada a una organización que preserve historias clínicas electrónicas, escenario en el cual no existe un modelo. Su diseño está fundamentado en una modificación y adaptación del modelo Open Archival Infomation Systems (OAIS), ampliamente extendido en bibliotecas nacionales e instituciones internacionales. A través de todo el proyecto de investigación se describe cómo se realiza el diseño conceptual mediante la articulación de procesos de auditorías reconocidas de seguridad informática como el Esquema Nacional de Seguridad, análisis de la preservación digital como TRAC (ISO 16363:2012) y análisis de riesgos, MAGERIT a través del programa PILAR (v 5.1.3), en el contexto de instituciones sanitarias. Los datos se han obtenido de forma cualitativa mediante dos tipos de cuestionarios. El cuestionario preliminar pretende saber el estado respecto de los archivos digitales en entidades sanitarias y formatos digitales tratados. El cuestionario de auditoría es un cuestionario de 25 preguntas, cada una de ellas con varios apartados, donde se cruzan indicadores tanto de TRAC como del Esquema Nacional de Seguridad con el fin de analizar la seguridad informática y las necesidades de preservación digital de las entidades sanitarias participantes. Una vez obtenidos los datos se ha procedido al diseño conceptual del modelo, obteniendo un modelo reducido del modelo OAIS (ISO 14271:2003). En la reducción de este modelo de conservación digital, se han eliminado partes que son redundantes en el entorno sanitario analizado. El resultado del trabajo es un modelo conceptual que permite su aplicación directa en problemas relacionados con la gestión de archivos digitales en instituciones de custodia con escasez de medios, en un escenario realista. / Digital preservation is an emerging discipline in managing of archives and digital libraries. This dissertation proposes the design of a digital preservation model applicable to a health care institution that can be both public and private. In the present case, the conceptualization of this model is aimed at an organization that preserves electronic health records, scenario in which there is no model. Its design is based on the modification and adaptation of Open Archival Infomation Systems (OAIS) model, widespread in national libraries and institutions. Throughout the research project it is described how to perform the conceptual design by articulating processes such recognized computer security audits as the Spanish Esquema Nacional de Seguridad, analysis of digital preservation as TRAC (ISO 16363:2012) and risks analysis, through the program MAGERIT PILAR (v 5.1.3), in the context of health institutions. The data were obtained qualitatively using two types of surveys. The preliminary survey aims to find out the status on digital formats that healthcare organizations treaties. The audit survey is a questionnaire with 25 questions, each with several sections, where both indicators, TRAC and the Esquema Nacional de Seguridad are crossed in order to analyze the computer security and digital preservation needs of the healthcare organizations participants. Once the data collected it has been carried out to the design of the conceptual model, obtaining a reduced version of the OAIS model (ISO 14271:2003). In this model, redundant parts have been eliminated on the tested healthcare environment. The result of this work is a conceptual model that allows direct application to problems related to the management of digital archives in custodial institutions with limited resources, into a realistic scenario.

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Der Computer ersetzt in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend analoge Schreibwerkzeuge und Kommunikationsmittel. Das hat auch Auswirkungen auf den Schaffensprozess von Schriftstellern, die ihre Aufzeichnungen immer häufiger als digitale Objekte hinterlassen. Für Literaturarchive stellt sich folglich die Aufgabe, zukünftig auch digitale Schriftstellernachlässe zu übernehmen und zu archivieren und hierfür eine Langzeitzeitarchivierungs-Strategie zu entwickeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Zeitraum vor der Übernahme eines Nachlasses durch ein Literaturarchiv und stellt die Frage, welche Maßnahmen Nachlasskuratoren in Zusammenarbeit mit Schriftstellern ergreifen können, um die Langzeitarchivierung zu ermöglichen. Nachlässe sind in diesem Zeitraum noch die persönlichen Archive von Schriftstellern. Der Eingriff von Seiten der Kuratoren in persönliche Archive wird in dieser Arbeit als präkustodiale Intervention bezeichnet. Die Arbeit erörtert zunächst die theoretischen Grundlagen dieser Fragestellung und arbeitet die Notwendigkeit der präkustodialen Intervention in Schriftstellerarchive heraus. Anhand eines Literaturberichtes zeigt sie, dass der Forschungsstand in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz im Vergleich zu den englischsprachigen Ländern defizitär ist und identifiziert Ursachen für diesen Befund. Zudem werden aus der Literatur mögliche Maßnahmen der präkustodialen Intervention entnommen und weiterentwickelt. Daraufhin überprüfen Experteninterviews in ausgewählten Literaturarchiven sowie eine Schriftsteller-Befragung diesen Befund und reichern ihn mit weiteren Daten an. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der Literaturrecherche und des empirischen Teils wird die Einrichtung einer Cloud-basierten Arbeits- und Archivierungsumgebung für Schriftsteller als Hauptbestandteil einer Interventions-Strategie für Literaturarchive vorgeschlagen. / In recent decades, the computer has been displacing increasingly analogue writing tools and means of communication. This has an impact on the creative process of writers as well who leave their records more and more as digital objects. Therefore, special collections are being confronted with the task to acquire and archive digital papers in the future and to develop a digital preservation strategy for them. The present thesis deals with the period before the acquisition of papers and manuscripts by a special collection and brings up the question what kind of measures curators could take in cooperation with writers in order to make digital preservation possible. During this period, papers are still the personal archives of writers. The intervention in personal archives on the part of the curators is referred to as pre-custodial intervention. The work initially discusses the theoretical foundations of this question and exposes the need of pre-custodial intervention in writers archives. By means of a literature review the thesis shows that the state of research in Germany, Austria and Switzerland compared to English-speaking countries is deficient and identifies reasons for this finding. In addition, possible actions of pre-custodial intervention are taken from the literature and developed further. Thereupon, expert interviews in selected special collections as well as an online survey of writers review this findings and fill them with other data. Based on the results of the literature review and the empirical part, a cloud-based archiving and working environment for writers is proposed as the main component of an intervention strategy for special collections.

(EN) This thesis is dedicated to the processes of digitization and metadata description, as well as the links that connect them. In recent years, another topic has been becoming relevant for both mentioned processes - the logical long-term preservation of digital objects. Long-term preservation is dependent on metadata and therefore on the processes of digitization, when some important metadata is created. The first introductory chapter of the thesis briefly describes, with an emphasis on metadata, digitization and theoretical and practical problems of long-term preservation of digital objects. The OAIS reference framework is also analysed, since it is the background for digital preservation and present preservation metadata standards. OAIS is also important for the shape and functionality of digital repositories. Metadata is also the topic of the next chapter of the thesis. General metadata use and its development are discussed, with emphasis on administrative, technical and preservation metadata. The following chapter focuses on the use of metadata in the National Library of the Czech Republic. It describes the evolution during two periods leading up to the present. This section includes comments on how long-term preservation has been reflected in used metadata standards. The second-to-last part...