The use of standards has become widespread in the field of digital archiving. The most notable of these is the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) model. In the development and usage of such standards both researchers and practitioners have been similarly focused on the technical dimension of standards, prioritizing efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Less attention has been paid to study the implementation of standards from a social perspective. Based on the reflexive methodology, suggested by Mats Alvesson and Kaj Sköldberg, and adopting an actor-network theory (ANT) approach, this study attempted to understand the role played by a technological artifact such as the OAIS standard in the specific context of a Swedish e-archive known as R7e-arkiv. Understanding the social in terms of association and focusing on key ANT concepts such as actors, mediators, intermediaries, network and translation the study found that the role played by the OAIS, was that of a silent intermediary until recent developments in the e-archive made it acquire the momentary role of mediator, giving it the capabilities of acting upon the actor-network. The discussion outlines different conceptions of standards through ANT approaches. Among these, the view of the OAIS as a black box and the understanding of compliancy as performativity could serve as interesting starting points for further inquiries concerning the use of standards in digital archiving. / Användandet av standarder har blivit allt vanligare inom digital arkivhantering. En framstående standard är Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Model. Vad det gäller utveckling och användning av sådana standarder har tonvikten, både för yrkesverksamma arkivarier och forskare, legat på standardens tekniska dimension. Effektivitet och kostnadseffektivitet har varit det viktigaste. Lite uppmärksamhet har däremot ägnats åt hur standarder implementerats från ett socialt perspektiv. Denna uppsats har med utgångspunkt i reflexiv metod av Mats Alvesson och Kaj Sköldberg, samt aktör-nätverksteori undersökt vilken roll en teknologisk artefakt som OAIS spelar för det svenska e-arkivet R7e-arkiv. Genom att förstå det sociala i termer av associationer och med hjälp av aktör-nätverksteoretiska begrepp som aktör, medlare, mellanhand, nätverk och översättningar fann undersökningen att OAIS sedan R7e-arkivs grundande har haft rollen av en tyst mellanhand. Senare utvecklingar och förändringar i e-arkivet har dock lett till standarden att uppta rollen av medlare, vilket gett den möjligheten att agera och göra skillnad på aktör-nätverket. Uppsatsens diskussion erbjuder alternativa sätt att förstå standarder utifrån ett ANT-perspektiv. Bland dessa perspektiv framstår två som möjliga utgångspunkter för vidare forskning: OAIS förstått som svart låda samt följsamhet av standarder förstått i termer av performativitet.

The Open Archival Information System (OAIS) is an established reference model and an ISO standard for structuring reliable archive systems. The model does not, as models seldom do, take into account human ways of understanding and taking account of information. The current study aims to examine how such considerations affect compliance with the OAIS reference model in practical terms using electronic archives. The thesis is based on a case study of R7 e-arkiv, an e-archive collaboration between 13 Swedish countys. The mate- rial is sourced partly on internal documentation and partly on interviews with eight participants' with various roles within the R7 e-arkiv. The empirical mate- rial was analyzed using the Information Culture Framework, developed by Gil- lian Oliver and Fiorella Foscarini. Thus defining a number of cultural factors mirroring human traits in understanding and appreciating information. The study demonstrates that information culture has consequences in the practical duties with managing electronic archives. Cultural factors affect peop- le's attitudes towards information within the archive. As a consequence, these attitudes has a direct impact on the formation of the archive. The OAIS refe- rence model, with its main focus on longterm preservation, is challanged by other values and attitudes towards the archive holdings. This leads to negotia- tions on what the e-archive is and should be. The result shows that compliance with OAIS is a dynamic process, where the model is balanced agains other interests. / OAIS är en etablerad referensmodell och ISO-standard för hur ett trovärdigt arkivsystem ska vara uppbyggt. Modellen tar dock inte, som standarder sällan gör, någon hänsyn till de kulturella aspekterna av människors sätt att förstå och förhålla sig till information. Den här uppsatsen ämnar att undersöka huruvida sådana aspekter får effekter för efterlevnad av OAIS-modellen i det praktiska arbetet med ett e-arkiv. Uppsatsen baseras på en fallstudie av den regionge- mensamma e-arkivlösningen R7 e-arkiv. Materialet utgörs dels av R7s interna dokumentation, och dels av djupintervjuer med åtta informanter med olika rol- ler inom R7 e-arkiv. För att analysera det empiriska materialet används Oliver och Foscarinis informationskulturramverk, vilket definierar ett antal kulturella faktorer som återspeglas i människors sätt att förstå och förhålla sig till infor- mation. Studien visar att informationskultur får konsekvenser för det praktiska arbetet vid drift och förvaltning av ett e-arkiv. Kulturella faktorer påverkar människors attityder till den information som finns i e-arkivet, vilket i sin tur formar olika drivkrafter bakom e-arkivet. OAIS-modellen, som utgår från ett arkivperspek- tiv med fokus på bevarande, balanseras mot andra sätt att förstå och förhålla sig till information. En dynamik uppstår med förhandlingar om vad e-arkivet ska vara – där OAIS-modellen ibland måste vägas mot andra drivkrafter och intressen.

This study concerns the contracting of digital archives for Swedish municipalities and the needs and requirements that govern this. Since the early 2000s, the Swedish government has been interested in expanding the utilization of digital information management. In order to preserve “born digital” official documentation, digital archives are increasingly becoming a necessity for Swedish municipalities. This study considers what the requirements and requests are explicated in formal requirement specifications for such systems. Tobias Edvardssons framework from the book chapter “Kommersiella IT-avtal” (commercial IT-contracts)  in the book “Rättsinformatik” edited by Cecilia Magnusson Sjöberg, as well as grounded theory, is used to discern pertinent categories of requirements. The study finds that the main areas of interest while negotiating a new digital archive can be divided into functional-, qualitative-, governing-, and economic requirements (in accordance with Edvardsson). Archival specifications and technical considerations are also central, as per findings using grounded theory with the support of such models as OAIS and Records Continuum Model.  The study concludes that there still are considerable steps to take before reaching an e-archive solution that can be used on a broad scale to accommodate many different needs and restrictions. However, at the same time, the development of long-term preservation systems for digital records would benefit from more standardized guidelines on a national scale.

The DSpace system for long-term management of institutional scholarly research repositories is now in use at the MIT Libraries; we will demonstrate the system and provide more information about its design, use at MIT, and other potential uses.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Contabilidade e Ciência da Informação e Documentação, Departamento de Ciência da Informação e Documentação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação, 2008. / Submitted by Tania Milca Carvalho Malheiros (tania@bce.unb.br) on 2009-06-25T14:25:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_MiguelAngelMarderoArellano.pdf: 3888375 bytes, checksum: c47a397df2d655f9f1a16f99f257ecde (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2009-06-25T14:58:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_MiguelAngelMarderoArellano.pdf: 3888375 bytes, checksum: c47a397df2d655f9f1a16f99f257ecde (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-06-25T14:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_MiguelAngelMarderoArellano.pdf: 3888375 bytes, checksum: c47a397df2d655f9f1a16f99f257ecde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-04 / O presente trabalho tentou responder ao desafio de identificar um conjunto de critérios de preservação digital essenciais para os sistemas de informação científica nas unidades de pesquisa do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia do Brasil. Para a elaboração da proposta de critérios, formularam-se quatro objetivos específicos: a) caracterizar o estado atual das práticas de preservação digital; b) identificar na literatura científica os critérios usados na construção dos sistemas de preservação digital em funcionamento; c) identificar as necessidades de preservação digital do grupo de instituições selecionadas para o estudo, e d) identificar os conceitos e aplicações usados que podem interferir ou não na implementação de procedimentos padronizados de preservação digital da informação científica. Constatou-se, por meio da revisão da literatura, a inexistência de avaliações dos fundamentos teóricos dos critérios e requisitos de preservação digital adotados em projetos internacionais, e que são poucos os estudos que calculam os benefícios observados em sua aplicação. Tanto a arquivologia quanto a ciência da informação têm na preservação digital um objeto de estudo que engloba todas as tarefas envolvidas no fluxo informacional, mas são áreas que estão começando a propor padrões, normas, políticas e procedimentos para o arquivamento digital. Um critério que se destaca no desenvolvimento das práticas de preservação digital citadas na literatura é o da confiabilidade, determinante na formação do conjunto de critérios aqui propostos. A metodologia adotada baseou-se no uso das técnicas de questionário, entrevista, observação e análise etnográfica de conteúdo, sob a perspectiva de David Altheide. Para poder conhecer as abordagens teóricas e metodológicas que têm sido publicadas, realizou-se um estudo bibliométrico descritivo, coletando dados de referências bibliográficas sobre o tema da preservação digital do período de 1996 até 2007. A análise dessa produção científica utilizou o Statistical Package for the Social Sciences-SPSS. A análise dos dados qualitativos coletados na pesquisa de campo mostrou que a maioria dos responsáveis pelos centros de informação e bibliotecas do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia percebe a preservação digital como os procedimentos relacionados com a capacidade de armazenamento, migração e disseminação de conteúdos que, em sua maioria, são administrados de forma centralizada. Apenas os representantes de uma instituição reconheceram a importância das políticas institucionais na definição das funções de inserção e gerenciamento dos conteúdos arquivados na sua biblioteca digital. Os critérios de preservação digital propostos estão relacionados aos aspectos institucionais (Confiabilidade, Responsabilidade Política e Sustentabilidade Econômica) e aos aspectos gerenciais Inclusão em repositórios digitais, Transparência e Acessibilidade de longo prazo). Estes critérios são considerados elementos determinantes das propriedades relativas aos sistemas de gerenciamento de informação científica. Entre as sugestões para estudos futuros, recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de pesquisas sobre a aprendizagem e aplicação de normas e padrões pelos integrantes das equipes que gerenciam os sistemas de informação científica do governo, a inclusão de uma discussão detalhada sobre metadados de preservação para informação científica e sobre o gerenciamento de longo prazo dos direitos autorais no ambiente digital. __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This thesis aims to propose a Digital Preservation Criteria Set which is crucial for scientific information systems in the research units of the Science and Technology Ministry of Brazil. Four objectives were formulated in proposing the criteria: a) describe the digital preservation procedures currently being used; b) identify in scientific literature the key criteria used in building digital preservation systems; c) identify the digital preservation demands from the sampled research units; and d) identify both concepts and procedures that might interfere with standard digital preservation procedures of scientific information. A literature review has highlighted that a theoretical evaluation of both digital preservation criteria and requirements from international projects is nonexistent. It also highlighted that there are a very limited number of studies assessing the benefits produced by the application of this criteria and these requirements. Within the context of digital preservation both Archivistic and Information Science systems deal with tasks related to information flow. Only recently, are these areas proposing patterns, norms, policies and procedures directed to digital archiving. Trustworthy is a criteria for digital preservation procedures that stands out in the Scientific literature and is critical in identifying the digital preservation criteria set for scientific information. The proposed digital preservation criteria set is related to institutional aspects (Trustworthy, Political Responsibility and Economic Sustainability) and management aspects (Digital Repository Inclusion, Transparency, and Long-term Accessibility). These criteria are considered determinant elements in the management proprieties of administration systems for scientific information. The methodology in data collection included surveys, interviews, observation, and ethnographic content analysis according to David Altheide's approach. A descriptive bibliometric study was conducted in order to identify both the theoretical and methodological approaches in digital preservation literature from 1996 to 2007. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences-SPSS. Qualitative data from field research indicated that most of the information unit managers consider digital preservation as procedures related to storage capacity, migration and content dissemination. They also realize that these procedures are administered in a centralized manner. Only one research unit's participants recognized the importance of institutional policies in defining data ingest functions and management of contents archived in the institutional digital library. Suggestions for future studies include investigating the acquisition and application of Norms and Standards by government staff responsible for the administration of scientific information systems and extensive discussions both on Preservation Metadata relating to scientific information and Long-term management of propriety rights within the digital environment.

D. Litt. et Phil. / The use of data in science has evolved to a new level in e-science. Collaboration in e- science is important as scientists, engineers and technologists work together to solve scientific problems, through the collection and analysis of large data sets. These experiments can generate enormous amounts of data, creating a need for more efficient storage, management and processing of data. Data needs to be managed effectively to ensure possible future use for secondary analysis and further experimentation. The practice of data curation deals with the management of data, with the objective of sustaining data as a resource for future use. A number of frameworks and models have been developed to address the curation of data, but only the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) has been accepted internationally. The World Data Centre (WDC) is an organisation that was established to ensure access to scientific data for a number of different scientific disciplines. This organisation consists of 52 individual data centres (iWDCs) that are members of the WDC, and are responsible for the curation of scientific data. Because the data curation practices and needs of each iWDC differ, the purpose of this study is to determine to what extent it is possible to develop a framework for the curation of data in the WDC. This study used a mixed method research design through the collection of data from an online survey (quantitative data) and a multiple-case case study (qualitative data). All the iWDCs were invited to participate in the online survey, which was created to quantify OAIS functional model compatibility, sampling for the case study was conducted based on the OAIS functional model compatibility scores. v Based on the findings from this study, suggestions towards a suitable framework for the curation of data in the WDC are made. The key outcomes from this research included a quantitative OAIS functional model compatibility test and suggestions towards a suitable framework for the curation of data. The suggestions towards a suitable framework for the curation of data in the WDC should in future be tested in the newly formed World Data System (WDS) and adjustments made to create a viable framework for curating data in the WDS.

The final thesis is dealing with long-term preservation of document and related issues with it. At the beginning of the thesis are defined terms such as paper and digital document and lifecycle it has to go through. Next parts are devoted to selected standards and recommendations, metadata, the most widely used approaches in this area, which are migration and emulation, most used technologies and the last part of this section is dedicated to security meters. The survey deals with still active projects which start at the beginning of last year. These projects show new trends and possibilities in this area. From twelve project were selected four interesting of them (ARCOMEM, ENSURE, TIMBUS, SCAPE) which are subsequently described from different perspectives, compared and evaluated.

Bohuš Získal Methodology for design of digital archives Summary: This work examines how concepts and recommendations defined within the ISO 14721:2003 standard could be applied to archives in audiovisual industry and how its key components and processes relate to the corresponding structure of real production archives. A basic overview of audiovisual content formats, storage solutions and metadata structures is provided with respect to long time content preservation. The most common standards (international, industry and proprietary ones) specific for this area are discussed within the perspective of inevitable data migration process. As certain types of organisation have their archive deeply integrated in the production process and its functional and organisational parts could not be easily distinguished from the rest of the structure, the various approaches to the complex archive design are evaluated, including a brief introduction to MAM system role and implementation. The data migration to new solutions also means the integration with the existing technologies, where a rather higher level of dependence on commercially available solutions is often involved. As the interoperability standards are not widely adopted yet, some decisions are inevitably tied with previously adopted technologies. Changes in...

Den här uppsatsens fokus ligger på lagstiftningen och hanteringen av sekretessbelagd information om enskilda personer gällande hälsa och sociala förhållanden. Att tolka lagar är inte lätt och vilket ansvar vilar på arkiven kring utlämnande av sådana handlingar. Med studien vill jag få fram hur arkiven praktiskt arbetar med detta för att få fram ett underlag om hur man kan tänka kring hanteringen vid utlämnande av sådana uppgifter. Appraisalmetoden som använts och sekretessen påverkar vad som finns tillgängligt från arkiven. Urvalet av det som bevaras av handlingar speciellt rörande barn som har kommit i kontakt med Socialstyrelsen har kritiserats då det framkommit att dessa har gallrats för mycket utifrån de förfrågningar som kommit till arkiven om utlämnande av dessa då de inte funnits. För att få fram detta har jag använt mig av två metoder där det ena är litteraturstudier och den andra är intervjuer av två arkivinstitutioner som har hand om sådana handlingar, ett kommunarkiv och ett landstingsarkiv. Resultatet av studien har blivit ett underlag till en vägledning utifrån rådande lagstiftning där hanteringen och frågor som kan vara bra att ha med sig för att kunna avgöra om en handling kan lämnas ut eller inte. Det har också kommit fram att sekretesstiden kan ha blivit för kort i Sverige med sina 70 år jämfört med till exempel Norge och Kanada som har 80 år och mer beroende på handlingstypen. Detta utifrån att vi lever längre än tidigare och lagen borde anpassas efter det.

The dissertation focuses on the authenticity of digitized books in the context of their life cycle (production, preservation, access). First the OIAS high-level conceptual framework for lifecycle management of digital documents maintained by organizations is introduced. Then the current situation of digitized books lifecycle management is described. This part is followed by an introducing to relevant conceptualizations of the authenticity of digital documents and these conceptualizations are analyzed and reviewed. Then framework for analysis of authenticity is established based on previous findings. This framework is then used to identify authenticity requirements for digitized books and to develop a domain-specific conceptualization of the authenticity of digitized books. This conceptualization deploys detailed analysis of risks threatening authenticity during lifecycle management of digitized books. The selected topics of this conceptualization are then the source for the next step, which is to develop a recommended practice for maintaining authenticity of digitized books. This practice is further specified for one partial solution to the problem of maintaining the authenticity of digital documents throughout their life cycle, which is a persistent identification system.