É apresentada uma metodologia para descrever o mapa de desempenho (ou mapa de consumo de combustível) de um motor de combustão interna como função de suas condições de operação (rotação e torque) baseados em medições embarcadas. É utilizada para este levantamento a combinação de medições via GPS (para a velocidade longitudinal e inclinação de pista) e OBD-II para aquisição de sinais da rede CAN, como rotação do motor e consumo de combustível. É desenvolvida uma metodologia para o cálculo do torque líquido do motor baseado na medição de velocidade e aceleração longitudinal do veículo com uma margem de incerteza de 2% a 5% no cálculo do torque em condições normais de operações. É realizado um detalhamento da origem das incertezas para avaliar a contribuição individual de cada parâmetro. Um modelo de regressão polinomial é utilizado para descrever o mapa de consume de combustível do motor cujos coeficientes característicos são determinados experimentalmente através da metodologia proposta para cinco veículos diferentes a fim de comprovar a eficácia da metodologia. Os coeficientes de correlação variam de 0.797 a 0.997, sendo que em três de cinco veículos o coeficiente de correlação é maior que 0.910, comprovando a robustez da metodologia. / It is presented a methodology to describe the engine performance map (or the engine fuel map) for an internal combustion engine as a function of its operating conditions (engine speed and torque) based on on-board measurements. It is used a combination of GPS measurements for vehicle speed and road grade together with a OBD-II acquisition system in order to acquire information provided by CAN network, such as engine speed and fuel consumption. A methodology to calculate the engine torque based on speed and acceleration measurements is shown with an average uncertainty in the range of 2% to 5% for torque calculation in normal operating conditions. It is presented a detailed breakdown of the contribution of individual parameters in torque calculation uncertainty. A polynomial regression model to describe the engine fuel map is presented and the coefficients for this model is calculated based on on-road measurements for 5 different vehicles to prove the accuracy of the proposed methodology. The correlation coefficients obtained for these measurements are within the range of 0.797 to 0.997 and three out of five vehicles with correlation coefficient higher than 0.910, proving the methodology robust.

<p> </p><p>This abstract describes the bachelor degree thesis in computer technology at Växjö University. The company BSR in Växjö has requested an application that can measure a cars performance, with attributes like acceleration times and engine power estimation. The communication between car and computer is via the USB port on the computer and the OBD-II socket on the car with the network protocol CAN, controller area network. Cars from VAG have been the primary focus group and the application has been tested on a Volkswagen Passat CC from 2009. The system is developed in the programming language C# in the environment Visual Studio with the framework .NET. This report describes the network protocol CAN, which is an essential part in understanding how thecommunication works. Also approach, analyze and implementation is described.</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>Denna rapport beskriver ett examensarbete för högskoleingenjörsexamen i datorteknik vid Växjö universitet. Företaget BSR i Växjö har önskat ett program som kan mäta en bils prestanda, med attribut som accelerationstider och effektuppskattning. Kommunikationen mellan bil och dator sker via USB-port på datorn och OBD-II-uttag på bilen med protokollet CAN, controller area network. Bilar från VAG har i första hand varit målgruppen och programmet har testats på en Volkswagen Passat CC från 2009. Systemet har utvecklats i programspråket C# och i utvecklingsmiljön Visual Studio med ramverket .NET. Rapporten beskriver nätverksprotokollet CAN, vilket är en väsentlig del i att förstå hur kommunikationen går till. Även tillvägagångssätt, analys och implementering beskrivs.</p><p> </p>

Cette thèse a pour but l’étude de la détection basée sur modèle de défauts pour lesmoteurs Diesel produits en grande série. La nécessité d’une surveillance continue del’état de santé des véhicules est maintenant renforcée par la législation Euro VI sur lesémissions polluantes, qui sera probablement rendue encore plus contraignante dans sesprochaines révisions. Dans ce contexte, le développement de stratégies robustes, faciles àcalibrer et valides pour des systèmes dispersés (car produits en grande série) procureraitun avantage considérable aux constructeurs automobile. L’étude développée ici tentede répondre à ces besoins en proposant une méthodologie générique. On utilise desobservateurs adaptatifs locaux pour des systèmes scalaires non linéaires et affines parrapport à l’état, pour résoudre les problèmes de la détection de défauts, de son isolationet de son estimation d’une façon compacte. De plus, les incertitudes liées aux biais demesure et de modèle et aux dérives temporelles nécessitent d’améliorer les méthodes dedétection par l’utilisation de seuils robustes pour éviter les fausses détections. Dans cettethèse, on propose un seuil variable basé sur la condition d’observabilité du paramètreimpacté par le défaut et sur une étude de sensibilité par rapport aux incertitudes surles entrées ou sur le modèle. Cette méthode permet, entre autres, de fournir un outild’analyse pour la sélection des conditions de fonctionnement du système pour lesquelsle diagnostic est plus fiable et plus robuste par rapport aux incertitudes sur les entrées.L’approche présentée a été appliquée avec succès et validée de façon expérimentale surun moteur Diesel pour le problème de détection de fuite dans le système d’admissiond’air, puis dans un environnement de simulation pour le problème de détection dedérive d’efficacité turbine. On montre ainsi ses avantages en termes de fiabilité dedétection, d’effort de calibration, et pour l’analyse des conditions de fonctionnementmoteur adaptées au diagnostic. / The study of model-based fault detection for mass production Diesel engines isthe aim of this thesis. The necessity of continuous vehicles health monitoring is nowenforced by the Euro VI pollutant legislation, which will probably be tightened in itsfuture revisions. In this context developing a robust strategy that could be easilycalibrated and work with different systems (due to production variability) would bea tremendous advantage for car manufacturers. The study developed here tries toanswer to those necessities by proposing a generic methodology based on local adaptiveobservers for scalar nonlinear state-affine systems. The fault detection, isolation andestimation problems are thus solved in a compact way. Moreover, the uncertaintiesdue to measurement or model biases and time drifts lead to the necessity of improvingthe detection methodology by the use of robust thresholds that could avoid undesiredfalse alarms. In this thesis a variable threshold is proposed based on the observabilitycondition and the sensitivity analysis of the parameter impacted by the fault withrespect to input or model uncertainties. This approach allows, among other things, tobe used as an analysis tool for the individuation of the system operating points for whichthe diagnosis is more reliable and more robust to inputs uncertainties. The discussedapproach has been successfully implemented and experimentally tested on a real Dieselengine for the intake leak detection and for the turbine efficiency loss drift detectionin a co-simulation environment showing its advantages in term of detection reliability,calibration effort and engines diagnosis operating condition analysis.

Le transport routier est responsable d’une part des émissions de particules fines, notamment dans les grandes agglomérations. Celles-ci ayant des répercussions graves sur la santé humaine et l’environnement, des normes d’émissions des véhicules de plus en plus strictes sont mises en place. Des limites en nombre de particules sont imposées et une obligation de connaitre l’état de santé des organes de post-traitement des gaz d’échappement est également entrée en vigueur (On-Board Diagnostic : OBD).Les capteurs résistifs ont montré de bons résultats pour la mesure de la concentration massique des particules et ont l’avantage d’être simples à mettre en oeuvre, robustes et peu onéreux. Le principe de fonctionnement du capteur est basé sur la mesure de la conductance entre des électrodes de platine. Celle-ci augmente avec le dépôt de suies.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de parvenir à déterminer les paramètres clés qui affectent la réponse du capteur. Trois flux de suies présentant des distributions en taille différentes ont été sélectionnés et caractérisés. Un quatrième flux de suies a permis d’appréhender l’impact d’une concentration massique inférieure. La réponse du capteur à ces différents flux de suies a été étudiée. Nous avons montré que la sensibilité et le temps de réponse du capteur sont optimaux pour une tension de polarisation donnée entre les deux électrodes dont la valeur dépend de la distribution en taille des suies. Ce phénomène a été expliqué par les propriétés électriques différentes des suies et modélisé par un équilibre entre accumulation et combustion par effet Joule des suies déposées permettant de simuler la réponse temporelle du capteur. / Road transport contributes to a part of the particulate matter emissions, especially in big cities. Due to the negative effect of these pollutants on the human health and environment, more and more stringent emission standards for automotive are applied. These emissions are now limited in number of particles per kilometer and the vehicle need to indicate when there is some failure of the systems of depollution (OBD: On-Board diagnostic).Resistive sensors have shown good results to measure soot particles mass concentration. They have advantage of being a simple and robust technology that can be easily manufactured at a cheap price. The sensor principle consists of conductance measurement between two platinum electrodes. Conductance increases with soot deposition. This work aims to define the key parameters that affect the sensors response. Three particles flow with different particles size distributions (centered at 90, 70 and 50 nm) were used and characterized. A fourth flow was used to see the impact of a lower mass concentration. The sensor response exposed to these different flows was studied. It was shown that the sensor sensibility and response times are optimal for a given polarization voltage between the electrodes whose value depends on the size distribution. This phenomenon was explained by the different electrical properties of the soot particles and modeled by equilibrium of soot accumulation and their combustion by Joule heating that permitting to simulate the sensor temporal response.

É apresentada uma metodologia para descrever o mapa de desempenho (ou mapa de consumo de combustível) de um motor de combustão interna como função de suas condições de operação (rotação e torque) baseados em medições embarcadas. É utilizada para este levantamento a combinação de medições via GPS (para a velocidade longitudinal e inclinação de pista) e OBD-II para aquisição de sinais da rede CAN, como rotação do motor e consumo de combustível. É desenvolvida uma metodologia para o cálculo do torque líquido do motor baseado na medição de velocidade e aceleração longitudinal do veículo com uma margem de incerteza de 2% a 5% no cálculo do torque em condições normais de operações. É realizado um detalhamento da origem das incertezas para avaliar a contribuição individual de cada parâmetro. Um modelo de regressão polinomial é utilizado para descrever o mapa de consume de combustível do motor cujos coeficientes característicos são determinados experimentalmente através da metodologia proposta para cinco veículos diferentes a fim de comprovar a eficácia da metodologia. Os coeficientes de correlação variam de 0.797 a 0.997, sendo que em três de cinco veículos o coeficiente de correlação é maior que 0.910, comprovando a robustez da metodologia. / It is presented a methodology to describe the engine performance map (or the engine fuel map) for an internal combustion engine as a function of its operating conditions (engine speed and torque) based on on-board measurements. It is used a combination of GPS measurements for vehicle speed and road grade together with a OBD-II acquisition system in order to acquire information provided by CAN network, such as engine speed and fuel consumption. A methodology to calculate the engine torque based on speed and acceleration measurements is shown with an average uncertainty in the range of 2% to 5% for torque calculation in normal operating conditions. It is presented a detailed breakdown of the contribution of individual parameters in torque calculation uncertainty. A polynomial regression model to describe the engine fuel map is presented and the coefficients for this model is calculated based on on-road measurements for 5 different vehicles to prove the accuracy of the proposed methodology. The correlation coefficients obtained for these measurements are within the range of 0.797 to 0.997 and three out of five vehicles with correlation coefficient higher than 0.910, proving the methodology robust.

This abstract describes the bachelor degree thesis in computer technology at Växjö University. The company BSR in Växjö has requested an application that can measure a cars performance, with attributes like acceleration times and engine power estimation. The communication between car and computer is via the USB port on the computer and the OBD-II socket on the car with the network protocol CAN, controller area network. Cars from VAG have been the primary focus group and the application has been tested on a Volkswagen Passat CC from 2009. The system is developed in the programming language C# in the environment Visual Studio with the framework .NET. This report describes the network protocol CAN, which is an essential part in understanding how thecommunication works. Also approach, analyze and implementation is described. / Denna rapport beskriver ett examensarbete för högskoleingenjörsexamen i datorteknik vid Växjö universitet. Företaget BSR i Växjö har önskat ett program som kan mäta en bils prestanda, med attribut som accelerationstider och effektuppskattning. Kommunikationen mellan bil och dator sker via USB-port på datorn och OBD-II-uttag på bilen med protokollet CAN, controller area network. Bilar från VAG har i första hand varit målgruppen och programmet har testats på en Volkswagen Passat CC från 2009. Systemet har utvecklats i programspråket C# och i utvecklingsmiljön Visual Studio med ramverket .NET. Rapporten beskriver nätverksprotokollet CAN, vilket är en väsentlig del i att förstå hur kommunikationen går till. Även tillvägagångssätt, analys och implementering beskrivs.

Read up protocol OBD-II and familiarize yourself with the concept of existing devices, which use this protocol for wireless data transmission diagnostics car. Different conception mutually compare and suggest own concept device. The device should be consist from standard components without development own hardware. Implement the proposed device. Verify function of device and measure its range and data throughput. Discuss the connection to the database server and simple presentation of data.

This thesis is about designing and implementing an affordable reversing camera sys-tem with object detection and OBD-2 integration for commercial vehicles. The aim is to improve the safety and efficiency of these vehicles by giving drivers a clear view of their surroundings behind the vehicle and alerting them to the presence of nearby obstacles. Ultrasonic sensors are used for object detection and give the driver control over the environment behind the vehicle and warn of present obstacles. The system is also integrated with the vehicle's on-board diagnostics system (OBD-2), which provides important information on speed and engine performance, among other things. This project contributes to making safety systems more accessible to com-mercial vehicles and reduces the risk of accidents and collisions. / Detta examensarbete handlar om att utforma och implementera ett prisvärt backkamerasystem objektdetektering och integration med On-Board Diagnostics 2 för kommersiella fordon. Syftet är att förbättra säkerheten och effektiviteten för dessa fordon genom att ge förarna en tydlig vy av deras omgivningar bakom fordonet och varna dem för närvaron av hinder i närheten. Ultraljudssensorer används för objekt-detektering och ger föraren en kontroll över omgivningen bakom fordonet samt var-nar för närvarande hinder. Systemet är också integrerat med fordonets omborddia-gnostiksystem (OBD-2), som ger viktig information om bland annat hastighet och motorprestanda. Detta projekt bidrar till att göra säkerhetssystem mer tillgängliga för kommersiella fordon och minskar risken för olyckor och kollisioner.

<p>In a system like a Scania heavy duty truck, faultcodes (DTCs) are generated and stored locally in the ECUs when components, e.g. sensors or actuators, malfunction. Tests are run periodically to detect failure in the system. The test results are processed by the diagnostic system that tries to isolate the faulty components and set local faultcodes.</p><p>Currently, in a Scania truck, local diagnoses are only based on local diagnostic information, which the DTCs are based upon. The diagnosis statement can, however, be more complete if diagnoses from other ECUs are considered. Thus a system that extends the local diagnoses by exchanging diagnostic information between the ECUs is desired. The diagnostic information to share and how it should be done is elaborated in this thesis. Further, a model of distributed diagnosis is given and a few distributed diagnostic algorithms for transmitting and receiving diagnostic information are presented.</p><p>A basic idea that has influenced the project is to make the diagnostic system scalable with respect to hardware and thereby making it easy to add and remove ECUs. When implementing a distributed diagnostic system in networked real-time embedded systems, technical problems arise such as memory handling, process synchronization and transmission of diagnostic data and these will be discussed in detail. Implementation of a distributed diagnostic system is further complicated due to the fact that the isolation process is a non deterministic job and requires a non deterministic amount of memory.</p>

Diagnostic systems become more and more an important within the field of vehicle systems. This is much because new rules and regulation forcing the manufacturer of heavy duty trucks to survey the emission process in its engines during the whole lifetime of the truck. To do this a diagnostic system has to be implemented which always survey the process and check that the thresholds of the emissions set by the government not are exceeded. There is also a demand that this system should be reliable, i.e. not producing false alarms or missed detection. One way of producing such a system is to use model based diagnosis system where thresholds has to be set deciding if the system is corrupt or not. There is a lot of difficulties involved in this. Firstly, there is no way of knowing if the signals logged are corrupt or not. This is because faults in these signals should be detected. Secondly, because of strict demand of reliability the thresholds has to be set where there is very low probability of finding values while driving. In this thesis a methodology is proposed for setting thresholds in a diagnosis system in an experimental test engine at Scania. Measurement data has been logged over 20 hours of effective driving by two individuals of the same engine. It is shown that the result is improved significantly by using this method and the threshold can be set so smaller faults in the system reliably can be detected.