<p>Manövertänkandet har vuxit fram som ett resultat av ny tekniks tillämpning i gammal krigföring. Framförallt Tyskland och England har utvecklat det vi idag kallar manöverkrigföring. Kopplat till den utvecklingen uppkom nya teorier om framgångsfaktorer i striden. Idén om den indirekta metoden var banbrytande och fick stort genomslag för dagens syn på krigföring. Inom manöverkriget fick även en ny ledningsmetod utrymme att växa sig stark, uppdragstaktiken är nu vida spridd runt om i världens försvarsmakter.</p><p>Svenska försvarsmaktens grundläggande koncept för insatser med alla svenska förband är manövertänkandet. Detta manövertänkande har sina grunder i de tyska och engelska teorierna från mellankrigstiden. Dess ledningsmetod är uppdragstaktiken och genomsyrar hela den svenska militära strukturen. </p><p>Uppsatsen undersöker och diskuterar tempots betydelse för manöverkrigföringen, dels som fysisk rörelse men även som en beslutscykel. Jag har kommit fram till följande resultat; initiativet är nyckeln till framgång, initiativ vinns genom ett offensivt agerande med uppdragstaktiken som grund.</p> / <p>Maneuver warfare has gradually developed as a result of new technology being used in old ways to wage war. Especially Germany and England have developed what we today call maneuver warfare. As a natural result in the development of how to wage war, new ideas of how success would be achieved also came forth. The idea of an indirect approach was revolutionary and gained a strong foothold in how we today perceive war making.  In maneuver warfare a new philosophy of leadership has also been given wide recognition, today mission tactics is spread throughout the world.</p><p>The Swedish armed forces basic concept of operations is maneuver thinking. This has its roots in the German and English doctrines developed during the time between the first and second world wars. Its leadership philosophy is mission tactics and can bee seen and identified throughout the Swedish armed forces structure.</p><p>This essay researches and discusses the meaning of the term tempo in maneuver warfare, both as physical movement and as a decisive cycle. I have come to these conclusions; initiative is key to success, initiative is won thru acting offensively with mission tactics as a base.</p>

Manövertänkandet har vuxit fram som ett resultat av ny tekniks tillämpning i gammal krigföring. Framförallt Tyskland och England har utvecklat det vi idag kallar manöverkrigföring. Kopplat till den utvecklingen uppkom nya teorier om framgångsfaktorer i striden. Idén om den indirekta metoden var banbrytande och fick stort genomslag för dagens syn på krigföring. Inom manöverkriget fick även en ny ledningsmetod utrymme att växa sig stark, uppdragstaktiken är nu vida spridd runt om i världens försvarsmakter. Svenska försvarsmaktens grundläggande koncept för insatser med alla svenska förband är manövertänkandet. Detta manövertänkande har sina grunder i de tyska och engelska teorierna från mellankrigstiden. Dess ledningsmetod är uppdragstaktiken och genomsyrar hela den svenska militära strukturen.  Uppsatsen undersöker och diskuterar tempots betydelse för manöverkrigföringen, dels som fysisk rörelse men även som en beslutscykel. Jag har kommit fram till följande resultat; initiativet är nyckeln till framgång, initiativ vinns genom ett offensivt agerande med uppdragstaktiken som grund. / Maneuver warfare has gradually developed as a result of new technology being used in old ways to wage war. Especially Germany and England have developed what we today call maneuver warfare. As a natural result in the development of how to wage war, new ideas of how success would be achieved also came forth. The idea of an indirect approach was revolutionary and gained a strong foothold in how we today perceive war making.  In maneuver warfare a new philosophy of leadership has also been given wide recognition, today mission tactics is spread throughout the world. The Swedish armed forces basic concept of operations is maneuver thinking. This has its roots in the German and English doctrines developed during the time between the first and second world wars. Its leadership philosophy is mission tactics and can bee seen and identified throughout the Swedish armed forces structure. This essay researches and discusses the meaning of the term tempo in maneuver warfare, both as physical movement and as a decisive cycle. I have come to these conclusions; initiative is key to success, initiative is won thru acting offensively with mission tactics as a base.

Higher education domain has a direct impact on individuals and society in general and particularly regarding the socio-economic status and economic growth of any individual or a country. Despite recent changes in job market orientation for hiring employees without higher education degrees, higher education sector is required globally to provide training, knowledge and skill to achieve the globally stated goal of attaining economic growth and sustainable human development. This research focuses on the importance of higher education to primary beneficiaries (student, parents, and higher education institutions personals), explores defined goal of higher education, and assess the effect of external environmental factors that influence higher education sector sampling Bahrain public higher education in a single case study. Through an exploratory qualitative research, the researcher used a case study approach with semi-structured interviews to assess different beneficiaries' views of the importance of higher education to bridge the gap between different perspectives on shaping the goal of higher education. An abductive approach was followed to conduct this research as this topic requires both observing the research topic as well as qualifying an established theory. This approach allowed the researcher to gain new insights to understand the relationship between the environmental factors and higher education goal. The research assesses the factors influencing higher education to be utilised as moderator to develop a conceptual framework based on Means-end theory of decision-making combined with the dynamics of OODA Loop (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) model of decision-making. Key findings of the pilot study conducted in one of Bahrain's public higher education institutions (HEIs) and another case study on one of the leading higher education institutions in Bahrain revealed a gap between higher education beneficiaries' perspectives on higher education and demonstrated the importance of the revision of the overall structure and implementation of policies concerning higher education sector in Bahrain. Empirical findings highlighted some main areas where there is a huge gap between what is planned and implemented. Through comparing results of previous studies, the researcher concluded that each environment has its own effect on higher education goal definition which in turn affect the attainment of higher education benefits and the definition of its attributes.

<p>Information security is tasked with protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of an organizations information resource. A key aspect in protecting these resources is developing an</p><p>understanding of the threats, vulnerabilities, and exposures that they face by using Risk Management.</p><p>The objective of Risk Management is to identify, quantify and manage information security risks to achieve organizations objectives through a number of tasks utilizing key Risk Management techniques.</p><p>Risk Management is a process that ensures that the impact of threats exploiting vulnerabilities is within acceptable limits and at an acceptable cost.</p><p>With the increased complexity of modern dynamic networks, traditional defence mechanisms are failing and as a result cyber crime is on the rise [FBI03]. This puts organizations and corporations at risk as the defences are ill-fitted and weak [KBM04].</p><p>No information system can be absolutely secure, especially large and complex systems. Embedded security works for isolated, dedicated systems with few users but does not offer cost effective security, and even worse does not always handle security based on a real threat (this is manly due to it inherent inflexibility). A military strategy within the field of information operations suggests a method of information superiority bases on the OODA-loop. This theses propose a method of information security protection based on a combination of risk management techniques and information operation (foremost the OODA-loop). This is in order to ensure a cost effective and a viable future for information security in large</p><p>and complex systems, where the war at least at present time is lost to the “black hats”, a term often used to describe a menaced hacker.</p>

Information security is tasked with protecting the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of an organizations information resource. A key aspect in protecting these resources is developing an understanding of the threats, vulnerabilities, and exposures that they face by using Risk Management. The objective of Risk Management is to identify, quantify and manage information security risks to achieve organizations objectives through a number of tasks utilizing key Risk Management techniques. Risk Management is a process that ensures that the impact of threats exploiting vulnerabilities is within acceptable limits and at an acceptable cost. With the increased complexity of modern dynamic networks, traditional defence mechanisms are failing and as a result cyber crime is on the rise [FBI03]. This puts organizations and corporations at risk as the defences are ill-fitted and weak [KBM04]. No information system can be absolutely secure, especially large and complex systems. Embedded security works for isolated, dedicated systems with few users but does not offer cost effective security, and even worse does not always handle security based on a real threat (this is manly due to it inherent inflexibility). A military strategy within the field of information operations suggests a method of information superiority bases on the OODA-loop. This theses propose a method of information security protection based on a combination of risk management techniques and information operation (foremost the OODA-loop). This is in order to ensure a cost effective and a viable future for information security in large and complex systems, where the war at least at present time is lost to the “black hats”, a term often used to describe a menaced hacker.

<p>Orsaken till att jag har valt just detta anfall som Rommel genomförde i det tolfte slaget är att det är fascinerande och banbrytande hur löjtnanten Rommel med sin lilla enhet utmanövrerar stora delar ur den italienska armén.  Metoderna jag har valt är deskription och fallstudie då jag anser att just dessa två lämpar sig väl då en mindre del ur något stort ska återberättas. Det jag vill ta reda på är om Rommel användes sig av det vi idag kallar för manöverkrigföring eller om det är något nytt vi har skapat för att ha ett namn. För att få kunskap om slaget och fördjupad kunskap kring de olika teorierna har jag läst in mig på de olika doktrinerna som svenska försvarsmakten har och även litterära verk kring Rommels deltagande i slaget. Slutligen har jag analyserat de olika fakta och dragit slutsatser kring Rommel och huruvida Rommel använde sig av dem eller inte. Det jag har kommit fram till är att Rommel användes sig av manöverkrigsföring under slaget vid Kobarid.</p> / <p>The purpose with this essay is to find out if Rommel used what we today call manoeuvre warfare? I choose this subject because I’m interested in infantry tactics and the breakthrough Rommel did during the twelfth battle of Kobarid. A much smaller unit made a large unit surrender. The two methods I will use are description and case study because those two methods are good to work with when to describe what happen during a battle on a specific place on the battlefield. I’ve reed different books about the twelfth battle in Kobarid and doctrines about manoeuvre warfare in the Swedish armed forces. Finally I’ve analysed the facts and drawn conclusions however Rommel used manoeuvre warfare during the battle or not.</p><p>The result is that Rommel used manoeuvre warfare at the battle of Kobarid but I don’t that think Rommel knew the words like we knew them today. Words like mission tactics or manoeuvre warfare.</p>

Orsaken till att jag har valt just detta anfall som Rommel genomförde i det tolfte slaget är att det är fascinerande och banbrytande hur löjtnanten Rommel med sin lilla enhet utmanövrerar stora delar ur den italienska armén.  Metoderna jag har valt är deskription och fallstudie då jag anser att just dessa två lämpar sig väl då en mindre del ur något stort ska återberättas. Det jag vill ta reda på är om Rommel användes sig av det vi idag kallar för manöverkrigföring eller om det är något nytt vi har skapat för att ha ett namn. För att få kunskap om slaget och fördjupad kunskap kring de olika teorierna har jag läst in mig på de olika doktrinerna som svenska försvarsmakten har och även litterära verk kring Rommels deltagande i slaget. Slutligen har jag analyserat de olika fakta och dragit slutsatser kring Rommel och huruvida Rommel använde sig av dem eller inte. Det jag har kommit fram till är att Rommel användes sig av manöverkrigsföring under slaget vid Kobarid. / The purpose with this essay is to find out if Rommel used what we today call manoeuvre warfare? I choose this subject because I’m interested in infantry tactics and the breakthrough Rommel did during the twelfth battle of Kobarid. A much smaller unit made a large unit surrender. The two methods I will use are description and case study because those two methods are good to work with when to describe what happen during a battle on a specific place on the battlefield. I’ve reed different books about the twelfth battle in Kobarid and doctrines about manoeuvre warfare in the Swedish armed forces. Finally I’ve analysed the facts and drawn conclusions however Rommel used manoeuvre warfare during the battle or not. The result is that Rommel used manoeuvre warfare at the battle of Kobarid but I don’t that think Rommel knew the words like we knew them today. Words like mission tactics or manoeuvre warfare.

De teoretiska grundstenarna för en framgångsrik ledning beror bl.a. på koordinationen mellan svensk forskning inom det ledningsvetenskapliga området och Försvarsmaktens doktrinära utveckling. Inom den ledningsvetenskapliga forskningen pågår utveckling av en teoretisk modell, den dynamiska OODA-loopen, syftande till att ta fram utåt- och inåtriktade funktioner inom ledning. Försvarsmakten genomför f.n. en utveckling av den Militärstrategiska doktrinen till att bli mer användbar och koordinerad i takt med en förändrad omvärld. Studiens syfte är att kartlägga om den doktrinära utvecklingen följt med forskningen inom ledningsvetenskapen och skapa en ökad förståelse samt medvetenhet för vad som krävs av den Militärstrategiska doktrinen för att uppnå en framgångsrik ledning. Resultatet visar på en positiv utveckling inom ett antal områden; miljön där militära effekter ska uppnås och underliggande beskrivningar som behandlar intentionen och förståelsen för själva uppdraget. Vidare visar studien på behovet av fortsatt doktrinär utveckling av området ledning i nära samarbete med svensk forskningen inom området. / The theoretical principle for successful command and control depends on such elements as the factor of coordination between Swedish research within command and control science and the development of the Swedish Armed Forces doctrine. The ongoing Swedish research within command and control science has created a generic model, the dynamic OODA-loop. The dynamic OODA-loop presents two major key aspects for command and control, the outer and the inner system and how they interface. Furthermore, the Swedish Armed Forces is in a developmental process of the Military Strategic Doctrine. The purpose of the development is to adjust the doctrine to be more useful within the Armed Forces and to describe the ongoing changes in a dynamic and complex environment. The purpose of this study is to identify if the development of the doctrine has been guided by the latest research within command and control science. The purpose is also to get a deeper understanding and awareness in order to meet the demands leading to a successful command and control within the military strategic doctrine. The study shows a positive doctrinal development in a number of areas such as; the environment where military effects will take action and attach descriptions concerning the intent and the understanding of a mission. It also shows the need for a continued doctrinal development within command and control in close cooperation within the areas of Swedish research.

This study examines how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autonomous systems can change the conditions for a decision-making process using John Boyd's OODA loop. The study is conducted through a qualitative text research method. The purpose is to analyze the systems based on a Swedish context by using empirical material from Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI) and ”Perspektivstudien 2016-2018”. John Boyd's OODA loop is used as a theoretical framework for the analysis where AI and autonomous systems will be studied based on each phase. The results indicate that AI and autonomous systems can provide opportunities to improve intelligence report capabilities by gathering larger amounts of information from the battlefield. The military effect will be increased through a better situation awareness, processing larger amounts of information that will improve the management for decision making, analyzing and offering more course of action at a faster pace. Although it indicates that these systems will not be used as a decisive decision-maker, they will however create good conditions for those who make the decisions and provide a central system support.

UAV:er används frekvent i samhället och med detta har den kommersiella marknaden växt. Därför är det rimligt att de används i större utsträckning i konflikter, vilket innebär att konflikter där båda parter har UAV:er som kan klassas som relativt högteknologiska möts blir troligare. Ukraina och Rysslands användande av UAV i Ukraina kan räknas som denna typ av konflikt.  I uppsatsen är det UAV:er av den militära typen som diskuteras. Skillnaden mellan dessa och civila typer är framförallt räckvidd, flygtid och kvalitén på sensorerna.För att undersöka hur UAV:er nyttjas och taktiseras med i denna typ av konflikter har följande frågeställning använts: Hur påverkas nyttjandet av UAV:er i en konflikt mellan två högteknologiska motståndare?Genom att analysera beslutsprocessen med hjälp av OODA-loopen och bekämpningskedjan har författaren kunnat dra följande slutsatser om nyttjandet i denna typ av konflikt. Uppsatsen är genomförd som en fallstudie där metoderna kvalitativ textanalys och intervju använts Slutsatsen är att den multiplikator som UAV varit i Ukraina visar på att de kommer fortsätta användas i framtida konflikter. Trots att telekrig varit aktivt mot just UAV:erna och att de saknar motmedel mot störningen har de fortsatt att nyttjas, den multiplikatoreffekt de bidrar med kan motiveras stridsekonomiskt och väger tyngre än de problem som störningen innebär. / UAV: s are in more frequent use as a result of a growing commercial market. This increases the probability of UAV: s in conflicts. This means that conflicts where both sides have access to UAV: s that are relatively high-tech becomes more likely. Ukraine and Russia’s use of UAV: s in Ukraine can be described as this kind of conflict. In this paper it is primarily military UAV: s that are discussed. The difference between these and their civilian counterparts are range, flight time and the quality of the sensors. In order to understand how the use of UAV: s is being affected, the following question needs to be answered.  How is the use of UAV: s affected in a conflict between two high-tech opponents? This was answered by analysing the decision-making process using the OODA loop and the kill chain. The paper is a case study which uses qualitative text analysis and an interview.The conclusion of this paper is that UAV: s has acted as a force multiplier in Ukraine and they will be used in future conflicts. Despite the electronic warfare against the UAV: s and the fact that they are missing systems for counteracting the disturbance both sides continue to use UAV: s. The force multiplier that is gained from using UAV: s is justified from a battle economic standpoint despite being hindered by electronic warfare.