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The United States engagement in Vietnam began during the Second World War. With military bases established in China, the U.S. took part in fighting the Japanese troops in the Pacific theatre. When France surrendered to Nazi Germany in 1940, Japan would take over the French Indochina and the war would spread to Vietnam as well. In order to collect intelligence on Japanese targets, the Americans needed to operate secret services on the ground. After the Japanese coup de main in 1945, they would eventually partner with Ho Chi Minh and his organization Viet Minh. The Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the wartime predecessor of the CIA, provided intelligence training and equipment, while the Viet Minh would assist with valuable information on Japanese troops. To some extent, the OSS helped Ho Chi Minh and Viet Minh accede to power in Vietnam after the war.

Community-based Open Source Software (OSS) projects are generally self-organized and dynamic, receiving contributions from volunteers spread across the globe. These communities survival, long-term success, and continuity demand a constant influx of newcomers. However, newcomers face many barriers when making their first contribution to an OSS project, leading in many cases to dropouts. Therefore, a major challenge for OSS projects is to provide ways to support newcomers during their first contribution. In this thesis, our goal was to identify and understand the barriers newcomers face and provide appropriate strategies to lower these barriers. Toward this end, we conducted multiple studies, using multiple research methods. To identify the barriers, we used data collected from: semi-structured interviews with 35 developers from 13 different projects; 24 answers to an open questionnaire conducted with OSS developers; feedback from 9 graduate and undergraduate students after they tried to join OSS projects; and 20 primary studies gathered via a systematic literature review. The data was analyzed using Grounded Theory procedures: namely, open and axial coding. Subsequently, the analysis resulted in a preliminary conceptual model composed of 58 barriers grouped into six categories: cultural differences, newcomers characteristics, reception issues, newcomers orientation, technical hurdles, and documentation problems. Based on the conceptual model, we developed FLOSScoach, a portal to support newcomers making their first OSS project contribution. To assess the portal, we conducted a study with undergraduate students, relying on qualitative data from diaries, self-efficacy questionnaires, and the Technology Acceptance Model. By applying the model to a practical application and assessing it, we could evaluate and improve the barriers model, changing it according to improvements identified during the conception of the tool, as well as suggestions received from the study participants. The FLOSScoach study results indicate that the portal played an important role guiding newcomers and lowering barriers related to the orientation and contribution process, whereas it was inefficient in lowering technical barriers. We also found that the portal is useful, easy to use, and increased newcomers confidence to contribute. The main contributions of this thesis are: (i) empirical identification and modeling of barriers faced by OSS project newcomers; and (ii) a portal providing information to support OSS project newcomers. / Projetos de software livre baseados em comunidade são, geralmente, auto-organizados e dinâmicos, e recebem contribuições de voluntários espalhados por todo o globo. A sobrevivência dessas comunidades, o sucesso a longo prazo, e sua continuidade exigem a entrada constante de novatos. No entanto, os novatos enfrentam muitas barreiras ao tentarem fazer a sua primeira contribuição para um projeto de software livre, o que leva, em muitos casos, a desistências. Portanto, um grande desafio para projetos de software livre é proporcionar maneiras de apoiar os novatos durante a realização de sua primeira contribuição. Nesta tese, nosso objetivo foi identificar e compreender as barreiras que os novatos enfrentam e fornecer estratégias adequadas para reduzir essas barreiras. Para isso, realizamos diversos estudos, utilizando vários métodos de pesquisa. Para identificar as barreiras, foram utilizados dados coletados a partir de: entrevistas semiestruturadas com 36 desenvolvedores de 14 projetos diferentes; 24 respostas a um questionário aberto realizado com desenvolvedores de software livre; feedback de 9 estudantes depois de tentarem contribuir para projetos de software livre; e 20 estudos obtidos por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se procedimentos da Grounded Theory: codificação aberta e axial. Posteriormente, a análise resultou em um modelo conceitual preliminar composto por 58 barreiras agrupadas em seis categorias: diferenças culturais, características dos novatos, problemas de recepção, orientação dos novatos, obstáculos técnicos, e problemas de documentação. Com base no modelo conceitual, desenvolvemos o FLOSScoach, um portal para apoiar os novatos no curso de sua primeira contribuição a projetos de software livre. Para avaliar o portal, realizamos um estudo com alunos de graduação, utilizando dados qualitativos de diários, questionários de autoeficácia (self-efficacy), e o modelo de aceitação tecnológica (TAM, do inglês Technology Acceptance Model). Ao aplicar o modelo em uma aplicação prática e experimentá-lo, pudemos avaliar e melhorar o modelo de barreiras, adequando-o de acordo com as melhorias identificadas durante a concepção da ferramenta, bem como sugestões recebidas dos participantes do estudo. Os resultados do estudo indicam que o portal FLOSScoach desempenhou um papel importante no direcionamento dos novatos e na redução das barreiras relacionadas com o processo de orientação e contribuição, enquanto não foi muito eficiente na redução de barreiras técnicas. Evidenciamos ainda que o portal é útil, fácil de usar, e aumentou a confiança dos novatos. As principais contribuições desta tese são: (i) identificação empírica e modelagem de barreiras enfrentadas pelos novatos em projetos de software livre; e (ii) um portal de informação para apoiar os novatos em projetos de software livre.

Community-based Open Source Software (OSS) projects are generally self-organized and dynamic, receiving contributions from volunteers spread across the globe. These communities survival, long-term success, and continuity demand a constant influx of newcomers. However, newcomers face many barriers when making their first contribution to an OSS project, leading in many cases to dropouts. Therefore, a major challenge for OSS projects is to provide ways to support newcomers during their first contribution. In this thesis, our goal was to identify and understand the barriers newcomers face and provide appropriate strategies to lower these barriers. Toward this end, we conducted multiple studies, using multiple research methods. To identify the barriers, we used data collected from: semi-structured interviews with 35 developers from 13 different projects; 24 answers to an open questionnaire conducted with OSS developers; feedback from 9 graduate and undergraduate students after they tried to join OSS projects; and 20 primary studies gathered via a systematic literature review. The data was analyzed using Grounded Theory procedures: namely, open and axial coding. Subsequently, the analysis resulted in a preliminary conceptual model composed of 58 barriers grouped into six categories: cultural differences, newcomers characteristics, reception issues, newcomers orientation, technical hurdles, and documentation problems. Based on the conceptual model, we developed FLOSScoach, a portal to support newcomers making their first OSS project contribution. To assess the portal, we conducted a study with undergraduate students, relying on qualitative data from diaries, self-efficacy questionnaires, and the Technology Acceptance Model. By applying the model to a practical application and assessing it, we could evaluate and improve the barriers model, changing it according to improvements identified during the conception of the tool, as well as suggestions received from the study participants. The FLOSScoach study results indicate that the portal played an important role guiding newcomers and lowering barriers related to the orientation and contribution process, whereas it was inefficient in lowering technical barriers. We also found that the portal is useful, easy to use, and increased newcomers confidence to contribute. The main contributions of this thesis are: (i) empirical identification and modeling of barriers faced by OSS project newcomers; and (ii) a portal providing information to support OSS project newcomers. / Projetos de software livre baseados em comunidade são, geralmente, auto-organizados e dinâmicos, e recebem contribuições de voluntários espalhados por todo o globo. A sobrevivência dessas comunidades, o sucesso a longo prazo, e sua continuidade exigem a entrada constante de novatos. No entanto, os novatos enfrentam muitas barreiras ao tentarem fazer a sua primeira contribuição para um projeto de software livre, o que leva, em muitos casos, a desistências. Portanto, um grande desafio para projetos de software livre é proporcionar maneiras de apoiar os novatos durante a realização de sua primeira contribuição. Nesta tese, nosso objetivo foi identificar e compreender as barreiras que os novatos enfrentam e fornecer estratégias adequadas para reduzir essas barreiras. Para isso, realizamos diversos estudos, utilizando vários métodos de pesquisa. Para identificar as barreiras, foram utilizados dados coletados a partir de: entrevistas semiestruturadas com 36 desenvolvedores de 14 projetos diferentes; 24 respostas a um questionário aberto realizado com desenvolvedores de software livre; feedback de 9 estudantes depois de tentarem contribuir para projetos de software livre; e 20 estudos obtidos por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se procedimentos da Grounded Theory: codificação aberta e axial. Posteriormente, a análise resultou em um modelo conceitual preliminar composto por 58 barreiras agrupadas em seis categorias: diferenças culturais, características dos novatos, problemas de recepção, orientação dos novatos, obstáculos técnicos, e problemas de documentação. Com base no modelo conceitual, desenvolvemos o FLOSScoach, um portal para apoiar os novatos no curso de sua primeira contribuição a projetos de software livre. Para avaliar o portal, realizamos um estudo com alunos de graduação, utilizando dados qualitativos de diários, questionários de autoeficácia (self-efficacy), e o modelo de aceitação tecnológica (TAM, do inglês Technology Acceptance Model). Ao aplicar o modelo em uma aplicação prática e experimentá-lo, pudemos avaliar e melhorar o modelo de barreiras, adequando-o de acordo com as melhorias identificadas durante a concepção da ferramenta, bem como sugestões recebidas dos participantes do estudo. Os resultados do estudo indicam que o portal FLOSScoach desempenhou um papel importante no direcionamento dos novatos e na redução das barreiras relacionadas com o processo de orientação e contribuição, enquanto não foi muito eficiente na redução de barreiras técnicas. Evidenciamos ainda que o portal é útil, fácil de usar, e aumentou a confiança dos novatos. As principais contribuições desta tese são: (i) identificação empírica e modelagem de barreiras enfrentadas pelos novatos em projetos de software livre; e (ii) um portal de informação para apoiar os novatos em projetos de software livre.

The thesis is focused on the description of LTE system in terms of signaling on interfaces of LTE and EPC subsystems, such as UE initial network connection. The next section describes the types of diagnostic methods for mobile networks using OSS, drive testing and flow analysis. The thesis also aims at description of key performance indicators (independent service QoS parameters and the KPI for the radio part of the network). Part of the network measurement includes a description of the driver settings and views for analysis. It is also described the implementation of measuring and evaluating the results.

ICT development and deployment and supporting policies take place within a fiercely contested globalised political economy. For organisations there is a pervasiveness of change processes, often externally imposed, which are rising with these globalising effects. This not only implies that the context in which organisations are situated is continuously changing, but also that the nature of the organisation itself is subject to change (Van Tonder, 2004). However, the external influences imposed on an organisation are often heterogeneous and make the management of adapting to the external environment extremely complex. This thesis explores such an externally imposed change on an organisation around the implementation of a contentious national policy. This entails not only dealing with the more usual dimensions of change in an organisation, but also the implications of the national debate and contentions around the national policy playing out in the local setting of the organisation. In this thesis the change explored is within a government department from a proprietary Enterprise Content Management (ECM) system to an open source ECM system. An interpretative approach was followed, using a longitudinal case study. Two main aspects of this change process are explored. The first is the impact of the national open source policy on government departments - an externally imposed change of mission, vision and values. The second is how internally the government department changed its internal work processes and information systems to comply with that policy. These two aspects are intertwined. Alignment of the organisation mission, values and objectives, with the proposed technological innovation and change management models emerges as a necessary condition for managing change. However, what emerged as a more challenging issue was whether internal organisational changes can be aligned with contentious national policy imperatives. Three theoretical lenses are used to explore this contentious issue: the HEM model of Du Plooy’s (1998); the improvisational change management model of Orlikowski and Hofman (1997); and institutional theory as it applies to Information Systems. The improvisational change model of Orlikowski and Hofman (1997) in combination with Du Plooy’s (1998) HEM model, was used to understand the change process unfolding in the implementation of an OS ECM system in a Government department in SA. The result of this application is some practical recommendations for government officials on future OS implementations, as well as a theoretical add-on to extend the change management model applied. The researcher found that models can increase our understanding and reveal how one can ‘cultivate’ the human environment within which technology is to be implemented. However, the process of developing an understanding of how national policy was developed and the rationale for it was also found to be important, as is developing an understanding of the rationale of this particular department for choosing to implement the OS ECM system. By adding to, or expanding on Orlikowski and Hoffman’s (1997) model to include a fourth element, indicating the external forces in the environment, such as government regulations; government policy; and the debate on global and national FOSS versus PS, highlights the need for this external alignment as well as prevents the focus on internal alignment only. Institutional theory was consequently applied in an attempt to unpack the organisational and change management dimensions of the change model, aiming at understanding the institutional forces which legitimates or contradicts the technical/rational ideas and actions of the change. The findings were threefold. Firstly, the role played by IS as an institutional process in and of itself and the way in which this could have affected the implementation of the new OS ECM system was discussed, pointing to the possibility that the new system was not necessarily being implemented to streamline the work practices, but rather due to its institutional status of being a ‘rational myth’; something which had to be done as ‘it’s just the right thing to do.” Secondly, OSS and PS were argued to be different ‘types’ of institutions. Using the institutional pillars it was argued that OSS and PS were driven by different institutional forces, with PS leaning towards the regulative pillar and OSS being more in line with the normative pillar. These two institutions were found to mainly differ with regard to their basis of compliance and the logic behind them. The insights offered by this argument revealed that when changing from OSS to PS, it would be very valuable to recognise that OSS and PS are two different ‘types’ of institutions, and to not only understand that the new system could therefore change the organisational processes when it is implemented, but to also acknowledge the change which will take place within the IS/IT institution itself – moving from the regulative to the normative. The change should thus be understood both within the two different IS innovations themselves, and in how these two innovations interact. Lastly, the research in this thesis went beyond the technical/rational actions of the stakeholders, and included an in depth analysis of the institutional forces at play in the broader social context of the Government department. It explained the institutions which were at play on the international, national and organisational levels, pointing out which of these forces worked in favour of or against the technical/rational actions, and in the process contributed to the unexpected outcome of the new OS ECM implementation process. / Thesis (PhD-- University of Pretoria, 2014 / Informatics / unrestricted

Providing citizens with the robust and suitable tools to effectively participate in the planning process is a necessity nowadays. Also, changes in the capabilities and popularity of new technologies have dramatically raised the number of technology-based tools that are potentially available for enhancing public participation in the planning process. This study explores both the theoretical aspect of collaborative planning and the effects that Web-based Public Participatory GIS (WPPGIS) applications and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has on the planning process. Findings indicate that the WPPGIS applications have the potential for increasing participation. It is also found that besides the contextual elements like the attitudes of planners and decision makers, the technological features such as proper user interface, price of software, technical and literacy skills are seen as crucial hindrances to bridging the planning process and technology-based solutions. This research also attempts to combine IAP2 Public Participation Spectrum and technological functionalities into a single framework to understand the implementation of WPPGIS applications in Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Finally, based on the given criteria and assessment of the reviewed applications, this study concludes with the design and implementation of a prototype WPPGIS application using Open-Source Technologies (OST).

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur relationen mellan människa och djur framställs i den samtida realistiska litteraturen för att diskutera motsägelsefulla etiska aspekter av djursynen i den industrialiserade delen av världen. Genom att i analysen av romanen Vi är alla helt utom oss av Karen Joy Fowler utgå från djurstudier är ambitionen att synliggöra och ifrågasätta rådande normer kring djursyn. Fowler illustrerar hur en nära relation till ett annat djur kan skapa medkänsla för andra levande varelser, påverka livsval och förändra sättet vi agerar på. Genom att minska distanseringen arterna emellan och leva med andra djur kan människan få en mer empatisk djursyn och förlegade idéer om att utnyttja djur kan ifrågasättas. Fowlers roman visar att olikheterna mellan arter snarare handlar om uppträdande än om beteckning, vilket öppnar för en diskussion kring multiarter. Det framgår också att språket saknar förmågan att spegla verklighetens rikedom och komplexitet när det rör sig om identitet. / The purpose of the thesis is to examine how the relation between human and animal is depicted in the contemporary realistic literature and to discuss contradictory ethical aspects of the Western view of animals. Using Animal Studies, the analysis of the novel We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves by Karen Joy Fowler questions the prevailing norms around the view of animals in our society. Fowler’s novel illustrates how a close relationship with another animal can create compassion for other living beings, influence the choices we make and may change the way we act. By reducing the distance between species, humans can develop a stronger understanding for animals and start to question norms and outdated ideas about exploiting animals. Fowler’s novel shows that the differences between species concerns behavior rather than designation, which opens up for a discussion about multi-species. It is clear that language lacks the ability to reflect the richness and complexity of reality when it comes to identity.

No description available.

Open-source software is in average used in more than 65% of the applications within the domains of enterprise software, retail and e-commerce, cybersecurity and internet of things (Synopsys, 2019). With the frequent use of open-source software, security issues arise which need to be handled. These include among other issues; non-patched vulnerabilities and malicious code (Schryen, 2011). Security guidelines for open-source software usage have been defined by numerous security organizations as an effort to increase effective security handling of open source software within organizations. These guidelines often cover directives on many layers of an organization and are often lacking information necessary for them to be understandable, reliable, and useful to the person using them.The purpose of this study is to contribute to increased software security related to open-source software usage, by exploring and providing information on the topic, and by defining a set of improved security guidelines that cover both what measures to take to minimize security risks, and how to implement it, based on the published state-of-the-art security guidelines for using open-source software.The subject was investigated through a research process focused on answering whether the current state-of-the-art security guidelines could be improved, using a qualitative research type based on a document analysis data collection method. The research was exploratory in its design and the main focus was to explore the subject by trying to answer the posed research question.By investigating the state of contemporary security guidelines found in literature, and evaluating them against a set of desirable attributes for high quality guidelines, it became evident that the contemporary guidelines couldbe improved. An effort was therefore made to build on the found guidelines and improve them by trying to resolve the issues found through the evaluation.The effort of trying to improve existing guidelines resulted in a new set of guidelines including added information and reformulations, however, the changes made could not be said to be conclusive or objective improvements. Instead they present suggestions for how and in what aspects the contemporary guidelines could be improved. / Mjukvara med öppen källkod (open-source software) används i genomsnitti mer än 65% av applikationerna för mjukvara till företag, detaljoch e-imageimageimageimagehandel, cybersäkerhet och sakernas internet (Synopsys, 2019). Den frekventa användningen av öppen källkod ger upphov till säkerhetsrisker som behöver motverkas. Dessa risker inkluderar bland annat; skadlig kod och säkerhetsbrister som inte åtgärdas (Schryen, 2011). Säkerhetsriktlinjer har blivit definierade av ett flertal organisationer med målet att effektivisera säkerhetshanteringen av öppen källkod och på så sätt minska risken för attacker. Dessa riktlinjer täcker ofta många olika delar av en organisations hierarki och saknar ofta information som är nödvändig för att göra dem begripliga, pålitliga och användbara för de personer som använder dem. Syftet med denna studieär att bidra till enökad säkerhet vid användan-det av öppen källkod genom att dels öka kunskapen om ämnet, och genom att definiera en samling förbättrade säkerhetsriktlinjer som både beskriver vad som ska göras för att minska säkerhetsrisker och hur det ska göras. De förbättrade riktlinjerna ska baseras på befintliga säkerhetsriktlinjer för användning av öppen källkod. Ämnet studerades genom en forskningsprocess med fokus på att besvara frågan om huruvida befintliga säkerhetsriktlinjer kan förbättras, där information samlades in genom en kvalitativ forskningstyp baserad på dokumentanalys. Forskningsdesignen var av utforskande karaktär, där huvudfokuset låg i att utforska ämnet genom att försöka besvara forskningsfrågan.Genom att undersöka kvalitén av befintliga säkerhetsriktlinjer som hittats i litteraturen och utvärdera dessa med stöd av en stor samling önskvärda egenskaper hos riktlinjer av hög kvalitet, blev det uppenbart att befintliga riktlinjer kan förbättras. Däför genomfördes ett försök att vidareutveckla befintliga riktlinjer för att förbättra dem genom att lösa de problem som hittats genom utvärderingen. Försöket att förbättra existerande riktlinjer resulterade i en ny uppsättning riktlinjer med tillagd information och omformuleringar. Dessa förändringar kan dock inte sägas representera konklusiva eller objectiva förbättringar. Istället representerar de förbättrade riktlinjerna ett förslag på hur riktlinjer skulle kunna förbättras.