Procedimentos de levantamento do seio maxilar têm sido realizados para aumentar o volume ósseo e promover a estabilidade do implante, na região posterior de maxilas severamente atrofiadas. Ao longo dos anos, resultados de vários estudos demonstraram que alguns substitutos ósseos podem suportar implantes em função, após o levantamento de seio maxilar, igual ou melhor quando utilizado o osso autógeno. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o comportamento de um substituto ósseo completamente biodegradável (OsteoScaf™) no modelo experimental de levantamento de seio maxilar em coelhos. Além disso, ele foi comparado com o osso autógeno e outros dois substitutos ósseos, não totalmente biodegradáveis, disponíveis comercialmente (Bio-Oss® e BoneCeramic®). Avaliação clínica, tomografia computadorizada por feixe cônico, microtomografia computadorizada, análises microscópicas e análise molecular, através da técnica de PCR, foram realizadas após 2, 4 e 8 semanas de cirurgia. O levantamento de seio maxilar utilizando o osso autógeno demonstrou maior reabsorção, ao longo do tempo, comparado aos substitutos ósseos, os quais revelaram maior neoformação óssea após 8, 4 e 2 semanas, respectivamente. O grupo Bio-Oss® apresentou maior neoformação óssea, ao longo do tempo, quando comparado aos grupos Osteoscaf™ e BoneCeramic®, os quais foram qualitativamente emelhantes. O grupo BoneCeramic® mostrou uma resposta celular de células gigantes até 8 semanas. Concluiu-se que os substitutos ósseos, neste estudo, obtiveram melhor desempenho do que o osso autógeno, e o OsteoScaf™ demonstrou maior reabsorção do que os outros grupos, em todos períodos. / Maxillary sinus augmentation procedures have been applied to increase bone volume and to promote stability of implants in the severely atrophied posterior maxilla. Over the years, the outcomes of several studies have demonstrated that some bone substitutes can support implants in function after sinus augmentation as well as, or better than those with autogenous bone. Our experimental model evaluated the behavior of a fully biodegradable bone substitute (OsteoScaf™) in a rabbit sinus lift procedure. We compared this with autogenous bone and other two available non-biodegradable bone substitutes (Bio-Oss® and BoneCeramic®). Clinical evaluation, Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Microcomputed Tomography, microscopic and molecular evaluation were used for data analysis at 2, 4 and 8 weeks after sinus augmentation. Autogenous bone was more resorbed over time than the other materials. All bone substitutes showed more bone formation at 8, 4 and 2 weeks, respectively. Bio-Oss® showed more bone formation/timepoint than Osteoscaf™ and Boneceramic®, which were similar. Boneceramic® showed a florid giant cell response up to 8 weeks. We concluded that the bone graft materials all performed better than autogenous bone and OsteoScaf™ showed comparative bone growth yet greater degradation than the other two materials.

In this study, the researcher created a model and software application for identifying the factors that are relevant in the decision making process to select and implement Open-source applications in higher education. Open-source applications provide the programming syntax to the user for customization. Unlike proprietary software, where the source code is unavailable and illegal to alter, an Open-Source Software (OSS) application authorizes the user to edit and recompile the application to meet the specific needs of the institution or organization. OSS applications are either free or purchasable for a one-time fee. The rising cost of proprietary software has motivated many academic institutions to consider implementing OSS. Many IT professionals are investigating the advantages and disadvantages of open-source applications in an attempt to mitigate expensive yearly fees, licensures and maintenance costs required by proprietary software vendors. The data collected in the study represented OSS and non-OSS enabled institutions that were members of the Council of Higher Education and Accreditation (CHEA) Organization. Of the data collected from the institutions, a portion of the information was set aside for validation purposes. The model created in this research addressed the OSS concerns in higher education by identifying the experiences, institutional characteristics, and technical systems relevant to the selection and implementation of OSS applications. The researcher used the Visual Basic .NET programming language to create the model and software application that provided academic institutions with technical OSS information and support. The Intelligent Software Agent (ISA) simplified the data analysis process by providing a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the user to enter and receive data. The results of this research allowed institutions to specify certain criteria such as highest degree awarded, relevant characteristics, and technological factors and then receive implementation suggestions for adopting OSS applications. The validation process indicated that the tabled data in the model and generated suggestions of the ISA were statistically comparable with the data that was set-aside for validation purposes.

<p>The main subject for this paper is to compare Eugene O’Neill’s play Long day’s journey into night with the Swedish playwright Lars Norén´s Och ge oss skuggorna. Norén´s play is based on a biographical material from O’Neill’s life; therefore I will also compare the play with two biographical analyses on O’Neill. For that I have chosen Doris Alexander’s Eugene O’Neill’s last plays: Separating art from autobiography and Stephen A Black´s Eugene O’Neill: Beyond Mourning and tragedy. The main question in this paper will be: what is the picture of Eugene O´Neill that Norén portrays in the play Och ge oss skuggorna.</p>

Sammanfattning Öppen programvara kan enklast beskrivas som programvara där källkoden är tillgänglig, vilket gör det möjligt att modifiera, utveckla, kopiera och distribuera denna om så önskas (Statskontoret, 2004). Enligt Statskontorets hemsida (2004) används öppen programvara främst för att uppnå ett större oberoende av pris- och licensvillkor inom landets statliga institutioner. Eftersom nyttjandet av öppen programvara medför många fördelar anser Statskontoret (2005) att den offentliga förvaltningen ska beakta möjligheterna med denna typ av mjukvara i större utsträckning. I en rapport från Statskontoret (2004) om erfarenheter av öppen programvara inom den offentliga förvaltningen, anges att majoriteten har valt att anskaffa öppen programvara av besparingsskäl. Vi har i denna uppsats undersökt högskolors och universitets syn på öppen programvara. Detta för att erhålla kunskap om de grundläggande orsakerna bakom olika mjukvaruinvesteringar inom dessa lärosäten. I dagsläget används inte öppen programvara i den utsträckning som är möjlig inom högskolor och universitet i Sverige. Vad beror det på? Vilka faktorer eller kriterier vägs in vid mjukvaruinvesteringsbeslut inom dessa organisationer? Hur har utvecklingen av användandet av öppen programvara sett ut på högskolor och universitet i Sverige, historiskt sett? Syftet är att kartlägga orsakerna bakom investeringar i eller avsaknaden av öppen programvara på högskolor och universitet i Sverige. Då vi haft för avsikt att få en uppfattning om orsaker bakom investeringar i öppen programvara på högskolor och universitet i Sverige, har vi valt att göra kvalitativa intervjuer genom att besöka respektive studieobjekt. Detta då vi varit i behov av information som beskriver sakförhållanden, skeenden och ger uttryck för personliga uppfattningar, för att uppnå vårt syfte och besvara uppsatsens problemställning. När det gäller urvalet av respondenter för undersökningen består populationen av samtliga universitet och högskolor i Sverige, statliga såväl som privata. Vi har valt att begränsa vår undersökning till ett urval av populationen, där samplet består av tre lärosäten som har eller saknar erfarenheter av öppen programvara. De mest centrala iakttagelserna vi gjort i undersökningen är att samtliga universitet/högskolor som deltagit i undersökningen anger att investeringar i öppen programvara inte beror på besparingsskäl, tvärtom är denna typ av programvara ett dyrare alternativ för läroanstalterna. Något annat som observerats är att flera läroanstalter saknar en tydlig supportfunktion för öppen programvara. Statskontorets (2004) anger dock att öppen programvara främst används för att uppnå ett större oberoende av pris- och licensvillkor. Detta oberoende uppfattar läroanstalterna emellertid som mindre tryggt, då allt ansvar förs över på användaren själv, vad gäller uppdateringar, modifieringar etc. Detta överrensstämmer inte med det som anges i rapporten från Statskontorets (2004) vad gäller orsaker bakom investeringar i öppen programvara. Vi anser att universitet och högskolor i Sverige borde vara politiskt oberoende institutioner och ha ett ansvar som gentemot studenter. Detta genom att erbjuda produkter inom utbildningarnas områden som inte valts på grund av en stor aktör, vilkens makt på marknaden kan liknas vid ett monopol. Läroanstalterna har enligt vår åsikt en mycket viktig roll vad gäller den fortsatta utvecklingen och användandet av öppen programvara. Vi anser därför att dessa institutioner borde beakta valmöjligheten, inte endast på grund av ekonomiska skäl utan också för att bidra till en ökad konkurrens på mjukvarumarknaden. / Abstract Open Source Software (OSS) can be defined as software where the source code is accessible by anyone who wants to modify, develop, copy and/or distribute it (Statskontoret, 2004). According to the website of the Swedish government agency for public management (2004) OSS is utilized mainly to become more independent of pricing and licensing conditions within the public institutions in Sweden. As the use of OSS comprises a number of advantages, the agency for public management (2005) believes that the public sector should consider the possibility of using this type of software to a greater extent. In a report from the agency for public management (2004) about the experience of OSS within the public sector, it is stated that the majority have chosen to acquire OSS due to reduction in costs. In this essay we have examined universities view on OSS in order to obtain knowledge regarding the basic reasons behind different software investments within these institutions. Today OSS is not utilized to its full extent within institutions of higher education in Sweden. Why is that? What factors or criteria are taken into consideration when making software investment decisions and how has the use of this type of software evolved over the years within these institutions? The purpose of this essay is to survey the reasons behind investments in, or the lack of OSS within universities in Sweden. As our intention is to get an idea of the reasons behind investments in OSS within these institutions, we have chosen to make qualitative interviews by visiting each object for the study. We have chosen this method as we have been in need of information which describes the course of events and expresses individual opinions, in order to achieve the purpose of the essay and answer the questions stated in the presentation of the problem. Regarding the selection of respondents for the research, the population consists of all universities in Sweden, both public and private. We have chosen to limit the research to a selection of the population, where the sample consists of three universities which have or lack experience from OSS. The most important findings we have made in the research is that all universities that have participated states that investments made in OSS is not due to financial reasons, as they believe that larger investments in this type of software instead would increase the costs. Something else that we have observed is that several universities believe that OSS lacks an apparent support function. However, the agency for public management (2004) states that OSS mainly is used to become more independent of pricing and licensing conditions. This independency is on the other hand looked upon as less secure, by the universities, as the whole responsibility is resting on the shoulders of the user, concerning updates, modifications etc. This does not apply with what is stated in the reports from the Swedish agency for public management (2004) regard-ing the reasons behind investments in OSS. We believe that institutions of higher education should be politically independent and have a responsibility towards the students. This, by offering products within the educational areas that are not chosen due to the power of one multinational company, which bears the resemblance of a monopoly. Universities have according to our opinion a very important roll to play in the future of OSS. Hence we think these institutions should consider the option, not only due to financial reasons but also in order to contribute to an increased competition in the software market.

The main subject for this paper is to compare Eugene O’Neill’s play Long day’s journey into night with the Swedish playwright Lars Norén´s Och ge oss skuggorna. Norén´s play is based on a biographical material from O’Neill’s life; therefore I will also compare the play with two biographical analyses on O’Neill. For that I have chosen Doris Alexander’s Eugene O’Neill’s last plays: Separating art from autobiography and Stephen A Black´s Eugene O’Neill: Beyond Mourning and tragedy. The main question in this paper will be: what is the picture of Eugene O´Neill that Norén portrays in the play Och ge oss skuggorna.

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Öppen programvara kan enklast beskrivas som programvara där källkoden är tillgänglig, vilket gör det möjligt att modifiera, utveckla, kopiera och distribuera denna om så önskas (Statskontoret, 2004). Enligt Statskontorets hemsida (2004) används öppen programvara främst för att uppnå ett större oberoende av pris- och licensvillkor inom landets statliga institutioner. Eftersom nyttjandet av öppen programvara medför många fördelar anser Statskontoret (2005) att den offentliga förvaltningen ska beakta möjligheterna med denna typ av mjukvara i större utsträckning. I en rapport från Statskontoret (2004) om erfarenheter av öppen programvara inom den offentliga förvaltningen, anges att majoriteten har valt att anskaffa öppen programvara av besparingsskäl.</p><p>Vi har i denna uppsats undersökt högskolors och universitets syn på öppen programvara. Detta för att erhålla kunskap om de grundläggande orsakerna bakom olika mjukvaruinvesteringar inom dessa lärosäten. I dagsläget används inte öppen programvara i den utsträckning som är möjlig inom högskolor och universitet i Sverige. Vad beror det på? Vilka faktorer eller kriterier vägs in vid mjukvaruinvesteringsbeslut inom dessa organisationer? Hur har utvecklingen av användandet av öppen programvara sett ut på högskolor och universitet i Sverige, historiskt sett? Syftet är att kartlägga orsakerna bakom investeringar i eller avsaknaden av öppen programvara på högskolor och universitet i Sverige.</p><p>Då vi haft för avsikt att få en uppfattning om orsaker bakom investeringar i öppen programvara på högskolor och universitet i Sverige, har vi valt att göra kvalitativa intervjuer genom att besöka respektive studieobjekt. Detta då vi varit i behov av information som beskriver sakförhållanden, skeenden och ger uttryck för personliga uppfattningar, för att uppnå vårt syfte och besvara uppsatsens problemställning. När det gäller urvalet av respondenter för undersökningen består populationen av samtliga universitet och högskolor i Sverige, statliga såväl som privata. Vi har valt att begränsa vår undersökning till ett urval av populationen, där samplet består av tre lärosäten som har eller saknar erfarenheter av öppen programvara.</p><p>De mest centrala iakttagelserna vi gjort i undersökningen är att samtliga universitet/högskolor som deltagit i undersökningen anger att investeringar i öppen programvara inte beror på besparingsskäl, tvärtom är denna typ av programvara ett dyrare alternativ för läroanstalterna. Något annat som observerats är att flera läroanstalter saknar en tydlig supportfunktion för öppen programvara. Statskontorets (2004) anger dock att öppen programvara främst används för att uppnå ett större oberoende av pris- och licensvillkor. Detta oberoende uppfattar läroanstalterna emellertid som mindre tryggt, då allt ansvar förs över på användaren själv, vad gäller uppdateringar, modifieringar etc. Detta överrensstämmer inte med det som anges i rapporten från Statskontorets (2004) vad gäller orsaker bakom investeringar i öppen programvara.</p><p>Vi anser att universitet och högskolor i Sverige borde vara politiskt oberoende institutioner och ha ett ansvar som gentemot studenter. Detta genom att erbjuda produkter inom utbildningarnas områden som inte valts på grund av en stor aktör, vilkens makt på marknaden kan liknas vid ett monopol. Läroanstalterna har enligt vår åsikt en mycket viktig roll vad gäller den fortsatta utvecklingen och användandet av öppen programvara. Vi anser därför att dessa institutioner borde beakta valmöjligheten, inte endast på grund av ekonomiska skäl utan också för att bidra till en ökad konkurrens på mjukvarumarknaden.</p> / <p>Abstract</p><p>Open Source Software (OSS) can be defined as software where the source code is accessible by anyone who wants to modify, develop, copy and/or distribute it (Statskontoret, 2004). According to the website of the Swedish government agency for public management (2004) OSS is utilized mainly to become more independent of pricing and licensing conditions within the public institutions in Sweden. As the use of OSS comprises a number of advantages, the agency for public management (2005) believes that the public sector should consider the possibility of using this type of software to a greater extent. In a report from the agency for public management (2004) about the experience of OSS within the public sector, it is stated that the majority have chosen to acquire OSS due to reduction in costs.</p><p>In this essay we have examined universities view on OSS in order to obtain knowledge regarding the basic reasons behind different software investments within these institutions. Today OSS is not utilized to its full extent within institutions of higher education in Sweden. Why is that? What factors or criteria are taken into consideration when making software investment decisions and how has the use of this type of software evolved over the years within these institutions? The purpose of this essay is to survey the reasons behind investments in, or the lack of OSS within universities in Sweden.</p><p>As our intention is to get an idea of the reasons behind investments in OSS within these institutions, we have chosen to make qualitative interviews by visiting each object for the study. We have chosen this method as we have been in need of information which describes the course of events and expresses individual opinions, in order to achieve the purpose of the essay and answer the questions stated in the presentation of the problem. Regarding the selection of respondents for the research, the population consists of all universities in Sweden, both public and private. We have chosen to limit the research to a selection of the population, where the sample consists of three universities which have or lack experience from OSS.</p><p>The most important findings we have made in the research is that all universities that have participated states that investments made in OSS is not due to financial reasons, as they believe that larger investments in this type of software instead would increase the costs. Something else that we have observed is that several universities believe that OSS lacks an apparent support function. However, the agency for public management (2004) states that OSS mainly is used to become more independent of pricing and licensing conditions. This independency is on the other hand looked upon as less secure, by the universities, as the whole responsibility is resting on the shoulders of the user, concerning updates, modifications etc. This does not apply with what is stated in the reports from the Swedish agency for public management (2004) regard-ing the reasons behind investments in OSS.</p><p>We believe that institutions of higher education should be politically independent and have a responsibility towards the students. This, by offering products within the educational areas that are not chosen due to the power of one multinational company, which bears the resemblance of a monopoly. Universities have according to our opinion a very important roll to play in the future of OSS. Hence we think these institutions should consider the option, not only due to financial reasons but also in order to contribute to an increased competition in the software market.</p>

Relay communication has been shown to be effective to extend service coverage and mitigate channel impairments. This thesis focuses on relay selection (RS) of both unidirectional and bidirectional relay networks employing the amplify-and-forward (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) protocols. This thesis presents four works on RS in two-hop relay networks. In the first work, we study opportunistic relaying (OR) and selection cooperation (SC) in DF-based unidirectional multi-antennas relay networks. We first propose two joint relay-and-antenna selection schemes which combine OR and SC, respectively, with transmit antenna selection. For each joint selection scheme, a single best transmit antenna at the source, a single best relay, and a single best transmit antenna at this selected relay are jointly determined. Then we derive the outage probabilities, and show that the two schemes achieve the same outage performance. In the second work, we study RS with the physical-layer network coding (PNC) in DF-based bidirectional relay networks. By modifying the well-known SC and OR, we first propose two RS schemes for the PNC network: SC-PNC and OR-PNC. Then we derive the outage probability and diversity order of the SC-PNC. Finally, we show that the OR-PNC achieves the same outage performance as the SC-PNC. In the third work, we study RS with the analog network coding (ANC) and time division broadcast (TDBC), in AF-based bidirectional relay networks. We first consider RS schemes for the ANC and TDBC protocols based on a max-min criterion. Then we derive outage probabilities for the ANC and TDBC protocols. In the fourth work, we study joint relay-and-source selection in an AF-based bidirectional relay network. Since RS and opportunistic source selection (OSS) could individually improve performance of relay networks, we propose a joint RS-OSS protocol. In this network, a best source is selected to transmit data to the other source with the help of a selected best relay. Then, we derive the outage probability and average bit-error rate. The considered RS schemes and obtained outage probability expressions will help the design of two-hop wireless communications in determining the system parameters such as relay location and the transmission power at each terminal. / Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-08-23 15:29:50.026

The term Open Source Software (OSS) has been around for a long time in the world of computer science. Open source software development is a process by which we can manufacture economical and qualitative software and its source could be re-use in the improvement of the software. The success of OSS relies on several factors, e.g. usability, functionality, market focus etc. But in the end how popular the software will be measured by the number of users downloading the software and how much the software is usable to the users. Open Source Software achieve the status for stability, security and functionality. Most of this software has been utilized by expert level users of IT. But from the general users or the non-computer user’s point of view the usability issues of Open source software has been faced the most criticism [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30]. This factor i.e. the usability issues of general user is also responsible for the limited distribution of the open source software [24]. The development process should apply the “user-centered” methodology [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30]. In this thesis paper the issues of usability in OSS development and how the usability of open source software can be improved will be discussed. Beside this I investigate the usability quality of free Open Source Linux-based operating system Ubuntu and try to find out the usability standards of this OSS.

Companies and other organizations have to change and adapt their strategies and redefine their goals constantly. Actions and steps that are needed in order to achieve the defined goals and to realize the change are often executed in a form of a project. There is no doubt that projects need to be managed in an appropriate way. In organizations where there are more than one project executed in parallel and other projects are being planned or proposed at the same time it is necessary to manage not only the individual projects but the entire portfolio of projects and programmes. Portfolio management is needed to ensure that the selected projects are best aligned with the defined goals and the strategy but this requires an analysis of a large amount of data about current and upcoming projects or about available resources and their utilization. It is not always easy to get all required data and to perform the analysis. This is the reason why deployment of some project and portfolio management software tool should be considered. This thesis deals with a search for suitable open source project and portfolio management tools and with assessment of costs and benefits of deployment of selected open source tool in a hypothetical IT company. The goal of this thesis is to define the term project and portfolio management tool and to find at least five open source tools of this type that are suitable for deployment in an organization. At least one of these tools should be suitable for deployment in the IT company. Another goal is comparison of features and functionality provided by the open source tools with functionality provided by the robust proprietary project and portfolio management solution deployed on premise and with one solution offered in the Software-as-a-Service model. Creation of a business case dealing with implementation of the selected open source tool is the last goal of this thesis. Identification and description of available open source tools and comparison of these tools with representatives of the robust project and portfolio management tools developed and distributed in models different from open source are considered the main benefits of this thesis. The terms "open source software" and "project and portfolio management tool" are defined in the first part of this work. The definition of terms is followed by the definition of the overall approach to the assessment of the open source tools which involves definition of assessment criteria and obligatory requirements. Next part of the work is dedicated to the selection of the open source tools that are suitable for deployment in an organization and which represent candidates for project and portfolio management tools. Assessment of these tools using the defined criteria is performed as the next step which is followed by the comparison with representatives of proprietary project and portfolio management tools. Last part of the work is dedicated to the business case which deals with deployment of the selected open source tool. This work concludes with discussion whether the defined goals were met or not, and with the summary of the results.

Background: With the increasing number of software users using social media forums, providing feedback about the OSS projects, the developer’s need to address this feedback to understand the requirements of an OSS project. As different tools support different structures for the feedback, the need to classify, prioritize and filter them into a fundamental set of categories persists. Some of the feedback includes images from users, along with the text. These images may vary from a screenshot of the bug, encountered by the user to a code snippet modification as required by the user. The significance of how these images help the developers in fixing the bug is not clear. Objectives: This thesis aims to identify the underlying advantages of using images in the feedback or bug report submitted by the user for an OSS project to the developers. The goal is to find the extent to which different image attributes help the developer’s in understanding the issue suggested in the feedback or bug report. The research also aims to classify the view of practitioners regarding which image attributes affect the most and to propose a simple DSS model that can possibly be used by users and developers while attaching images in the feedback or bug reports. Methods: In this research, we have conducted an empirical study using systematic mapping and a survey study. We identified 28 research articles form systematic mapping using a search string and snowballing process to extract different image attributes. To triangulate and verify the results of the systematic map, we have conducted an online questionnaire replied by 32 respondents experienced in contributing to the OSS community. The usability of the image attributes has been evaluated from the responses received. Both quantitative and descriptive statistical analysis techniques were used to analyze the results. Results: From the 28 research articles identified for the systematic mapping study, we have extracted 11 image attributes that influence the developers in interpreting the software requirements from the images attached to feedback or bug reports. Of the identified image attributes, image quality and image resolution are considered to be the most useful attributes by the survey respondents. Moreover, two new image attributes (timestamp and steps to reproduce) are reported from the survey study. Conclusions: The identification and validation of the image attributes suggest the potential use of images in feedback and bug reports. Furthermore, these image attributes provide additional information to the developers in understanding the software requirements from the users perspective clearly. We propose a simple DSS model that can be used by the users and the developers before attaching an image along with the feedback or the bug reports to the developing OSS communities to promote further usage of images in feedback and bug reports for OSS.