Il est ancré dans notre droit que le statut des baux commerciaux est un statut protecteur des locataires. Mais certains aspects de la relation locative n’ont pas été pris en considération par ledit statut. Au premier rang de ces aspects se trouve la concurrence. En effet, bien que le statut des baux commerciaux offre une stabilité matérielle nécessaire à la pérennité du fonds exploité, cette stabilité peut être remise en cause par l’existence d’une concurrence de proximité immédiate. Dès lors, les locataires, commerçants ou artisans, peuvent voir l'exploitation de leur activité, et, partant, la fidélisation de leur clientèle quelque peu menacées. Mais cette menace est d’autant plus perceptible lorsque le bailleur est propriétaire de plusieurs locaux au sein d’un même immeuble ou ensemble immobilier. Elle peut bien évidemment émaner du bailleur lui-même s’il décide d’exploiter une activité similaire à celle de son locataire, ou émaner des autres colocataires de l’immeuble. Pour se protéger, une clause de non-concurrence ou d’exclusivité est fréquemment insérée dans les baux commerciaux, afin d’interdire au débiteur d’exercer une activité en concurrence avec celle du créancier. Une certaine ambiguïté apparaît toutefois dans la mesure où de telles clauses ont une double aspiration, à savoir d’une part une efficacité économique en assurant l’attractivité des lieux loués, et d’autre part, sur le plan des rapports individuels, un certain conservatisme en ce qu’elles tendent à « figer » une situation favorable. La question de la licéité d’une telle clause se pose : il importe donc de rechercher la justification de l’obligation de non-concurrence dans les baux commerciaux. / It is rooted in our law that the status of commercial leases is a protective status of tenants. But some aspects of the rental relationship have not been considered by that status. Foremost among these issues is competition. Indeed, although the status of commercial leases provides needed for sustainability of land used material stability, this stability can be undermined by the existence of competition in the immediate vicinity. Therefore, tenants, traders and artisans can see the operation of their business, and therefore their loyalty customers some little threatened. But this threat is even more noticeable when the landlord owns several premises within a building or building complex. It can of course come from the lessor himself if he decides to operate a similar business of his tenant, or come from the other housemates of the building. To protect himself, a non-competition or exclusivity clause is frequently inserted in commercial leases, to prohibit the debtor to carry on business in competition with that of the creditor. However, some ambiguity appears insofar as such provisions have a dual aspiration, namely the one hand economic efficiency by ensuring the attractiveness of the premises, and on the second hand, in terms of individual reports, a conservative in that they tend to "freeze" a favorable situation. The question of the legality of such a clause arises: it is therefore important to find a justification of the non-competition obligation in commercial leases.

This master's thesis is concerned with an issue of the crime of Evasion of Alimony Payments under s. 196 of the Criminal Code. Next to this primary provision is this issue included in the next following provisions of the Criminal Code, namely under s. 196a of the Criminal Code, regulating still relatively new provision of punishment, and under s. 197 of Criminal Code, special provision relating to Effective Repetance. The main aim of this thesis is a comprehensive explanation of all aspects of this crime, increased attention has been paid to potential decriminalization or partial legal regulation of this crime into the future. Purpose of the crime of Evasion of Alimony Payments is interest of the society of proper fulfilment of the statutory duty to maintain subsistence between the family members. With the reference to appearing of this crime entirely in connection with evasion of the statutory duty to maintain subsistence toward the childern, emphasis was put on this part of issue during the writing this thesis. This master's thesis is divided into 12 chapters, introduction and conclusion. Special attention is given to the essential aspects and decription of this crime, hist short analysis of the criminological aspects and historical evalution of this crime in the first three chapters of the...

Aneta Kubínová: Reporting of Crimes and Significance of Reporting in Criminology, 2016 Abstract: A criminal complaint is an instrument of criminal law, which allows the public to participate on suppression of crime. Furthermore, a criminal complaint is the most common mean how the criminal justice learns about committed crimes. This master thesis aims to cover the topic of reporting of crimes via a criminal complaint in the legal system in Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter covers the basic principles regarding the reporting of crimes in the Czech Republic. The subchapters revolve around criminal law principles relevant to the submission of the complaint, registered and latent criminality and perspective of the victim of reported crime. The second chapter studies the legislative requirements of the reporting of crimes in the Czech Republic, which is mostly regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code. The subchapters focus on a criminal complaint viewed as an incentive for criminal prosecution and on the formal and content requirements. The third chapter examines the preparatory proceedings of prosecution. The subchapters address the proceedings following the filing of a criminal complaint, the criminal investigation and introduce the reduced preparatory proceeding. The...

The thesis is focused on the internal relationship between the lawyer and the client. Although this topic was already processed many times, I believe that, in particular, in the context of the current case law and the amendment of certain provisions, this work may contribute to the better understanding of this topic. The thesis is systematically divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, there is outlined the nature of this relationship and stressed out the importance of mutual trust. To further break down the individual rights and obligations in detail, it is necessary to outline the formation of the relationship between solicitor and client first. It is important to note that the specific obligations imposed on lawyer legislation even before the formation of the legal relationship. Under the conditions described in the first chapter, the lawyer has a duty to refuse to provide legal services to the client, which can be considered as the pre-contractual obligation. Attorney has an obligation, although there is still no relationship between them. Considering the entire work, the second and third chapters are the most important ones. In the second chapter I push the reciprocal rights and obligations in the context of their legal arrangements, both legal and underpinned, and the professional and...

RÉSUMÉ This master's thesis presents a detailed study on the topic of maintenance obligation in international private law, especially on maintenance obligation from parents towards children. This thesis examines the origins of maintenance order regulations, in particular we present analysis of "Haag Protocol of 23 November 2007 on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations". This thesis also deals with "Council Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 of 18 December 2008 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations" and how this protocol relates to the Haag Protocol of 23 November 2007. The first chapter examines the sources of the regulation of the term "maintenance obligation" in private international law, especially on conflict of law rules. The conflict of law rules are covered - on the state level by law "91/2012 Sb.", about international law private, on the european level in "Council Regulation (EC) No 4/2009 of 18 December 2008 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and cooperation in matters relating to maintenance obligations", and on the international level in Haag Protocol. The last sub- chapter of the first chapter covers the issues of law dealing with international protection of...

Quoique l'obligation de renégocier constitue un outil ordinaire du paysage juridique, son appréhension par le droit positif n'est guère satisfaisante. Réduisant l'obligation de renégocier à un simple devoir d'entrer en pourparlers, la jurisprudence altère considérablement l'efficacité des clauses de hardship. Politiquement dangereuse, une telle solution apparaît aussi techniquement inexacte au regard de la notion d'obligation de renégocier. L'obligation de renégocier ayant pour finalité d'aménager ou d'alléger la dette de l'un des contractants, il apparaît nécessaire d'imposer à celui qui doit renégocier qu'il fasse des sacrifices sans lesquels l'obligation de renégocier ne peut produire son effet utile. Cette dernière ne va pas, pour autant, jusqu'à constituer une obligation de réviser: non seulement car l'échec de la renégociation n'est jamais fautif en soi, mais aussi parce que l'exercice de la liberté de ne pas réviser reste licite lorsqu'il se justifie par la préservation d'un intérêt raisonnable. Le sens de cette étude est ainsi de rétablir la véritable portée de l'obligation de renégocier, en exposant à la fois les exigences et les limites inhérentes à cette notion. / Accordingly, the duty to renegotiate could appear at first sight as a well-known and familiar device of contract drafting. Yet, the current state of the law is nonetheless quite unsatisfactory. Case law tends indeed to limit drastically the efficiency of hardship clauses by adopting an overly restrictive conception of the duty to renegotiate. This solution is not only unsatisfactory in practice, but also technically inaccurate regarding the concept of a duty to renegotiate. The purpose of this duty is indeed to reduce the debt of one of the parties. Therefore, the duty to renegotiate imposes to make some sacrifices without which the efficiency of the duty is drastically restricted. But it does not mean that the duty to renegotiate imposes to modify the contract. Not only because the failure of the renegotiation is not perse a case of breach of contract, but also because the parties can legitimately refuse to modify the contract in order to protect their reasonable interests. The purpose of this study is therefore to restore its true scope to the duty, by unveiling both the requirements and the limits that are inherent to the concept of a duty to renegotiate.

Basic concepts related to protect consumers. Then we examine the historical development and Czech republic legislation governing the protection of consumers.

In this article, the author explains the forms, consequences, and exceptions of breach of a contract from the perspective of comparative law. Thus, he aims to understand legal situations, which seek to protect the right of credit, such as the repair of the damages. The author makes distinctions when defining whether the security obligation is part of the contract or not, which allows to distinguish the nature of objectivity or subjective contractual liability. / En el presente artículo, el autor explica las formas, consecuencias y excepciones del incumplimiento de un contrato desde el derecho comparado. Así, pretende comprender las situaciones jurídicas, las cuales buscan tutelar el derecho de crédito, como el hecho de reparar el daño.El autor hace distinciones al momento de definir si la obligación de seguridad forma parte o no del contrato, permitiendo distinguir la naturaleza objetiva o subjetiva de la responsabilidad contractual.

Thomas Hobbes’s knowledge of religious doctrine, typology, and use religious rhetoric in his writings is often glossed over in an over-eager attempt to establish his preeminence as a founder of modern political theory and the social contract tradition. Such action, however is an injustice to Hobbes himself, who recognized that in order to establish a new, and arguably radical, political position founded upon reason and nominalist materialism he had to reform people’s understanding of religious revelation, and Christianity specifically. Rather than merely move to a new epistemological foundation, Hobbes was aware that the only way to ensure religion does become a phoenix was to examine and undermine the foundations of religious thought in its own terms. This reformation of religious language, critique of Christianity, and attempt to eliminate man’s belief in their obligation to God was done in order to promote a civil society in which religion was servant of the state. Through reforming religious language, Hobbes was able to demote religion as a worldview; removing man’s fear of the afterlife or obligation to obey God over a civil sovereign. Religious doctrine no longer was in competition with the civil state, but is transformed into a tool of the state, one which philosophically founds the modern arguments for religious toleration.

Specificity of joint stock companies with state property interest Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on state-owned stock companies. This thesis aims to focus purely on stock companies with only short introductions to other forms of state ownership of corporations. The goal is to identify state as a legal entity and also as a shareholder. The other goals are an analysis of obligation to provide information and lastly a brief analysis of some other specifics when it comes to state-owned stock companies. The first part dealing with the identification of the state aims to sufficiently isolate stock companies from other possible state-owned corporations, while interpreting the relevant legal provisions combined with relevant court decisions. The second part focuses in detail on the obligation to provide information of state- owned stock companies. The goal is to analyze the relevant decisions of the Czech Constitutional Court in relation to the Act on freedom of information. Other chapters of this part focus on obligation to provide information in relation to Act on public procurement and to Act on the contract register . This second part heavily relies on judicial practice of both national and EU institutions. The third part deals with certain other specifics, which relate to state-owned stock companies....