Doctor Legum - LLD / This research project proposes that the social-obligation norm of ownership should be adopted as the ethic on which land restitution is carried out in South Africa. While there exists a subtle and indirect appreciation of the social-obligation norm in South African constitutional property law, this is veiled by the respect given to the classical liberal conception of ownership which gives more regard to an owner's ius abutendi and subsequently, accepts that owners can do as they please with their property as long as they do not break any law. Of course, South Africa no longer adheres to such a classical liberalist approach to ownership. An adherence to classical liberalist views of ownership has arguably, led to the neglect of arable restituted land. To this effect, the Constitution as well as the Restitution of Land Rights Act 22 of 1994 (RLA) need to clearly and more positively express the social-obligation norm of ownership in order to promote productive and sustainable utilisation of cultivable restituted land. The thesis argues that the current failures of the land restitution programme are linked to the absence of a social-obligation norm in the RLA as well as the negatively framed Property Clause in the South African Constitution. Even the envisaged changes to the land restitution process as outlined in the 2011 Green Paper on Land Reform as well as in the Property Valuation Act, will not solve the current problems of wasteful neglect of land. The thesis therefore suggests that a positive expression and formulation of the social-obligation norm in the RLA as well as in the Property Clause will promote active, sustainable, productive, and optimal utilization of all cultivable land acquired through the country's land restitution process. This will assist with meeting the developmental aspirations for the rural economy as envisaged in chapter six of the National Development Plan 2030. Furthermore, utilising the land productively through the socialobligation norm is an expression of Ubuntu, a key constitutional theme in South Africa. The experiences of Brazil and Germany deserve special analysis. This is because the socialobligation norm occupies a prominent and positive place in the constitutional property law of both these countries. Further, both countries respect private ownership of property as long as the property is utilised in a manner that permits others to flourish and improve the quality of their life.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-15T14:53:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Campos de Oliveira.pdf: 25870813 bytes, checksum: aa8ba66ebb5550eace46019f6207e151 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:25:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Campos de Oliveira.pdf: 25870813 bytes, checksum: aa8ba66ebb5550eace46019f6207e151 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:25:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Campos de Oliveira.pdf: 25870813 bytes, checksum: aa8ba66ebb5550eace46019f6207e151 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O desenvolvimento tecnológico ocorrido no mundo desencadeado sobretudo pela Revolução Industrial ocasionou a degradação ambiental em proporções preocupantes. Entretanto apenas na segunda metade do século XX evidenciaram-se as preocupações relativas à degradação ambiental pelo homem com a constatação de que os recursos naturais são limitados e de que a devastação ambiental enseja vulnerabilidade tanto para o ser humano quanto para o meio ambiente autonomamente considerado. Neste diapasão começou a se delinear a ciência ambiental surgindo as bases de uma educação ambiental. No Direito houve a necessidade de se realizarem estudos e leis condizentes com a nova realidade surgindo o Direito Ambiental que se configura em ciência jurídica autônoma porém não independente. Diante de tais fatos a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo demonstrar a autonomia do Direito Ambiental no Brasil e a necessidade da sua inserção enquanto componente curricular obrigatório nas Faculdades de Direito brasileiras diante da sociedade de risco que atualmente se perfaz. Para tanto optou-se pelo estudo descritivo-exploratório. Como fundamento teórico recorreu-se à pesquisa de fontes bibliográfica e documental. No que se refere ao estudo exploratório efetuou-se a busca nas Universidades Federais brasileiras das grades curriculares das Faculdades de Direito com o intuito de observar a frequência do componente curricular Direito Ambiental: se presente se ausente e sendo presente se obrigatório ou se optativo. Após a coleta destes dados foram obtidas porcentagens que tiveram por escopo esclarecer a incidência do Direito Ambiental nas grades curriculares das Faculdades de Direito integrantes da amostra. Para o desenvolvimento da dissertação optou-se por utilizar os métodos dialético e hipotético-dedutivo. Visando aprofundar a análise do tema proposto o trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos além do Capítulo 1 “Introdução” e do Capítulo 5 “Conclusões”. Após o desenvolvimento da pesquisa obteve-se entre outras à conclusão de que há autonomia do Direito Ambiental no Brasil cuja sociedade configura-se enquanto sendo sociedade risco o que requer a existência de mais profissionais dedicados à temática da proteção ambiental tanto nos setores técnico e administrativo quanto na seara jurídica. Neste sentido o papel das Universidades é crucial sendo indispensável a disponibilidade do componente curricular Direito Ambiental nas Faculdades de Direito brasileiras. / Salvador

La mise à disposition est une notion récente – à l’échelle du droit français – qui n’a réellement intégré le domaine juridique qu’au siècle dernier. A travers elle, c’est le phénomène d’évolution de la langue juridique qui peut être observé, les raisons et le processus de l’intégration d’un terme de la langue courante au sein du langage juridique. Par ailleurs, l’ampleur et la rapidité avec lesquelles la locution « mise à disposition » s’est répandue dans les textes du droit français montrent à quel point la formule répond à un besoin des praticiens. Pourtant, la notion de mise à disposition ne présente, à première vue, aucune cohérence et son utilisation normative recèle de nombreuses contradictions. L’étude approfondie de la mise à disposition permet toutefois de découvrir une notion homogène sous la forme d’une « licence d’utilisation », notion qui appelle un régime particulier. La mise en exergue par l’étude de la mise à disposition de certaines singularités juridiques ouvre d’ailleurs la voie à une réflexion plus large portant sur la pertinence de certaines classifications classiques, notamment quant aux catégories de choses et quant à la distinction droits réels / droits personnels. / The provision is a recent notion - across the French law - which has really integrated the legal scope in the last century. Through it, the phenomenon of legal language evolution can be observed, the reasons and the process of integrating a term of the current language in the legal language. Moreover, the extent and speed with which the "provision" phrase has spread in the texts of French law show how the formula meets the need of practitioners. Yet the notion of providing presents, at first glance, no consistency and normative use conceals many contradictions.However, the comprehensive study of the provision give the opportunity to discover a homogeneous concept as a "license to use" concept that calls a special regime. The discovery of certain legal singularities also opens the way for a broader reflection on the relevance of certain conventional classifications, particularly as regards the categories of things and on the distinction real rights / personal rights.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalMaisa.pdf: 670994 bytes, checksum: 77b2783954211a552e0d4343dbd68256 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aims to investigate the possibility of understanding civil disobedience as a political duty. For this, we analyze the works of the Italian political philosopher Alessandro Passerin d'Entrèves. From the author's conception of the State, we analyze the relations of command and obedience in the state s structure and establish another approach to the problem of obedience to the laws using d Entrèves concept of 'political obligation'. Analyzing studies from Passerin d'Entrèves, Norberto Bobbio and Hannah Arendt, specifically about the legitimacy of civil disobedience and resistance, we try to answer the question: Why should we disobey? To enable the approach described above, we explore some classic problems of political philosophy and law, such as the notion of authority, the conflict between the concepts of legality and legitimacy and the definition of the state as a monopoly of force. In this sense, this research addresses some conflicts between great streams of western thought, as positivism and natural law, political science and philosophy, among others. From d Entrèves notion of political obligation it is possible to understand civil desobedience as a duty, especially in the democratic experiences. / Esse trabalho se propõe a investigar a possibilidade de compreender a desobediência civil como um dever políticoa partir da análise das obras do filósofo do direito e da política italiano Alessandro Passerin d Entrèves. A partir da concepção de Estado do autor, analisamos as relações de comando e obediência na estrutura estatal e estabelecemos umaaproximação ao problema da obediência às leis através de seu conceito de obrigação política . Analisando especificamente estudos acerca da desobediência civil e da legitimidade da resistência de Passerin d Entrèves, Norberto Bobbio e Hannah Arendt, tentamos responder à pergunta: porquê desobedecer? Para possibilitar a abordagem acima descrita, exploramos alguns problemas clássicos da filosofia política e do direito, tais como a noção de autoridade, o conflito entre os conceitos de legalidade e legitimidade e a definição do Estado como monopólio da força legítima. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa aborda alguns conflitos entre grandes correntes do pensamento ocidental, como jus naturalismo e jus positivismo, ciências políticas e filosofia, entre outros. A partir da noção de obrigação política de d Entrèves é possível interpretar a desobediência civil como dever, especialmente nas experiências democráticas.

It’s impossible to conceive the human being without the Law of Obligations. This branch ofCivil Law allows persons to satisfy their needs,reason why it’s important to study it carefully.In this article, the author presents us an introductory study of what obligations are, as well as their diverse classification. Without a doubt, this is a mandatory reading for all lawyers and Law students. / Es imposible concebir al ser humano sin el Derecho de las Obligaciones. Esta rama del Derecho Civil permite que las personas puedanver satisfechas sus necesidades, por lo que es importante estudiarla con cuidado.En el presente artículo, el autor nos presenta un estudio introductorio sobre qué son las obligaciones, así como su variada clasificación. Sin duda un material de lectura obligatoria paratodos los abogados y estudiantes de Derecho.

Este trabalho divide-se em seis grandes tópicos e uma conclusão. A parte introdutória busca situar a teoria do inadimplemento antecipado e seu surgimento no direito inglês, bem como delimitar os objetivos do trabalho, especialmente no que diz respeito à definição da natureza jurídica da teoria do inadimplemento antecipado e à sua aplicabilidade no direito nacional. Para construir as bases fundamentais do raciocínio a ser desenvolvido ao longo do texto, o segundo capítulo trata das noções gerais do direito obrigacional, sobretudo da teoria da obrigação como um processo e dos deveres laterais de conduta. A terceira parte versa sobre a extinção das obrigações em suas formas normal e anômala e, principalmente, as diversas facetas que pode assumir o inadimplemento das obrigações. O quarto capítulo aborda o inadimplemento antecipado, traçando sua origem histórica, sua natureza jurídica e sua classificação nas mais diversas formas (quanto ao sujeito, quanto à imputabilidade, quanto à possibilidade ou não de cumprimento). A quinta parte do trabalho discute os efeitos do inadimplemento antecipado e, primordialmente, a chamada doctrine of mitigation. O sexto capítulo aponta institutos jurídicos similares ao inadimplemento antecipado com a finalidade de definir suas diferenças em relação àqueles. Por fim, o trabalho conclui pela possibilidade de aplicação da teoria do inadimplemento antecipado no direito brasileiro, devendo tal instituto ser reconhecido por doutrina e jurisprudência. / This work is divided into six major topics and its conclusion. The introduction aims to situate the anticipatory breach theory, its origin in English law, as well as define the main purpose of the work, especially regarding the definition of the legal nature of the anticipatory breach theory and its applicability under Brazilian law. In order to build the foundations to be developed throughout the work, the second chapter deals with general notions of the law of obligations, mainly the theory of the obligation as a process and the lateral conduct obligations. The third part of this paper deals with the termination of obligations in its normal and anomalous forms and, in particular, with the various facets that the breach of obligations may take. The fourth chapter discusses the anticipatory breach, tracing its historical origin, its legal nature, and especially its classification in various forms (in accordance with the subject, in accordance to responsibility, in accordance with possibility or nor of its performance). The fifth part of the work deals with the effects of anticipatory breach and, primarily, the called doctrine of mitigation. The sixth chapter deals with similar institutions in relation to the anticipatory breach theory, in order to note their differences. Finally, we conclude the work defending the possibility of application of the anticipatory breach theory under Brazilian law, aiming that doctrine and jurisprudence should recognize it.

A presente tese se propõe a analisar os limites entre a participação criminal e a conduta impune, com o objetivo de enfrentar a problemática das chamadas ações neutras, a partir do fundamento do injusto da participação criminal. Para tanto, são expostas as diversas teorias que explicam o injusto do partícipe, entre as quais é feita opção pela mais adequada à sistemática brasileira do concurso de pessoas, a qual servirá de base para a apresentação do próprio ponto de vista para resolver a questão da punibilidade das condutas a priori neutras. A teoria da imputação objetiva foi considerada como um instituto essencial na análise da participação criminal, o que permitiu a abordagem sobre o desvalor da conduta do partícipe como objeto de imputação. O desvalor da conduta do partícipe, por sua vez, foi entendido como uma violação do dever de solidariedade, o que implicou no tratamento da solidariedade humana objetiva como elemento imprescindível para a existência social coesa, a partir do pensamento de Durkheim e Giddens. Por fim, aceitando o pressuposto de que nem todos são responsáveis pelo comportamento alheio, a omissão penalmente relevante foi estudada como critério capaz de limitar a responsabilidade penal no caso em que há concurso de pessoas para a prática de crime, na discussão do seu limite mínimo. / The present work aims to analyze the boundaries between the criminal participation and non-punishable conducts, with the intention of addressing the question of the so-called neutral or daily actions, from the standpoint of the unjust of the criminal participation. To this effect, the work begins by exposing the numerous theories that explain the unjust of the criminal participation. The study is then limited to the one that best fits the Brazilian law regarding concerted actions, which will then be used as grounds to the authors point of view to address the issue of the punishment of the actions that a priori are daily or neutral. The theory of objective imputation was considered essential to the analysis of the criminal participation, thus allowing the study of the social disapproval of the conduct of the accessory as the object of criminal imputation. The social disapproval of the conduct of the accessory, on the other hand, was seen as a breach in the obligation of solidarity, which resulted in objective human solidarity being considered a fundamental element to a cohesive social existence, as stated by Durkheim and Giddens. Finally, according to the assumption that not everyone is responsible for other peoples behavior, relevant criminal omission was studied as a criteria to restrict criminal liability in concerted actions, when debating its minimal limit.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a expressÃo de obrigaÃÃo na fala de Fortaleza/CE por meio dos verbos auxiliares modais ter; dever e precisar; considerando-se fatores linguÃsticos e extralinguÃsticos Adotamos; para a anÃlise dos dados; a Teoria da VariaÃÃo e; na tentativa de integrar os princÃpios de marcaÃÃo e iconicidade aos resultados obtidos; consideramos; tambÃm; o Funcionalismo Para investigar esse fenÃmeno de variaÃÃo; utilizamos 24 inquÃritos de um corpus de fala; intitulado PortuguÃs Oral Culto de Fortaleza (PORCUFORT); coletado nos anos de 1993 e 1994 O estudo revelou que; durante a instauraÃÃo de uma obrigaÃÃo; o ter à a forma preferida entre os falantes; pois representa 77% das ocorrÃncias; de um total de 322 dados; seguido da variante dever; que corresponde a 15% dos dados; e da variante precisar; que corresponde a 08% dos dados A pesquisa revelou; ainda; que os fatores faixa etÃria; tipo de obrigaÃÃo; tempo e forÃa ilocucionÃria sÃo significativos para o uso das variantes ter e dever; sendo esta Ãltima forma tambÃm condicionada pelo grupo de fatores tipo de alvo deÃntico Por sua vez; a variante precisar mostrou-se condicionada apenas pelo tipo de fonte deÃntica / This research at an analysis of the expression of obligation by means of auxiliary modal verbs ter; dever and precisar; considering both linguistic and extralinguistic elements; in the speech of the city of Fortaleza; located in the Brazilian state of Cearà For the analysis of the linguistic facts; Labovâs Variation Theory was adopted Moreover; as an attempt to integrate the principles of markedness and iconicity to the results; functionalism was also considered In order to investigate this variation phenomenon; 24 instances were adopted from the speech corpus PortuguÃs Oral Culto de Fortaleza (PORCUFORT) collected between the years of 1993 and 1994 The study revealed that; during the instauration of an obligation; ter is the preferred form among speakers; since it represents 77% of occurrences out of a total of 322 data It is followed by the variant dever; which corresponds to 15% of the data The variant precisar corresponds to 08% of the data This piece of research also revealed that elements such as age group; type of obligation; time; and illocutionary force appear to be significant for the use of the variants ter and dever; the latter form also being conditioned by the element group entitled type of deontic target On the other hand; the variant precisar seemed to be conditioned only by type of deontic source

A obrigação política é interpretada como um problema de cooperação. Inicialmente rejeita-se a idéia de que a cooperação sempre emerge do equilíbrio de ações autointeressadas. Discutindo alguns dos mais conhecidos princípios morais para a obrigação política são rejeitadas princípios verticais, como a gratidão e o consentimento, e alguns princípios horizontais, como dever natural e deveres associativos. Defende-se, por fim a equidade como um princípio moral capaz de dar sentido à obrigação política entendida como requisito de uma sociedade entendida como um empreendimento cooperativo. / Political obligation is treated as a cooperation problem. At first, an account that cooperation always emerges as equilibrium of self-interested actions is rejected. Discussing some of most popular moral principles of political obligations, we reject vertical principles, as gratitude and consent, and some horizontal principles, like associative and natural duty, that are not centered in the idea of society as cooperation. Finally, the principle of fairness is defended as the most adequate moral principle to make sense of political obligation as requisite of a society understood as a cooperative venture.

Apparu il y a près d’une vingtaine d’années dans le discours doctrinal en droit administratif, le terme d’externalisation est encore aujourd’hui paradoxalement très peu présent dans le langage théorique des juristes, et quasiment absent du droit positif et des prétoires. Le plus souvent employé en tant que vocable « cosmétique » et idéologique, il est en effet principalement destiné à rendre compte, de manière générale, du tournant managérial emprunté par l’organisation et la gestion de l’action administrative dans le cadre de la réforme de l’État, et sous l’influence des préceptes du New Public Management. Il n’est toutefois pas voué à demeurer simplement un idiome caractéristique de l’émergence d’une nouvelle posture de l’État et des personnes publiques. Il peut en l’occurrence être envisagé comme un concept à part entière intégré à la théorie générale du droit adminsitratif : l’externalisation administrative. En tant que tel, il offre l’opportunité d’une approche originale des transformations contemporaines traversant ce champ disciplinaire, et permet de proposer une définition et un contenu proprement administratif à ce terme maintes fois évoqué et si peu souvent précisé. Inspirée des acquis des sciences économiques, et de gestion et des travaux menés par la doctrine civiliste, la conceptualisation de l’externalisation administrative aboutit à la découverte d’un mode de gestion inédit de l’action administrative fondé sur une logique de coopération, et recouvrant l’emploi par les personnes publiques d’instruments juridiques traditionnels dotés d’une fonction singulière afin d’habiliter un tiers à participer à la réalisation d’une compétence qui leur est attribuée par l’ordre juridique. Ainsi élaboré, le concept d’externalisation administrative se déploie dans le cadre de l’accomplissement de la compétence matérielle des autorités administratives, sous de multiples formes juridiques et dans des domaines d’activités divers, par le moyen d’une instrumentalisation de l’obligation révélant une conception renouvelée de celle-ci. Il apporte par conséquent des éléments de compréhension inédits de l’évolution des modes d’intervention des personnes publiques. Du titre au sous-titre, l’utilité théorique de ce concept se mesure alors à l’aune du contenu qui lui est assigné, lequel pose les jalons d’une théorie de l’externalisation administrative et, au-delà, d’une théorie de la gestion coopérative de l’action administrative. / Appeared almost twenty years ago in the doctrinal discourse of administrativ law, still today the term of externalisation is paradoxically not very present in the theoretical language of lawyers, and nearly absent in the positiv law and in the courtrooms. Indeed it is employed most of the time as a « cosmetic » and ideological term mainly destined to realize, generally, of the managerial turn borrowed by organization and management of administrative action in the framework of state reform, and under the influence of the New Public Management precepts. However, it is not dedicated to remain simply as an idiom representative of emergence of a new posture of state and public authorities. As it happens, it can be considered as a concept in full integrated to the general theory of administrativ law. As such, it offers opportunity of an original approach of contemporary transformations crossing this disciplinary purview, and allows to provide a definition and a contents properly administrative to this term many times mentioned and so litte specified. Inspired by the achievements of economics and management, and the works conducts by civil law doctrine, the conceptualization of administrative externalisation leads to the discovery of an novel management mode of administrative action based on a logic of cooperation, and covering the recourse by public authorities at traditional juridical instruments endued of a singular function to empower a third party to share in the realisation of an ability assigned to them by the legal order. Thus elaborated, the administrative externalisation concept unflods in the framework of fulfillement of the concret public authorities ability, under multiple juridical forms and in various fields of activity, by the means of an instrumentalization of the obligation revealing a renewed conception of this one. Therefore, it brings unprecedented elements of understanding of evolution of methods of intervention by the administrative authorities. From title to subtitle, theoretical utility of this concept is measured so in terms of the content assigned to it, wich sets the milestones of an administrative externalisation theory and, beyond, of a cooperative management of administrative action theory.