This study analyzed moral psychology's “moral judgment-moral action gap” research and found that morality was being described as a secondary phenomenon produced by underlying substrates (such as identity and self constructs, “brain modules,” and “evolved emotional systems”) which are themselves non-moral. Deriving morality from “the non-moral” presents a kind of ontological gap in the moral psychology research. Researchers implicitly close this gap assuming it is possible to get moral judgments and actions out of non-moral substrates. But the difficulty remains how the moral as “moral” becomes infused into any moral psychology models. Morality is not a secondary phenomenon arising out of something else. This study argues that there is a need to shift our understanding of what it means to be human, to a view in which the moral is fundamental. An alternative foundation for assessing the moral is found in the work of Emmanuel Levinas who sees ethics as a metaphysical concern. This means that he sees the essential moral character of human life and the reality of human agency as ontologically fundamental, or constitutive of human nature itself. In other words, the ethical is the “first cause” in regards to understanding the nature and action of the self. Thus morality is not merely epiphenomenal to some more fundamental reality. Levinas holds that as humans, we are called to the Other. This call of obligation to the Other comes before all other human endeavors. After presenting Levinas's alternative foundation of obligation to the Other which herein is labeled Felt Moral Obligation (FMO), C. Terry Warner's conceptualizations of FMO in relation to the moral judgment-action gap are presented. In light of these conceptualizations, this study argues that there is actually no moral judgment-moral action gap, but only holistic events of moral self-betrayal. Warner illustrates that rejecting FMO is a single moral event, a holistic act performed by a moral agent that involves moral responses of self-justification, offense-taking, and rationalization. The person finds him or herself in a state of self-betrayal. Levinas and Warner implicitly assert that such self-betraying responses are not fundamentally biological or rational, but rather, fundamentally moral.

This research examines caregiver experiences as they relate to attachment style. The overarching hypothesis is that perceptions of the caregiver role differ depending on the degree of avoidance and anxiousness in the caregiver's attachment style. Caregiver response was measured in the areas of filial obligation, work reduction, perceived control, caregiver burden, depressive symptomatology, and preparedness for caregiving. The final sample consisted of 150 caregivers who identified as the primary caregiver for a parent over the age of 65. This sample was recruited using Mechanical Turk, an online survey distribution tool. The survey was created online with Qualtrics software. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and procedures primarily focused on correlational and descriptive statistics. The results revealed several significant correlations between attachment style and caregiver burden as well as depression, supporting the hypothesis that attachment style is associated with differences in perception of the caregiver experience. This research is motivated by the increasingly urgent need for caregiver support through financial aid, counseling services, and cohesive healthcare options.

No description available.

Med en allt högre fokus på klimatpåverkan i samhället har marknaden för gröna obligationer under det senaste årtiondet blivit en attraktiv plattform för investerare att placera kapital i. Studier i ämnet visar även att finansmarknaden utgör en avgörande roll för att klimatmålen i Parisavtalet ska uppnås och gröna obligationer är ett viktigt verktyg. Marknaden för gröna obligationer är däremot fortfarande otydlig vad gäller definitioner och klassificeringar, vilket ökar komplexiteten i investeringsbeslut. Studien syftar därför till att kartlägga investerares beslutsprocess vid gröna investeringar och belysa vad som är avgörande för investeringsbeslut på en marknad under konstant utveckling.  Arbetet genomförs med en kvalitativ metod i form av litteraturstudie samt semi-strukturerade intervjuer med aktörer som är involverade i investeringsbeslut på den gröna obligationsmarknad. Resultatet visar att den gröna stämplingen på en obligation inte är avgörande för investerare utan att finansiella faktorer såsom avkastning väger tyngre. Såvida skiljer sig beslutsprocessen gällande gröna investeringar jämfört med konventionella främst genom att den har en ökad komplexitet och innehåller kvalitativa faktorer i större utsträckning. Investerare har fortsatt ett stort intresse för hållbar finansiering och är förberedda på de resurser som krävs i investeringsbeslut men utgår snarare från hållbarhetsarbete som helhet än specifikt gröna obligationer. / With an increasing focus on climate impact in society, the market for green bonds has over the past decade become an attractive platform for investors to redirect their funds towards. Studies in the subject also show that the financial market plays a crucial role in achieving the climate goals in the Paris Agreement and that green bonds are an important tool. The market for green bonds, on the other hand, is still unclear in terms of definitions and classifications, which increases the complexity of investment decisions. The study therefore aims to clarify investors' decision-making process for green investments and shed light on what is crucial for investment decisions in a market under constant development. The work is carried out with a qualitative method with a literature study and semi-structured interviews with actors involved in investment decisions on the green bond market. The results show that the green labelling on a bond is not decisive for investors, but that financial factors such as returns weigh more heavily. Therefore, the decision-making process regarding green investments differs from conventional ones, mainly as it has an increased complexity and contains qualitative factors to a greater extent. Investors continue to have a strong interest in sustainable financing and are prepared for the resources required in complex investment decisions but prefer sustainability work in a wider aspect rather than specifically green bonds.

This study examines the ethical challenges that Swedish social workers may facedue to the proposed “Informationsplikt” (Duty of Disclosure). Rooted in the Tidö-Agreement between government parties and the Swedish Democrats, thisobligation mandates public officials, including social workers, to verifyindividuals legal right to reside in the country and report undocumentedimmigrants to the police. Amid widespread criticism and demonstrations againstwhat is colloquially referred to as the “Angiverilagen” (The Informer Act),professionals have voiced concerns about the potential ethical implications ofenacting this proposed legislation. Through qualitative interviews with six socialworkers, this research investigates how this proposed law as a part of bureaucraticregulations intersects with personal values and professional ethics among socialworkers. The findings reveal a conflict between the reporting obligation andsocial workers personal and professional values. Respondents express acommitment to upholding their clients’ rights and dignity, while expressingapprehension that this mandatory reporting may compromise these principles.Discussions about potential strategies, such as seeking legal loopholes withinexisting legislation or contemplating civil disobedience or resignation, shed lighton the difficulties social workers may encounter in navigating these ethicalchallenges in the future. Overall, this study underscores the tension betweenfollowing laws and regulations and the core tenets of social work ethics,emphasizing the importance of social workers navigating these complexities withintegrity and ethical reflection.

Although the 2005 EPAct was enacted to help bolster the emerging biofuel industry, 52% of advanced biofuel projects were closed or shut down by 2015. However, there are no complete lists of barriers that impeded these projects. The goal of this study was to develop a framework of barriers impeding success of advanced biofuel projects by conducting a literature review of barriers, spatial analysis of status, survey of barriers, and determination of coproducts and byproducts and their marketing and distribution barriers from the industry stakeholders. The spatial analysis indicated 59 biofuel projects were attempted, and their Eastern and Western location by status was not a barrier. Using Grounded Theory, nine barriers were derived and aggregated in major categories, including product development, strategy, technology, competition, energy costs, funding, government, suppliers, and third-party relations. A contingency analysis was conducted relating their status to internal and external barriers, indicating no relationship between type of closing and type of barrier. Next, the number of barriers was expanded to 23, and a survey was conducted to gain knowledge on these barriers from industry stakeholders. When comparing the barriers by stakeholders, there were differences based on status, type, and technology of the projects. In addition, the survey and discussion identified 79 barriers different across years, type of industry (pilot, demonstration, or commercial), status (open, closed, or planning), and technology (thermochemical, biochemical, or hybrid). Forty-seven coproducts and byproducts and many unknown barriers to their marketability and distribution were determined and ranked by primary and secondary barriers. These extensive lists of barriers and coproducts will aid future biofuels projects in their planning, research, and development stages. / Master of Science

The purpose of this essay is to problematize the conflicts of interest in the supply of personnel within Sweden's growing total defense. By analyzing the government's policy for the total defense obligation and its ability to steer towards its policy goals based on its ability to manage the supply of personell according to prioritized needs. The study adopts a qualitative approach and the essay constitutes a case study of a broader policy formulation and central governance problem in a complex society with multiple implementing agencies. The study of the policy for the total defense obligation is theory-consuming, and the empirical material has been analyzed using a framework and a qualitative content analysis. It appears that the framework regarding a successful implementation is only partially met. This is because there is a conflict in the goals of the policy about what should be prioritized as most important. There are no clear guidelines on where one or several individuals should be drafted for war duties in a conflict of interest between the different categories of the total defense obligation, especially at an aggregated level. It is expected that the implementing actors can adopt a holistic perspective on where an individual should be placed for war duties to create the best conditions for the total defense. The holistic assessment assumes that the implementing actors have extensive access to information and knowledge about the country's war planning. Furthermore, it is evident that the actors responsible for the personell of supply can register all or parts of their personnel with the support of the general service obligation, which leads to a "first come, first served" principle where the number of individuals who are available for the total defense obligation that can be claimed with military or civil duty decreases. The policy for the total defense obligation does not take into account that the total defense will need to economize the personnel resources when the total defense is growing.

L'obligation de sécurité informationnelle - c'est-à-dire la tâche qui incombe aux entreprises d'assurer l'intégrité, la confidentialité et la disponibilité de l'information découle, tant en droit québécois que dans une majorité de juridictions occidentales, d'une série de dispositions législatives imposant non pas l'adoption de comportements ou l'utilisation de technologies ou de procédés identifiables, mais bien l'implantation de mesures de sécurité «raisonnables », «adéquates », ou « suffisantes ». Or, dans un domaine aussi embryonnaire et complexe que celui de la sécurité informationnelle, domaine dans lequel les solutions disponibles sont multiples et où la jurisprudence est éparse, comment une entreprise peut-elle jauger avec justesse l'étendue de son obligation? Bref, comment établir ce que ferait une entreprise raisonnablement prudente et diligente dans un domaine où il n'existe actuellement aucune balise législative, jurisprudentielle ou même coutumière permettant de fixer avec justesse le niveau de diligence imposé par le législateur? L'absence de sécurité juridique offerte par une telle situation est patente et nécessite une reconfiguration du cadre opératoire de l'obligation de sécurité informationnelle afin d'en identifier les composantes et les objectifs. Cet exercice passera par la redéfinition de l'obligation de sécurité informationnelle comme obligation de réduire les risques qui guettent l'information à un niveau socialement acceptable. En effet, la sécurité pouvant être définie comme étant la gestion du risque, c'est donc le risque qui réside au cœur de cette obligation. Or, en analysant les risques qui guettent un système, soit en analysant les menaces qui visent à exploiter ses vulnérabilités, il est possible d'établir quelles contre-mesures s'avèrent utiles et les coûts associés à leur mise en œuvre. Par la suite, il devient envisageable, en recourant à la définition économique de la négligence et en prenant compte des probabilités de brèches de sécurité et des dommages escomptés, d'établir les sommes optimales à investir dans l'achat, l'entretien et la mise à jour de ces contre-mesures. Une telle analyse permet ainsi de quantifier avec un certain degré de précision l'étendue de l'obligation de sécurité informationnelle en offrant aux entreprises un outil s'inspirant de données matérielles auxquelles elles ont librement accès et s'intégrant aisément dans le contexte juridique contemporain. / In Quebec, as in most western jurisdictions, the duty to ensure information security, i.e. the obligation bestowed upon companies to protect the integrity, confidentiality and availability of information, stems from a series of legal dispositions which, rather than to impose a certain conduct, or the use of given technologies or processes, simply demand that "reasonable", "adequate", or "sufficient" security measures be applied. However, in a field an nascent and complex as information security, where available solutions are numerous, and where case law is sparse, how can a company reliably predict the full extend of its duty? In other words, how can one establish what a reasonably prudent and diligent company would do in a field where laws, case law, and even customs fail to dictate precisely what level of diligence is sought by the legislator? The lack of legal certainty offered in such a case is obvious, and requires us to reconfigure the framework associated with the duty to ensure information security in order to identify its components and objectives. Such an endeavour begins with redefining the duty to ensure information security as a duty to reduce information-related risk to a socially acceptable leve1. Since security stems from risk management, it can therefore be said that risk is at the core of said duty. By analysing risk, i.e. by identifying the threats that aim to exploit a system's vulnerabilities, it becomes possible to specify which counter measures could be useful and what costs they may entail. From that point, it's feasible, if using the economic definition of negligence (which is based on the probability of a security breach, and the damages incurred), to establish the optimal amount that should be invested in the purchasing, upkeep and replacement of these counter measures. This type of analysis will allow companies to quantify, with a certain degree of precision, the extend to which they need to ensure information security by giving them a set of tools based on easily accessible data. Furthermore, said tools appear to be fully compatible with the current legal landscape.

Tout employeur qui fournit l'accès Internet au sein de son entreprise a intérêt à surveiller l'usage qui en est fait par ses employés, que ce soit pour maximiser les avantages ou pour réduire les risques liés à l'utilisation d'Internet au travail. Tout employeur a d'ailleurs le droit d'exercer une telle surveillance, sous réserve toutefois des droits des personnes surveillées. La mise en place d'une surveillance de l'utilisation d'Internet au travail peut porter atteinte à la vie privée des employés ou à leur droit à des conditions de travail justes et raisonnables, et peut également porter atteinte au droit à la vie privée des tiers indirectement visés par la surveillance. Dans ce contexte, afin de s'assurer que la surveillance est exercée dans les limites de ses droits, l'employeur doit franchir deux étapes de réflexion essentielles. L'employeur doit en premier lieu déterminer le niveau d'expectative raisonnable de vie privée des personnes surveillées, lequel niveau s'apprécie à la lumière d'une série de facteurs. L'employeur doit par ailleurs respecter les critères de rationalité et de proportionnalité. Ces critères requièrent notamment que l'employeur identifie les motifs sous-jacents à la surveillance ainsi que la manière dont la surveillance sera exercée. Une fois ces deux étapes franchies, l'employeur sera en mesure d'identifier les obligations auxquelles il est soumis dans le cadre de la mise en place de la surveillance. / All employers providing Internet access to their employees should implement Internet monitoring in the workplace, to increase the benefits and reduce the risks related to Internet use at work. Employers have the right to implement this kind of monitoring subject, however, to the rights of employees and third parties. The implementation of Internet monitoring within the workplace can affect employees' privacy and the right to fair and reasonable conditions of employment, as well as the rights of third parties who may be indirectly subject to monitoring. In this context, the employer should go through two steps of reasoning. The employer should first determine the level of reasonable expectation of privacy of all individuals monitored, which level is assessed in the light of numerous factors. The employer must also meet the criteria of rationality and proportionality. These criteria require that the employer identifies the reasons behind monitoring, and how monitoring will be exercised. After these two steps, the employer will be able to identify the obligations to which he is submitted through the implementation of Internet monitoring.

Un nombre croissant de salariés ont aujourd’hui accès à l’Internet et à la messagerie électronique sur leur lieu de travail. Ils sont parfois tentés d’utiliser ces outils à des fins autres que professionnelles, ce qui constitue une source potentielle de conflits. En effet, sous prétexte d’assurer la protection de leurs biens et équipements, de vérifier que les salariés exécutent leurs obligations et de prévenir les risques de responsabilité, les entreprises contrôlent de plus en plus souvent – et parfois subrepticement – l’utilisation qui est faite des ressources ainsi fournies. Les employés, de leur côté, revendiquent leur droit à ce que leurs activités personnelles en ligne demeurent privées, même lorsqu’elles sont réalisées durant leur temps de travail et avec le matériel de l’employeur. Peuvent-ils raisonnablement voir leurs droits protégés, bien que le droit à la vie privée soit traditionnellement atténué en milieu de travail et que les entreprises aient accès à des technologies offrant des possibilités d’espionnage toujours plus intrusives? Comment trouver un équilibre viable entre le pouvoir de direction et de contrôle de l’employeur et les droits des salariés? Il s’agit d’une problématique à laquelle les tribunaux sont de plus en plus souvent confrontés et qui les amène régulièrement à réinterpréter les balises établies en matière de surveillance patronale, au regard des spécificités des technologies de l’information. Ce contexte conflictuel a également entraîné une évolution des pratiques patronales, dans la mesure où un nombre grandissant d’employeurs se dotent d’outils techniques et juridiques leur permettant de se protéger contre les risques, tout en s’aménageant un droit d’intrusion très large dans la vie privée des salariés. / A growing number of employees now have access to the Internet and email in the workplace. They are sometimes tempted to use these tools for other purposes than business, creating thus a potential source of conflict. Indeed, under the pretext of protecting the company’s property and equipment, verifying that the employees execute their contractual obligations, and preventing risks of liability, employers more frequently – and sometimes surreptitiously – monitor the use of the resources so provided. Employees, on the other side, are claiming their right to have their personal online activities remain private, even when these are conducted during their working hours and with the equipment provided by the employer. However, can they reasonably expect to have their rights protected, when the right to privacy in the workplace has traditionally been mitigated and when employers have access to spying technologies that are more and more invasive? How then to find a workable balance between employer’s management rights and employees’ rights? It is an issue that courts increasingly face and that regularly induces them to reinterpret the rules set for the employer’s surveillance with regard to the specificities of information technologies. That situation of conflict has also brought changes to the practices in the workplace, insofar as employers are increasingly likely to adopt legal and technical tools enabling them to protect themselves against risks, while keeping a large right of intrusion into employees’ privacy.