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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23773号 / 医博第4819号 / 新制||医||1057(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 金子 新, 教授 杉田 昌彦, 教授 松田 秀一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p>  </p> <p>Rapid intensification of low-level rotation in non-classic tornadic storms in southeastern United States, often at time scales shorter than the volume updates from existing opera- tional radars, calls for a deeper understanding of storm-scale processes. There is growing evidence that the highly nonlinear interactions between vertical wind shear and cold pools regulate the intensity of downdrafts, low- and mid-level updrafts, and thus tornadic poten- tial in supercells. Tornado-strength circulations are more likely associated with cold pools of intermediate strength. The microphysical pathway leading to storm electrification also plays a major role in the regulation of cold pool intensity. Storm electrification and subsequent lightning initiation are a by-product of charging of ice hydrometeors in the mixed-phase updrafts. Lightning flashes frequently initiate along the periphery of turbulent updrafts and total flash rate is controlled by the updraft speed and volume.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In the first part of this work, polarimetric fingerprints like ZDR and KDP columns (proxies for mixed-phase updraft strength) are objectively identified to track rapid fluctuations in updraft intensity. We quantify the volume of ZDR and KDP columns to evaluate their utility in predicting temporal variability in lightning flash characteristics and the onset of severe weather. Using observational data from KTLX radar and Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array, we had previously found evidence of temporal covariance between ZDR column volume and the total lightning flash rate in a tornadic supercell in Oklahoma. </p> <p><br></p> <p> Here, we extend our analysis to three high-shear low-CAPE (HSLC) cases observed during the 2016-17 VORTEX-SE field campaign in Northern Alabama. In all three scenarios (one tornadic and one nontornadic supercell, and a quasi-linear convective system), the KDP column volume had a stronger correlation with total flash rates than the ZDR column volume. We also found that all three storms maintained a normal tripole charge structure, with majority of the cloud-to-ground (CG) strikes lowering negative charge to the ground. The tornadic storm’s CG polarity changed from negative to positive at the same time it entered a region with higher surface equivalent potential temperature. In contrast to the Oklahoma storm, lightning flash initiations in HSLC storms occurred primarily outside the footprint of ZDR and KDP column objects.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Storm dynamics coupled with microphysical processes such as diabatic heating/cooling and advection/sedimentation of hydrometeors also plays a significant role in electrification of thunderstorms. Simulation of deep convection, therefore, needs to account for the feedback of microphysics to storm dynamics. In the second part of this work, the NSSL microphysics scheme is used to simulate ice mass fluxes, cold pool intensity, and noninductive charging rates. The scheme is run in its triple-moment configuration in order to provide a more realis- tic size-sorting process that avoids pathologies that arise in double-moment representations.</p> <p><br></p> <p>We examine the possible tertiary linkage between noninductive charging rates and cold pool through their dependence on mixed-phase microphysical processes. The Advanced Re- gional Prediction System (ARPS) model is used to simulate the same three HSLC cases from VORTEX-SE 2016-17 IOPs. WSR-88D radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity observations are assimilated in a 40-member ensemble using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) filter.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In all three cases, the simulated charge separation is consistent with the observed normal tripole. Greater updraft mass flux, supercooled liquid water concentration, and nonprecip- itation mass flux explain the nontornadic supercell’s higher total flash rate compared to the tornadic supercell. Positive and negative graupel charging rates were found to have the greatest linear correlation with updraft mass flux, followed by precipitation mass flux in all three cases. At zero time lag, horizontal buoyancy gradients associated with a surface cold pool were not found to be correlated with either the charging rates or the updraft and precipitation mass flux. Total flash rate based on empirical relationships between simulated ice mass fluxes was lower than the observed values.</p>

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23241号 / 農博第2448号 / 新制||農||1084(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5331(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻 / (主査)准教授 三谷 羊平, 教授 伊藤 順一, 教授 梅津 千恵子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

In most civil engineering projects, the risk of slope failure has to be considered for allexcavations performed until the project is completed. The risk is founded in the uncertaintiesof the geotechnical properties of the soil that the excavations are performed in. With the riskof slope failure follows the risk towards the project budget, delays versus time plan andinjures to those involved in the excavation. To prevent the aforementioned risks the SwedishGeotechnical Society, SGF, have written a report that presents a structured way to performrisk management within geotechnical projects.By performing an excavation that simulates one that would be excavated for installing pipeswithin clay, measurement have been performed on wooden sticks that has reflex tape. Thewooden sticks were placed on the head and the toe of the excavated slope, with the intentionto capture the movement of a beginning slope failure. This was performed by using theobservational method for the risk treatment in the risk management process for theexcavation. The results of the measurements in the slope toe indicates a beginning of a slopefailure. However, due to the large spread of measured results on the excavation head theresults could not be used as information for risk treatment.

Advances in machine learning for visual recognition and ultra-low surface brightness imaging have made it possible to detect older and fainter historic supernova light echoes (SN LEs). We are particularly interested in the historic core-collapse SN (CCSN) Crab (SN 1054), as it is the only CCSN with records of direct-light observations in the last 1000 years. We have improved the SN LE machine-learning Python package ALED (Automated Light Echo Detection), created by Bhullar et al. 2021, by adding false positive masks as an additional input. ALED is visual recognition software that identifies and locates LEs in difference images. Before the invention of ALED, LE images had to be categorized by visual inspection, which was a very time-consuming task. Additionally, we have developed a method for manufacturing and augmenting LE training sets, which has previously not been applied to LEs. We manufactured Dragonfly Telephoto Array (DTA) LEs by extracting LEs from Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope difference images and overlaying them on DTA difference images. The DTA is a promising tool for LE detection because of its ability to observe ultra-low surface brightness structures. Additionally, we augmented the only existing DTA LE image by overlaying it on other DTA images. Both of these procedures provided options for further augmentation, such as changing the LE's brightness and width. We also created a process to mask the bright star difference artifacts in DTA images. These stars are typically mislabeled as LEs, and hence masking them makes LE identification simpler. We have created an effective DTA training set for ALED, which is prepared to search for LEs around the historic CCSN Crab (SN 1054), once more DTA images in that region are procured. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第25493号 / 医博第5093号 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 河本 宏, 教授 上野 英樹, 教授 伊藤 能永 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

No / Introduction Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) was originally developed as a clinical tool but has attracted interest as a potential observational measure of quality of life (QOL) and well-being of long-term care residents with dementia. DCM coding involves continuous observation over a 6-h period, with observers recording a Behavior Category Code (BCC, a recording of activity/interaction) and a Well/Ill Being (WIB) score at 5 min intervals. Method Descriptive data from several different research teams on the distribution and psychometric properties of DCM data were compiled and summarized. Results Issues and problems identified include: complex scoring algorithms, inter-rater reliability of the BCCs, limited variability of WIB values, associations between resident characteristics and DCM assessments, rater time burden, and comparability of results across study settings. Conclusions Despite the identified limitations, DCM has promise as a research measure, as it may come closer to rating QOL from the perspective of persons with dementia than other available measures. Its utility will depend on the manner in which it is applied and an appreciation of the measure's strength and limitations. Possible changes that might improve the reliability, validity, and practicality of DCM as a research tool include coding the predominant event (rather than the best event), shortening the observation period, and adding 0 as a neutral WIB coding option.

Aim: The overall aim of the thesis was to explore and describe registered nurses’ (RNs) and certified nursing assistants’ (CNAs) experiences of detection and assessment of pain in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia. A further aim was to evaluate the Abbey Pain Scale-SWE (APS-SWE) in dementia care practice. Methods: An exploratory and descriptive design was used in Study I. An exploratory and interpreting design was used in Study II and Study III. A prospective, descriptive, observational and instrumental design was used in Study IV. Focus group interviews (I) and individual interviews (II, III) were applied to explore and describe RNs’ and CNAs’ experiences of pain assessment in people living with dementia. Qualitative content analysis (I) and philosophical hermeneutics (II) were used to analyse qualitative data. Observation, instrument, and questionnaire were applied to evaluate reliability and face validity of the APS-SWE for pain assessment. Descriptive statistics and reliability analyses were used to analyse quantitative data (IV). Results: RNs in special housing accommodation settings experiences that pain assessment in people with dementia is challenging primarily due to their changed RN consultant role, which to a great extent is directed into administrative and consultative tasks rather than bedside care. This has led to decreased time in daily nursing care, preventing recognising symptoms of pain. This have also led to that RNs are dependent on information from CNAs who are the front-line staff providing daily care (I). CNAs’ perception of signs of pain in people with dementia emerges from being present in the care situation and alertness on physical and behavioural changes that could be due to pain, and from providing the care in a preventive, protective and supportive way to prevent painful situations occurring (II). RNs and CNAs working in home healthcare team use a variety of strategies to detect and assess pain. A trustful work relationship based on staff continuity and a good relation to the person in need of care facilitates pain assessment situations (III). Systematic observation of older people living in special housing accommodation during rest and mobility using the APS-SWE demonstrates that the scale has adequate internal consistency, reliability, and face validity for pain assessment (IV). Conclusions: This thesis found that the RNs’ and CNAs’ detections and assessments of pain rely on solid cooperation, staff continuity, and good knowledge of the person cared for. It was also revealed that there is a lack of using appropriate and assisting pain tools. The APS-SWE show adequate reliability and face validity and can serve as a useful pain tool to assist in detection and assessment of pain in older people who are limited in verbalising pain recognisable. Further evaluation of how the person-centred perspective is applied in pain assessment situations is needed in order to evaluate positive outcomes in people with dementia. Further psychometric evaluation of the APS-SWE in clinical dementia care practice is needed to strengthen validity and reliability.