Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-07-19T10:44:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSRBJ.pdf: 5473127 bytes, checksum: 6ad9d0f7d24cadafbff18e445b8736d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-07-19T10:44:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSRBJ.pdf: 5473127 bytes, checksum: 6ad9d0f7d24cadafbff18e445b8736d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-07-19T10:44:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSRBJ.pdf: 5473127 bytes, checksum: 6ad9d0f7d24cadafbff18e445b8736d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T10:45:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSRBJ.pdf: 5473127 bytes, checksum: 6ad9d0f7d24cadafbff18e445b8736d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-16 / Não recebi financiamento / Introduction. The datasets used in observational studies have instances belonging to two distinct groups (i.e. treatment group and control group), which are compared in order to estimate the effect of the treatment over the results. For such, in one of the approaches, called Propensity Score Matching (PSM), the propensity score for the instances of both groups is estimated and, subsequently, the correspondence of these instances is performed based on the values for the propensity score. The propensity score is the probability of attribution of a treatment based on the observed characteristics (e.g. income, sex and age). In this context, the logistic regression is widely used to estimate the propensity score and there is an great variety of instance correspondence methods. Objective. This doctor´s thesis has as its main objective to investigate computational alternatives in order to improve the quality of the instance correspondence in datasets that are manipulated in observational studies. Methodology. Techniques that estimate the propensity score and methods to perform the instance correspondence in observational studies were investigated. Thus, it was possible to investigate how the identical characteristics of the instances could be exploited in a new process to perform correspondence and, how ensembles could substitute the logistic regression by estimating the propensity scores of the instances, in the context of the PSM process. Proposal. This thesis proposes a new approach in the context of the PSM process, called “SEnsembles”, which aims to improve the quality of instance correspondence based on two main processes, which use techniques that separately consider the identical characteristics of the instances and the ensembles of regressors, more precisely, bagging, random forest and boosting. Results. The proposed approach “SEnsembles” improves the quality of the instance correspondence for the majority of calipers used (i.e. zero, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30) when compared to the baseline Nearest Neighbor Matching (NNM). Based on the experiments, when there was an improvement over the baseline, the technique that separates the identical characteristics of the instances presented improvements of up to 53.8% in the quality of correspondence, with an average of gains of 12.1%; and only 2.7% of average in the reduction of the number of pairs of instances matched. The technique which substituted the logistic regression for ensembles of regressors, in turn, presented the best correspondence with the caliper zero and with the values 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30, with improvements of up to 36.3% and an average of gains of 12.7%; and a slightly reduction of 7.6% in the number of pairs of instances matched. / Introdução. Os conjuntos de dados manipulados em estudos observacionais possuem instâncias pertencentes a dois grupos distintos (i.e. grupo de tratamento e grupo de controle), as quais são comparadas para estimar o efeito do tratamento sobre os resultados. Para isso, em uma das abordagens, chamada de Propensity Score Matching (PSM), estima-se o escore de propensão para as instâncias de ambos os grupos e, em seguida, efetua-se a correspondência dessas instâncias com base nos valores dos escores de propensão. O escore de propensão é a probabilidade de atribuição de um tratamento com base nas características observadas (por exemplo, renda, sexo e idade). Neste contexto, a regressão logística é amplamente utilizada para estimar o escore de propensão e há uma ampla variedade de métodos de correspondência de instâncias. Objetivo. Esta pesquisa de doutorado tem como objetivo principal investigar alternativas computacionais para melhorar a qualidade das correspondências de instâncias em conjuntos de dados que são manipulados em estudos observacionais. Metodologia. Investigou-se técnicas que estimam o escore de propensão e métodos para se efetuar a correspondência das instâncias em estudos observacionais. Assim, foi possível investigar como as características idênticas das instâncias poderiam ser exploradas em um novo processo de correspondência e, como ensembles, mais precisamente, bagging, random forest e boosting, poderiam substituir a regressão logística ao estimar os escores de propensão das instâncias, no contexto do processo de PSM. Proposta. Esta pesquisa propõe uma nova abordagem no contexto do processo PSM, denominada “SEnsembles”, que visa melhorar a qualidade da correspondência das instâncias com base em 2 processos principais, os quais utilizam técnicas que considerem em separado as características idênticas das instâncias e os ensembles de regressores, mais precisamente, bagging, random forest e boosting. Resultados. A abordagem proposta “SEnsembles” melhorou a qualidade da correspondência de instâncias para a maioria dos calipers utilizado (zero, 0,05, 0,10, 0,15, 0,20, 0,25 e 0,30) quando comparada ao baseline Nearest Neighbor Matching (NNM). Com base nos experimentos, quando houve ganho, a técnica que separa as características idênticas das instâncias proporcionou ganhos de até 53,8% na qualidade da correspondência, com média de 12,1% de melhoria e 2,7% de redução média do número de pares de instâncias correspondidas. Já a técnica que substituiu a regressão logística pelos ensembles proporcionou as melhores correspondências com o caliper zero e com os valores 0,20, 0,25 e 0,30, com ganhos de até 36,3% e, com média de 12,7% de melhoria e 7,6% de redução do número de pares de instâncias correspondidas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:16:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucianaPM.pdf: 825856 bytes, checksum: f7b3c0b6c8201cc556fcecd5f309cd28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-24 / The stimulation of motor learning is an important component to a rehabilitation and type of practice used is de basic importance to Physiotherapy. The motor skills are the types more basic of behavior that subjects must acquire throughout its lives and observational learning one of forms for its acquisition. Objective: This study aimed to compare performance of patients post- stroke on test of recognition of activities of day life using self-controlled and externally determined practice. Intervention: Forty subjects had been evaluated, 20 stroke patients (the mean age was 57,9?}6,7 years, schooling 6,7?}3,09 years and time of injury 23,4?}17,2 months) and 20 health subjects (the mean age 55,4?}5,9 years and schooling 8?}3,7 years). All was evaluated about independence functional (FIM) and cognitive state (MMSE), and patients were also evaluated about neurologic state (NIHSS). Later, all realized a recognition of activities of day life test (drink water and speak to telephone) on self-controlled (PAUTO and CAUTO) and externally determined (P20 and C20) frequency. The stroke subjects also were examined for a three-dimensional system of kinematic analysis, when they have drink water. The statistic analysis was realized for chi-square and t Student tests. Results: This was not difference, about number of rightness, between groups of self-controlled and externally determined practice (p?0,005), and also not between patients and control groups (p?0,005). Patients mean velocity (PAUTO: 141,1mm/sec and P20: 141,6mm/sec) and peak velocity (PAUTO: 652,1mm/sec and P20: 598,6mm/sec) were reduced, as well as the angles reached for elbow (PAUTO: 66,60 and 124,40; P20: 66,30 and 128,50 extension e flexion respectively) regarding literature. Conclusions: The performance on recognition of activities of day life test was similar between on self-controlled and externally determined frequency, showing both technique may be used to stimulate motor learning on chronic patients after stroke / A estimulacao da aprendizagem motora e um componente crucial para a reabilitacao e o tipo de pratica a ser empregada e de fundamental importancia para a Fisioterapia. As habilidades motoras estao entre os tipos mais basicos e prevalentes de comportamento que os individuos devem adquirir ao longo de suas vidas, sendo a aprendizagem observacional uma das maneiras chave para a sua aquisicao. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o desempenho de pacientes com sequela de AVE em testes de reconhecimento de atividades de vida diaria com frequencia autocontrolada e pre-determinada. M?todo: Foram avaliados 40 individuos, 20 pacientes pos-AVE (com media de idade de 57,9?}6,7 anos, escolaridade de 6,7?}3,09 anos e tempo de lesao de 23,4?}17,2 meses) e 20 adultos saudaveis (com media de idade de 55,4?}5,9 anos e escolaridade de 8?}3,7 anos). Todos os sujeitos foram avaliados quanto a independencia funcional (MIF) e estado cognitivo (MEEM), alem da avaliacao neurologica (NIHSS) para os sujeitos pos-AVE. Realizaram em seguida um teste de reconhecimento de atividades de vida di?ria (beber agua e atender telefone) em uma frequencia autocontrolada (grupos PAUTO e CAUTO) ou pre-determinada (P20 e C20). Os pacientes foram avaliados, por um sistema de analise cinematica tridimensional, quando realizavam a atividade de beber agua. A analise estatistica foi realizada atraves do teste Qui-quadrado e t Student. Resultados: Nao houve diferenca quanto ao numero de acertos entre os grupos de frequencias autocontrolada e pre-determinada (p?0,005), nem entre os grupos de pacientes e os controles (p?0,005). A velocidade media (PAUTO: 141,1mm/s e P20: 141,6mm/s) e o pico de velocidade (PAUTO: 652,1mm/s e P20: 598,6mm/s) dos sujeitos pos-AVE estavam diminuidos, assim como, a angulacao do cotovelo (PAUTO: 66,60 e 124,40 e P20: 66,30 e 128,50 extensao e flex?o respectivamente) em relacao aos dados da literatura. Conclus?es: O desempenho no teste de reconhecimento de atividades funcionais foi semelhante entre as praticas com frequencia autocontrolada e com frequencia pre-determinada sugerindo que ambas as tecnicas podem ser utilizadas para se trabalhar a aprendizagem motora em pacientes com sequelas cronicas de AVE

abstract: Recently, a student in a Maricopa County, Arizona area school district drowned during a physical education class, resulting in a heightened awareness of school aquatics safety guidelines. The goal of this study was to use Wenger's idea of nurturing a Community of Practice (CoP) with the existing physical education CoP at GFJRHS (school pseudonym), to examine the current curriculum and enhance the program and safety standards. The study duration was a five-week period; the participants were 7th grade males. This action research addressed the following questions: 1.)To what extent does the new swim curriculum increase students' (a) self-efficacy for swimming, (b) self-efficacy for water safety, (c) perception of swim skills, and (d) perception of water safety skills? 2.) How, and to what extent, do students value different observational learning techniques presented during the swim unit? 3.) To what extent does the new swim curriculum increase students' swimming capabilities? 4.) How does working as a Community of Practice influence implementing an enhanced swim curriculum? 5.) What challenges and improvements do participants report during the enhanced curriculum? A triangulation mixed methods design was used to determine whether observational learning techniques and mini aquatics safety lessons incorporated into the curriculum improved students' swimming ability, self-efficacy, and safety knowledge. Pre-and post-test swim assessments, pre- and post-test surveys, focus group interviews and researcher journal observations provided data for the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to integrate the strengths of the varied forms of research. Cronbach's coefficient α was computed for the reliability of the survey and a multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine whether the new swim curriculum increased students' self-efficacy for swimming, self-efficacy for water safety, perception of swim skills, perception of water safety skills, and swimming capabilities. Results of this study indicated students' self-efficacy and perception of water safety skills increased, students' ability and perception of swimming skills increased, students valued all observational learning techniques, and teachers felt that functioning as a CoP was crucial to the process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ed.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2014

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é a principal causa evitável de morbimortalidade cardiovascular no mundo contemporâneo, principalmente nos países de baixa renda. Avaliações populacionais das taxas de sucesso no controle dessa entidade precisam ser instituídas e continuamente realizadas. A compreensão do comportamento epidemiológico da hipertensão arterial sistêmica em coortes contemporâneas é importante para o planejamento de novas medidas de intervenção populacional. O presente estudo visa, como objetivo primário, a avaliar a eficácia no controle da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e a determinar preditores independentes associados ao melhor controle pressórico, em uma população de hipertensos sob tratamento medicamentoso derivada do Mutirão de Avaliação de Risco Cardiovascular. Como objetivo secundário, o estudo visa a avaliar a taxa de sujeitos sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica que apresentam a primeira medida pressórica alterada, assim como a determinar os preditores independentes desse achado. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional, transversal, em que foram avaliados os participantes do Mutirão de Avaliação de Risco Cardiovascular dos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Foram incluídos nessa análise sujeitos com mais de 18 anos de idade, residentes nos municípios de São Paulo e Campinas. Para responder ao objetivo primário, foram analisados hipertensos com diagnóstico prévio e uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo. Para responder ao objetivo secundário, foram analisados os sujeitos sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão e que não estavam em uso de medicações anti-hipertensivas. Utilizou-se análise multivariada para identificar preditores associados ao controle pressórico. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se 43.647 sujeitos hipertensos em uso de medicação, sendo que 40,9% destes estavam com níveis pressóricos controlados, considerando a meta de pressão arterial sistólica < 140 mmHg e pressão arterial diastólica < 90 mmHg. Entre os hipertensos não controlados, 42,5% apresentaram hipertensão arterial sistêmica em estágios II ou III (pressão arterial sistólica > 160 mmHg ou pressão arterial diastólica > 100 mmHg). Em análise multivariada, mostraram-se preditores independentes para melhor controle pressórico: idade < 60 anos [razão de chance (RC) 1,14, intervalo de confiança (IC) 95% 1,09-1,18], atividade física de moderada intensidade (RC 1,18, IC 95% 1,13-1,23), antecedente de doença cardiovascular (RC 1,09, IC 95% 1,04-1,13) e ingesta de frutas diariamente (RC 1,05, IC 95% 1,01-1,10). Mostraram-se preditores para controle pressórico inadequado: sexo masculino (RC 0,69, IC 95% 0,66-0,72), diabetes (RC 0,83, IC 95% 0,80-0,87), etnia negra (RC 0,88, IC 95% 0,83-0,94) ou parda (RC 0,92, IC 95% 0,87-0,97) em relação à branca e obesidade (RC 0,73, IC 95% 0,70-0,76). Entre 45.021 participantes sem diagnóstico prévio de hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 27,6% apresentaram a primeira medida pressórica elevada (pressão arterial > 140 x 90 mmHg). Mostraram-se preditores independentes para esse achado: sexo masculino (RC 2,05, IC 95% 1,96-2,15), idade > 60 anos (RC 1,88, IC 95% 1,78-1,98), etnia negra (RC 1,15, IC 95% 1,06-1,24) ou parda (RC 1,11, IC 95% 1,06-1,17) em relação à branca, obesidade (RC 2,08, IC 95% 1,98-2,19), diabetes (RC 1,09, IC 95% 1,01-1,18), antecedente de doença cardiovascular (RC 0,91, IC 95% 0,87-0,96) e atividade física de moderada intensidade (RC 0,87, IC 95% 0,83-0,92). CONCLUSÕES: Menos da metade dos hipertensos em tratamento estavam com seus níveis pressóricos controlados. Preditores independentes associados ao controle pressórico foram identificados, sendo três deles modificáveis. Estratégias populacionais devem ser implantadas para o controle efetivo desse importante fator de risco cardiovascular. / INTRODUCTION: Systemic arterial hypertension is the leading avoidable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the contemporary world, mainly in low-income countries. Population evaluation of efficient strategies for blood pressure control should be implemented, and continually evaluated. Epidemiological understanding of systemic arterial hypertension in large cohorts plays important role for planning new interventions in the population level. The study objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of blood pressure control and to determine independent predictors, associated with better blood pressure control, in hypertensive patients on medical treatment from the Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in Sao Paulo and Campinas. The secondary objective is to access the rate of patients without previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension in whom the blood pressure measurement is above recommended values, as well as determining independent predictors related with this finding. METHODS: The study design is an observational cross-sectional strategy in the municipalities of São Paulo and Campinas. Patients over the age of 18 living in São Paulo and Campinas, with previous diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension and use of anti-hypertensive were included. Patients without previous diagnosis of hypertension and not using anti-hypertensive medication were also included. It was conducted a multivariate analysis to identify independent predictors associated with blood pressure control. RESULTS: We identified 43,647 hypertensive subjects on anti-hypertensive treatment. Of these 17,835 (40.9%) had controlled blood pressure levels, considering a target systolic blood pressure <140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg. Among patients with uncontrolled hypertension, 42.5% were categorised as stage II or III hypertension (systolic blood pressure >=160 mmHg or diastolic BP >=100 mmHg). In a multivariate analysis, the following independent predictors were identified indicating better blood pressure control: age< 60 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.14, confidence interval (CI) 95% 1.09-1.18], moderate physical activity (OR 1.18, CI 95% 1.13-1.23), pre-existing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.04-1.13) and daily consumption of fruit (OR 1.05, CI 95% 1.01-1.10). Predictors of poorer BP control were male sex (OR 0.69, CI 95% 0.66-0.72), diabetes mellitus (OR 0.83, CI 95% 0.80-0.87), African ethnicity (OR 0.88, CI 95% 0.83-0.94) or mixed African ethnicity (OR 0.92, CI 95% 0.87- 0.97) when compared to Caucasian ethnicity, obesity (OR 0.73, CI 95% 0.70-0.76). Among 45,021 participants without previous diagnosis of hypertension, 27.6% presented abnormal levels of blood pressure at the first measurement (BP >= 140/90 mmHg). The following independent predictors were identified: male sex (OR 2.05, CI 95% 1.96-2.15), age > 60 years (OR 1.88 CI 95% 1.78-1.98), African ethnicity (OR 1.15, CI 95% 1.06-1.24) or mixed African ethnicity (OR 1.11, CI 95% 1.06-1.17) when compared to Caucasian, obesity (OR 2.08, CI 95% 1.98-2.19), diabetes (OR 1.09, CI 95% 1.01-1.18), previous history of cardiovascular disease (OR 0.91, CI 95% 0.87-0.96) and moderate physical activity (OR 0.87, CI 95% 0.83-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Less than half of hypertensive patients in treatment had controlled blood pressure. Independent predictors associated with blood pressure control were identified and three of them are modifiable. Population strategies should be implemented for effective control of this clinically relevant cardiovascular risk factor.

This reasearch, along the lines on Education end Arts, had as its main goal to analyze and to verify the development of the Multiple Intelligences of Howard Gardner through the Observational Drawing. Along these lines, we have chosen three particular Multiple Intelligences (Spatial, Cinestesic-corporal and Personal - intra and interpersonal), among the eight available intelligences. The reason for selecting them is that they are more appropriated in Arts teaching. The research was carried out considering undergraduate students doing the first grade on the Design Faculty in a private university, located in the city of Xanxerê (SC). The qualitative research was used as the main tool of investigation, supported by school etnography, which relied on active observation, field diary and documental analysis. The data were collected using the drawings elaborated by the students after each proposal presented by the researcher, as well as photos and notes taken by the researcher and students during the meetings. The results are consistent with the initial expectations, showing the role-played by the drawing in developing the multiple intelligences and presenting the distinct processes taken into account to amplify the personal intelligences, Cinestesic-corporal and spatial. / Esta pesquisa, na linha em Educação e Artes, teve como objetivo analisar e verificar o desenvolvimento das Inteligências Múltiplas de Howard Gardner através do Desenho de Observação. Nessa perspectiva, preferiu-se trabalhar a partir de três das oito Inteligências Múltiplas (Espacial, Cinestésico-corporal e Pessoais - intra e interpessoais), pelo fato dessas inteligências serem mais apropriadas ao ensino de Artes. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida com jovens universitários do primeiro semestre do Curso de Design de uma instituição privada de ensino superior localizada no município de Xanxerê (SC). Como meio de investigação foi utilizada a pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como suporte a etnografia escolar efetivada através da observação participante, diário de campo e análise documental. Os dados foram coletados através de desenhos realizados pelos jovens universitários após cada proposta apresentada pela pesquisadora, fotografias e anotações, tanto dos próprios alunos, como da investigadora no decorrer dos encontros. Os resultados supriram as expectativas desta pesquisa, demonstrando a importância do desenho no desenvolvimento das inteligências múltiplas e apresentando processos diferenciados para ampliar as Inteligências Pessoais, cinestésico-corporal e espaciais.

L’apprentissage social améliore les performances non seulement chez l’homme et les primates non humains, mais aussi chez un grand nombre d’espèces. Chez le singe, les corrélats neuronaux de l’apprentissage individuel sont parfaitement connus, mais ceux de l’apprentissage social font cependant défaut, en partie à cause des conditions dans lesquelles il a été étudié, jusqu’à maintenant et qui n’étaient pas compatibles avec les enregistrements neuronaux. Ce travail aborde deux questions d’actualité : Les singes peuvent-ils apprendre par observation dans les conditions contraignantes de l’électrophysiologie ? L’apprentissage social est-il médié par les mêmes mécanismes et circuits cérébraux que l’apprentissage individuel par renforcement ? Nos résultats ont montré que les singes apprennent plus rapidement de l’expérience du model que de leur propre expérience, et que le bénéfice est plus important après observation des erreurs que des succès. L’activité neuronale du cortex préfrontal est modulée de façon parallèle aux résultats comportementaux. Nous proposons que l’apprentissage associatif, qu’il soit basé sur l’expérience individuelle ou celle d’autrui, implique les mêmes réseaux cérébraux incluant les cortex préfrontal, et qu’il est probablement médié par les mêmes mécanismes neuronaux de la prédiction de l’erreur durant l’apprentissage par renforcement. / Social learning improves the performance not only in humans and non-human primates, but in a host of animal species as well. In monkeys, the neuronal correlates of individual learning are well understood, but those of social learning are lacking partly because it has been addressed, so far, in conditions not compatible with neuronal recordings. Do monkeys learn by observation under the constraining conditions of electrophysiology? Is social learning mediated by the same brain circuits and mechanisms as individual, reinforcement based learning? This work addressed these two timely questions. Our findings showed that monkeys learn faster from the model’s experience than from their own experience, and that they benefit more from observed errors than from successes. Neuronal processing of observed errors in the prefrontal cortex parallels this behavioral result. We suggest that associative learning, whether based on individual or others’ experience, involves the same brain networks including prefrontal cortex, and is probably mediated by the same neuronal mechanisms of error prediction during reinforcement-based learning.

The goal of the study was to explore the effect of role models on the self efficacy of the child in the middle childhood years. The focus of the study was on the middle childhood or school years, a critical developmental stage with a proliferation of socialization agents – role models. The researcher was interested in the effect that observational learning (modelling) had on the socialization of the child and more specifically on his/her developing self efficacy beliefs. The researcher identified the lack of relevant literature pertaining to children and relating to the South African context. The rapidly changing global environment and pervasive media exposure of modern living begged investigation regarding the effects on the child. A qualitative approach was used in the study in gaining subjective, experiential rich data from the child’s perspective. A phenomenological research strategy was used as the researcher sought the meaning that the children attach to role models in their lived experience. Applied research characterized the research study. The researcher hoped to enhance the existing available data by adding insight in understanding the child’s subjective experiences, insight that would be of assistance to teachers, parents and helping professionals. - Unstructured one-on-one interviews were chosen as the method of data collection. Eight respondents, four boys and four girls, were selected through purposive, non-probability sampling method with the aim at eliciting relevant and rich data. The theory of social learning proposed by Bandura (1963, 1986) formed the basis of the study. This theory underscores observational learning – both direct tuition and vicarious reinforcement – as the powerful vehicle of socialization of a child. Thus, role models are agents of observational learning; modelling attitudes, values, norms, beliefs and behaviours for ensuing emulation. Self efficacy beliefs are a self evaluation of the individual’s capabilities. These beliefs fuel action since an individual will act and achieve success in accordance with this evaluation. The findings of the study highlighted the effect of significant relationships, role models, on the efficacy beliefs of the child. Peer feedback, acknowledgment and vicarious reinforcement provided by peer relationships was seen as influential in colouring the efficacy beliefs of the respondents. Teacher efficacy was seen as an important factor influencing future learning and the child’s academic success. A relationship that was seen to hold great significance was the parent-child relationship. Parent reaction to the child’s achievement – their praise, motivation and validation – was a crucial factor impacting the efficacy beliefs of the child. The researcher found a general lack of awareness of media influences. Role models are selected, observed, evaluated and integrated by the child as an active member of his/her social world. In conclusion, role models were seen as key figures in the developing efficacy beliefs of the child. Self efficacy beliefs govern the achievement and success of the child. These beliefs are a learned self evaluation. The study highlighted that not all role models have the same significance for the child, hold the same influence. Moreover, observational learning is both direct and indirect, including negative and positive models. / Dissertation (MSD (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Objectives: The EZSCAN is a non-invasive device that, by evaluating sweat gland function, may detect subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis including studies assessing the performance of the EZSCAN for detecting cases of undiagnosed T2DM. Methodology/Principal findings: We searched for observational studies including diagnostic accuracy and performance results assessing EZSCAN for detecting cases of undiagnosed T2DM. OVID (Medline, Embase, Global Health), CINAHL and SCOPUS databases, plus secondary resources, were searched until March 29, 2017. The following keywords were utilized for the systematic searching: type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, EZSCAN, SUDOSCAN, and sudomotor function. Two investigators extracted the information for meta-analysis and assessed the quality of the data using the Revised Version of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) checklist. Pooled estimates were obtained by fitting the logistic-normal random-effects model without covariates but random intercepts and using the Freeman-Tukey Arcsine Transformation to stabilize variances. Heterogeneity was also assessed using the I2 measure. Four studies (n = 7,720) were included, three of them used oral glucose tolerance test as the gold standard. Using Hierarchical Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic model, summary sensitivity was 72.0% (95%CI: 60.0%– 83.0%), whereas specificity was 56.0% (95%CI: 38.0%– 74.0%). Studies were very heterogeneous (I2 for sensitivity: 79.2% and for specificity: 99.1%) regarding the inclusion criteria and bias was present mainly due to participants selection. Conclusions: The sensitivity of EZSCAN for detecting cases of undiagnosed T2DM seems to be acceptable, but evidence of high heterogeneity and participant selection bias was detected in most of the studies included. More studies are needed to evaluate the performance of the EZSCAN for undiagnosed T2DM screening, especially at the population level.

[pt] Nesta dissertação, os documentários Peões e Entreatos, lançados em 2004 e dirigidos por Eduardo Coutinho e João Moreira Salles, respectivamente, servem para uma discussão acerca da complementaridade de suas propostas bem como da possibilidade de vê-los como um filme único. Com modos de representação predominantes diferentes - o cinema-verdade e o cinema de observação -, os filmes se articulam relacionados a um eixo principal de ligação, a trajetória de um operário, um homem comum entre milhares de outros igualmente anônimos, que chega à Presidência da República. É através deste eixo cronológico, que vincula intimamente os dois filmes, que serão levados em consideração os principais teóricos do cinema documentário. / [en] In this thesis, the documentaries Peões and Entreatos, released in 2004 and directed by Eduardo Coutinho and João Moreira Salles, respectfully, are the backdrop for a discussion about the complementarity between these two works. After all, with predominantly different ways of representation - interactive mode and observational mode- , the films articulate related to a main connection, Lula, who was a presidential candidate at the time. The films were shot simultaneously, as part of a same project from Videofilmes, fulfilling an old wishthat the directors would work together, but respecting their personal characteristics. Thus, having such different perspectives, how can they be so closely related? To answer this question, the main theorists of cinema will be considered, considering the characteristics of one another and how to identify if the films can be translated into one.

The objectives of this thesis were to synthesize existing RCT evidence and post-market observational evidence of TNF-α inhibitors in IBD. Two separate systematic reviews were performed: an overview of systematic reviews of RCTs, and a systematic review of post-market observational studies of TNF-α inhibitors in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The overview of systematic reviews included 37 studies. RCT evidence demonstrated superiority of all agents to placebo in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, with no increased risk of malignancy or serious adverse events. Network meta-analyses have not shown superiority of any agent compared to another. The second systematic review included 255 studies. Included studies were deemed to be unamenable to pooling with substantial methodological and clinical diversity. Available evidence is insufficient to determine whether real-world effectiveness and safety is consistent with RCTs, but suggests no increased risk of malignancy and no difference in efficacy between adalimumab and infliximab.