Observational learning (OL) occurs when an individual contacts reinforcement as a direct result of discriminating the observed consequences of other individuals' responses. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may have deficits in observational learning and previous research has demonstrated that teaching a series of prerequisite skills (i.e., attending, imitation, delayed imitation, and consequence discrimination) can result in observational learning. We sequentially taught these prerequisite skills for three young children with ASD across three play-based tasks. We assessed the direct and indirect effects of training by assessing OL before and after instruction across tasks and task variations (for two participants) during both in-vivo and video-model probes using a concurrent multiple-probe design. All participants acquired the prerequisite skills and demonstrated observational learning during probes of directly-trained tasks. Generalization results varied across participants. Observational learning generalized to one untrained task for one participant. For the other two participants, observational learning generalized to variations of the trained tasks but not to untrained tasks. Generalization additionally occurred during the in-vivo probes for both participants for whom we assessed this response. Implications of these findings, as well as directions for future research, are discussed.

Répondre aux questions fondamentales concernant notre compréhension de l’Univers, comme la cause de son expansion accélérée ou la nature de la matière noire, requiert de confronter les théories aux observations. Dans ce contexte, les amas de galaxies peuvent être utilisés comme de puissantes sondes observationnelles. Cependant, à l’heure actuelle, leur utilisation est limitée par des incertitudes et des effets systématiques, qui affectent notamment la mesure de leur masse, que l’on présume dominée par la matière noire. Les amas de galaxies peuvent être étudiés à différentes longueurs d’onde : le gaz chaud qui compose le milieu intra-amas (ICM en anglais) émet des rayons X et est observable dans le domaine millimétrique via l’effet Sunyaev Zel’dovich (SZ), alors que les galaxies rayonnent principalement en optique et infrarouge. Combiner et comparer ces observables permet de réduire les incertitudes et les effets systématiques des contraintes cosmologiques issues des amas. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse a pour but de préparer les grands relevés observationnels du futur comme Euclid et le Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). Elle présente les analyses multi-longueurs d’onde d’un échantillon d’amas détectés en X dans le relevé XXL, couvrant une large gamme de masses et de redshifts. La première partie de cette thèse introduit le contexte cosmologique et présente les propriétés observationnelles des galaxies et amas de galaxies, ainsi que les ingrédients pour construire des échantillons cosmologiques d’amas. La deuxième partie traite de la caractérisation optique des amas XXL et des propriétés de leurs galaxies membres. Nous commençons par la présentation de XXL et du Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS), un relevé optique associé. Ensuite, nous nous concentrons sur la caractérisation de la qualité des redshifts photométriques du CFHTLS et sur leur utilisation pour construire les fonctions de luminosité (LF en anglais) optiques des galaxies d’amas XXL. Il apparaît que la LF des galaxies satellites dépend légèrement de la richesse des amas, le principal proxy de masse en optique, mais ne montre pas d’évolution significative avec le redshift. Ensuite, nous entreprenons l’étude de la couleur et de la fraction de galaxies à noyaux actifs (AGN en anglais) dans les galaxies d’amas XXL et montrons que la masse joue un rôle clé dans la régulation de l’activité de formation stellaire dans les amas. Pour finir, l’algorithme de détection d’amas WaZP est utilisé pour étudier la contrepartie optique des amas XXL. La troisième partie de cette thèse est consacrée au projet observationnel dédié à la cartographie du signal SZ de trois amas XXL distants, avec la camera à haute résolution angulaire NIKA2. La préparation du projet est discutée, en se servant des données optiques et X afin de prédire le signal SZ attendu. Ensuite, nous présentons la procédure d’observation au télescope et la réduction des données, dédiée à la production des cartes SZ étalonnées. Le projet est en cours et un amas, XLSSC102, à z = 0.97, a été observé partiellement. Nous développons ensuite une méthode de détection en aveugle des potentielles galaxies qui peuvent contaminer le signal SZ, permettant la découverte fortuite de galaxies poussiéreuses à haut taux de formation stellaire dans le champ de XLSSC102. La morphologie et l’état dynamique de XLSSC102 sont ensuite caractérisés grâce à la combinaison des données optiques, SZ et X et les profils radiaux de masse et de propriétés thermodynamiques de l’ICM sont mesurés en associant les données X et SZ. Cela permet de montrer que XLSSC102 est un amas en coalescence avec une masse de ∼ 3 × 10^14 Msol et est compatible avec le scénario d’évolution standard de la formation des amas. / Addressing fundamental questions regarding our understanding of the Universe, such as the cause of its accelerated expansion or the nature of dark matter, requires to confront theories and observations. In this context, galaxy clusters can be used as powerful observational probes. However, their current utilisation is limited by uncertainties and systematic effects, notably affecting the measurement of their mass, which is presumably dominated by dark matter.Galaxy clusters can be studied at different wavelengths: the hot gas composing the Intra Cluster Medium (ICM) shines in X-ray and is observable at millimetre wavelengths via the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) effect, whereas galaxies emit principally in the optical and infrared. Combining and comparing these observables allows us to reduce the uncertainties and systematics in the cosmological constraints obtained from clusters. In this context, this thesis aims at paving the way of future large surveys such as Euclid and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. It presents the multi-wavelengths analyses of a sample of clusters detected in X-ray in the XXL survey, spanning a wide range of masses and redshifts. The first part of the thesis introduces the cosmological context and presents the observational properties of galaxies and clusters, and the ingredients to build cosmological cluster samples. The second part concentrates on the optical characterisation of XXL clusters and the properties of their member galaxies. It starts by presenting XXL and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS), an optical counterpart survey. Then, it focuses on the characterisation of the CFHTLS photometric redshifts quality and their use to construct the optical galaxy luminosity functions (LF) of XXL clusters. The LF of satellite galaxies is found to slightly depend on cluster richness, the main optical mass proxy, but no significant redshift evolution is observed. Then, the study of the colour and active galactic nuclei (AGN) fraction in XXL cluster galaxies is performed, finding that the mass plays a key role in shaping AGN and star formation activity in clusters. Finally, the WaZP optical cluster finder algorithm is used to investigate the optical counterparts of XXL clusters. The third part of this thesis is dedicated to the observational project dedicated to the mapping of the SZ signal in three distant XXL clusters, with the high angular resolution NIKA2 camera. The preparation of the project is discussed, making use of the X-ray and optical data to predict the expected SZ signal. Then, the observation procedure at the telescope and the data reduction, dedicated to produce calibrated SZ maps, are presented. The project is still ongoing and one cluster, XLSSC102, at z = 0.97, has been partially observed. The development of the blind detection of galaxies potentially contaminating the SZ signal is developed, allowing for the serendipitous discovery of dusty star forming galaxies in the field of XLSSC102. The morphology and dynamical state of XLSSC102 are then characterised using optical, SZ and X-ray data and the radial ICM thermodynamics and mass profiles are measured combining SZ and X-ray data. This allows us to show that XLSSC102 is a merging cluster with a mass ∼ 3 × 10 14 M, and is compatible with the standard evolution scenario of cluster formation.

This study investigates and aims to capture a new phenomenon: “celebpreneurship”, a new form of entrepreneurship emerged through the celebrification process. Where ordinary individuals transform into celebrities, and become entrepreneurial when they reach certain amount of “well-knowness”, in order to monetize their activities. The empirical data is obtained based on a complete observational study of two exemplary cases dealing with this phenomenon; Chiara Ferragni, the fashion blogger and yTravel Blog, the travel bloggers. Celebpreneurs start to build up networks and communities online through accessible media as blogs and social networking websites, to create awareness and desire among their audience eventually. They follow the effectuation venturing principle to pursue capitals and resources and transform into stabilized causational ventures at a later stage. The commodification and contemporary fame of these individuals are fundamental in the establishments of further entrepreneurial activities. As result, the phenomenon shows the existence of entrepreneurship in different forms and areas, as the celebpreneurs are involved into various brand partnerships, endorsements, product campaigns and even in the creation of own ventures. The contribution of this study is to show how effectuation, community building and celebrification can extend, re-activate and mobilize the classical approach of entrepreneurship.  Keywords: Celebpreneurship, Entrepreneurship, Celebrification, Effectuation and Causation, Celebrity, Capitals, Online Networks, Social Media, Blogging

Consistent high levels of physical activity are necessary for improved health in fitness in all individuals. Children are expected to engage in 60+ minutes a day of physical activity, but most do not meet this level (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Methods to increase physical activity in these populations via social consequences and environmental manipulations have demonstrated efficacy in the past (Larson, Normand, Morley, and Miller, 2013) though primarily in a one-on-one setting. As most children’s opportunities for physical activity occur in group settings (i.e., recess) this study evaluates a possible observational learning approach to increasing physical activity among small play groups of young children via contingent delivery of praise. This study will evaluate the effects of contingent delivery of praise to one child on the physical activity of the entire group. The information obtained may be useful for the development of more effective methods of increasing physical activity in recess settings. Results, their implications, and potential future directions of research are discussed.

Under projektets gång har fem kompositioner skapats utifrån förbestämt utvalda avgränsningar. Resultatet analyserades utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk utifrån Carl Jungs arbete inom den analytiska psykologin. Syftet med studien är att få en förståelse för hur mina skapandeprocesser kan förstås sett ur västerländsk psykologi samt hur lust i skapande kan främjas utifrån avgränsade metoder. Loggbok användes som dokumentationsmetod och analyserades sedan med en tematisk analysmetod. Resultatet presenteras i enskilda teman med underrubriker som besvarar forskningsfrågorna: Hur kan kreativa processer förstås utifrån ett Jungianskt perspektiv? På vilka sätt kan lust till skapande främjas? Arbetet avslutas med diskussion av resultatet i förhållande till studiens valda litteratur, forskning samt det valda teoretiska perspektivet. / During the project five compositions were created within predetermined given limits. The result was analyzed based on Carl Jung's ideas within analytical psychology. The purpose with the study is to gain an understanding how the psyche gets affected within creative processes and to explore how desire to create can be encouraged with help from limited methods. Journaling was used as the documentation method and was then analyzed with a thematic analysis. The results are presented in individual categories with subheadings that answer the research questions: How can creative processes be understood from a Jungian perspective? In what ways can the desire to create be encouraged? The study finishes with a discussion of the result in relation to the studies selected litterature, research and the selected theoretical perspective.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23707号 / 理博第4797号 / 新制||理||1687(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 上田 佳宏, 教授 嶺重 慎, 准教授 岩室 史英 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A graphic design campaign that aims to contribute to a positive attitude regarding mental illness. / <p>Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet</p>

博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Asphalt and concrete reclamation machines are used to cut roadways when a repair is required. The performance of these machines can affect the quality of road repairs, and cost/profitability for both contractors and governments. We believe that several performance characteristics in reclamation machines are governed by the placement and pattern of cutting picks on the cutter head. Previous studies, focused on mining and excavation applications, have shown strong correlation between placement and wear. The following study employs a screening experiment (observational study) to find significant contributors to tool wear, in applications of asphalt milling or reclamation. We have found that picks fail by two primary modes: tip breakage, and body abrasive wear. Results indicate that the circumferential spacing of a bit, relative to neighboring bits, has the strongest effect on tip breakage. We have also shown that bit skew angle has a large positive effect on body abrasive wear.

Life long learning is a machine learning technique that deals with learning sequential tasks over time. It seeks to transfer knowledge from previous learning tasks to new learning tasks in order to increase generalization performance and learning speed. Real-time learning environments in which many agents are participating may provide learning opportunities but they are spread out in time and space outside of the geographical scope of a single learning agent. This research seeks to provide an algorithm and framework for life long learning among a network of agents in a sparse real-time learning environment. This work will utilize the robust knowledge representation of neural networks, and make use of both functional and representational knowledge transfer to accomplish this task. A new generative life long learning algorithm utilizing cascade correlation and reverberating pseudo-rehearsal and incorporating a method for merging divergent life long learning paths will be implemented.