Single subject studies analyze individual behavior identifying how interventions change behavior. Critical to this analysis are repeated baseline measures to identify behavior function and evaluate intervention effects. 40 studies treating child behavior problems between 1997 and 2015 were analyzed. Average student age was 8 years. Most studies used simple frequency counts (47%) of behavior. Baseline observation averaged 42 minutes and 7.4 observations. Most studies (81%) reported no systematic analysis of baseline stability, making it difficult to establish evidence-based effective interventions

Background: Participation is a fundamental concept within healthcare. Specifically vulnerable are patients who are about to undergo surgical procedures. The environment and care within a surgical ward, which is of a highly technogical nature, puts large demands on efforts to create participation for the patient. Aim: The purpose of this research was to investigate how the staff created participation in the care of the patients from when they arrived at the surgery unit until general anesthesia was conducted. Methods: A qualitative observational study was chosen to investigate the aim of the study. A total of twelve observations were performed. Data was collected with field notes and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The results consisted of four main themes; Participation through information, participation through fellowship, participation through encouragement and unestablished or lacking participation. Information were given to make the care and circumstances meaningful and comprehensible. The staff confirmed the patients’ needs and feelings in order to establish a fellowship. Encouraging the patient to use their own knowledge, experiences and physical resources also helped them to participate in their care. Conclusions: Information and fellowship were the dominating factors behind creating participation for the patient in their stay at the surgery unit. More time for planning and preparation before the patient arrives at the surgery unit will help optimize the patients participation until general anesthesia has been conducted / Bakgrund: Delaktighet är ett grundläggande begrepp inom sjukvården. Särskilt utsatta är patienter som ska genomgå kirurgiska ingrepp. Vården och miljön på en operationsavdelning är av en i hög grad teknologisk natur, vilken sätter stora krav i arbetet med att skapa delaktighet för patienten. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur vårdpersonalen skapade delaktighet i omvårdnaden av patienter från mottagandet på operationsavdelningen, tills generell anestesi inletts. Metod: En kvalitativ observationsstudie genomfördes för att svara på studiens syfte.Totalt genomfördes tolv observationer. Datainsamlingen gjordes med fältanteckningar och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet delades in i fyra huvudkategorier; delaktighet genom information, delaktighet genom gemenskap, delaktighet genom uppmuntran och utebliven delaktighet. Patienterna fick information för att göra vården och dess omständigheter meningsfull och förståelig. Vårdpersonalen bekräftade patienternas behov och känslor i syfte att skapa gemenskap. Patienterna uppmuntrades att använda sina egna kunskaper, erfarenheter och fysiska resurser vilket hjälpte dem att vara delaktiga i sin vård. Slutsats: Resultatet i studien visar hur delaktighet för patienten kan skapas på en operationsavdelning innan generell anestesi inletts. Information och gemenskap var de främsta faktorerna i att skapa delaktighet i en högteknologisk miljö som kan vara svår att begripa. För att förbättra patienternas delaktighet i det perioperativa skedet kan tid för förberedelser och planering utökas för att inte försätta vårdpersonalen i intern konflikt mellan olika lojaliteter.

No / Introduction Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) was originally developed as a clinical tool but has attracted interest as a potential observational measure of quality of life (QOL) and well-being of long-term care residents with dementia. DCM coding involves continuous observation over a 6-h period, with observers recording a Behavior Category Code (BCC, a recording of activity/interaction) and a Well/Ill Being (WIB) score at 5 min intervals. Method Descriptive data from several different research teams on the distribution and psychometric properties of DCM data were compiled and summarized. Results Issues and problems identified include: complex scoring algorithms, inter-rater reliability of the BCCs, limited variability of WIB values, associations between resident characteristics and DCM assessments, rater time burden, and comparability of results across study settings. Conclusions Despite the identified limitations, DCM has promise as a research measure, as it may come closer to rating QOL from the perspective of persons with dementia than other available measures. Its utility will depend on the manner in which it is applied and an appreciation of the measure's strength and limitations. Possible changes that might improve the reliability, validity, and practicality of DCM as a research tool include coding the predominant event (rather than the best event), shortening the observation period, and adding 0 as a neutral WIB coding option.

This study investigates and aims to capture a new phenomenon: “celebpreneurship”, a new form of entrepreneurship emerged through the celebrification process. Where ordinary individuals transform into celebrities, and become entrepreneurial when they reach certain amount of “well-knowness”, in order to monetize their activities. The empirical data is obtained based on a complete observational study of two exemplary cases dealing with this phenomenon; Chiara Ferragni, the fashion blogger and yTravel Blog, the travel bloggers. Celebpreneurs start to build up networks and communities online through accessible media as blogs and social networking websites, to create awareness and desire among their audience eventually. They follow the effectuation venturing principle to pursue capitals and resources and transform into stabilized causational ventures at a later stage. The commodification and contemporary fame of these individuals are fundamental in the establishments of further entrepreneurial activities. As result, the phenomenon shows the existence of entrepreneurship in different forms and areas, as the celebpreneurs are involved into various brand partnerships, endorsements, product campaigns and even in the creation of own ventures. The contribution of this study is to show how effectuation, community building and celebrification can extend, re-activate and mobilize the classical approach of entrepreneurship.  Keywords: Celebpreneurship, Entrepreneurship, Celebrification, Effectuation and Causation, Celebrity, Capitals, Online Networks, Social Media, Blogging

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Dans un système de santé avec budget limité, l’efficience des différentes options thérapeutiques doit être comparée afin d’assurer une allocation optimale des ressources. À cette fin, l’analyse coût-utilité (ACU) est privilégiée par les agences d’évaluation des technologies de la santé et requiert des données pharmacoéconomiques telles que les coûts et les scores d’utilité. Toutefois, les données pharmacoéconomiques ne sont pas systématiquement collectées lors des essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR). Lorsqu’elles le sont, elles sont soumises aux limites des ECR affectant ainsi la validité externe des résultats. Cela a mené à l’émergence des études en pratique réelle (real-world evidence studies) comme évidence complémentaire aux ECR aux fins de remboursement. Les données en pratique réelle peuvent être des données primaires (recueillies spécifiquement pour répondre à un objectif particulier) ou des données secondaires (données déjà collectées pour répondre à d’autres objectifs). D’importantes données pharmacoéconomiques, telles que l’utilité, la perte de productivité et les coûts non médicaux, étant généralement manquantes dans les banques de données traditionnelles, les chercheurs en pharmacoéconomie doivent parfois générer leurs propres données. Néanmoins, il n’existe pas de lignes directrices spécifiques pour guider les chercheurs désirant générer des données pharmacoéconomiques en pratique réelle. Le but de cette thèse était d’étudier et contribuer à l’amélioration des pratiques méthodologiques pour la génération de données pharmacoéconomiques en pratique réelle. Précisément, l’objectif du volet 1 était donc de caractériser les pratiques méthodologiques des études collectant des données de pharmacoéconomie et d’évaluer la qualité des résultats obtenus. Une revue systématique de la littérature a permis de confirmer certaines craintes face aux études de pratique réelle, c’est-à-dire le manque de transparence et de crédibilité. Le volet 1 a mis de l’avant le besoin d’améliorer les méthodologies actuelles qui ne produisent pas toujours des résultats robustes, pouvant ainsi affecter la validité et la pertinence des évaluations économiques. Un cadre de recherche spécifique à la collecte de données pharmacoéconomiques en pratique réelle pourrait augmenter la qualité des résultats générés. L’objectif du volet 2 était donc d’identifier les lignes directrices spécifiques à la génération de données d’utilité. Ensuite, d’incorporer les bonnes pratiques méthodologiques dans une boîte à outils destinée spécifiquement aux investigateurs cherchant à générer des valeurs d’utilité en pratique réelle. Bien que cette thèse englobe plus largement l’ensemble des données pharmacoéconomiques, telles que les coûts et l’utilité, la boîte à outils se concentre sur les scores d’utilité uniquement. Il s’agit d’un premier pas vers des lignes directrices officielles fournissant des bonnes pratiques méthodologiques pour la conception et conduite d’études en pharmacoéconomie. Pour ce qui est du volet 3, l’objectif était de mettre en pratique la boîte à outils en rédigeant un protocole de recherche de qualité, pertinent et applicable à la réalité des chercheurs en pratique réelle. Précisément, d’utiliser les recommandations de la boîte à outils afin de mettre en place un devis d’étude et des procédures d’étude qui limitent le risque de biais. Cette thèse contribue à l’avancement des bonnes pratiques et sensibilise la communauté de chercheurs à viser un niveau hiérarchique d’évidence plus élevé. La standardisation des méthodologies pour générer des données pharmacoéconomiques en pratique réelle est un besoin qui demeure non comblé. / In a resource-constrained healthcare system, the effectiveness of various therapeutic interventions must be compared by the means of economic evaluations to ensure optimal resource allocation. The cost-utility analysis (CUA) is favored by health technology assessment (HTA) agencies, and requires health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) data such as costs and utilities. Although they have gained prominence, HEOR data are not systematically collected in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Even if they were, RCTs are well-known to have inherent limitations leading to a low external validity. Consequently, real-world evidence (RWE) studies have been used as complementary evidence in reimbursement decision-making. Real-world data can be primary data (specifically collected to achieve a certain objective) or secondary data (data that have already been collected for other purposes). However, important HEOR data, such as utility scores, productivity and non-medical costs, are not routinely collected in traditional databases. Therefore, HEOR investigators may need to generate their own pharmacoeconomic data. Nevertheless, there is no single guideline for investigators seeking guidance on methodological steps to estimate HEOR data in a real-world setting. The goal of this thesis was to study and improve good practices for HEOR data generation in a real-world setting. Specifically, the objective of the first article was to characterize methodological practices for collecting HEOR data as well as critically appraise the quality of the results. The systematic literature review confirmed concerns about RWE studies, namely the lack of transparency and credibility. The first article highlighted the need for good practices as current methodologies may not generate robust estimates, thereby affecting the validity and relevance of economic evaluations. A research framework specifically designed for HEOR data collection in a real-world setting could help improve the quality of results. Thus, the objective of the second article was to review current recommendations for health state utility (HSU) generation, and incorporate methodological standards into a single toolbox intended for investigators seeking to collect HSU in a real-world setting. Although this thesis broadly encompasses HEOR data, such as costs and utilities, the toolbox focuses on utility scores only. This is a first step toward official guidelines providing good practice recommendations for designing and conducting HEOR studies. As for the third article, the objective was to use the toolbox to develop a study protocol that is relevant, realistic and of good methodological quality. The recommendations of the toolbox were followed to design the study and limit bias. This thesis provides good practices to help generate high quality HEOR estimates, and motivate investigators to improve the level of evidence to be generated. Standardization of RWE studies collecting HSU has yet to come.