An instrument with the ability to image neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) to cosmic redshift will allow the fundamental properties of the Universe to be more precisely determined; in particular the distribution, composition, and evolutionary history of its matter and energy. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is a radio survey telescope conceived with this aim. It will have the observational potential for much further fundamental science, including strong field tests of gravity and general relativity, revealing the origin and history of cosmological re-ionisation and magnetism, direct measures of gravitational radiation, and surveys of the unmapped Universe. And it is the advance of instrumentation that will enable it. This thesis makes three central contributions to radio instrumentation. Digital aperture arrays are a collector technology proposed for the key low- and mid- frequency ranges targeted by the SKA that have the potential to provide both the collecting area and field of view required for deep, efficient all-sky surveys of HI. The 2-Polarisations, All Digital (2-PAD) aperture array is an instrumental pathfinder for the SKA, novel in being a densely-spaced, wide-band aperture array that performs discrete signal filtering entirely digitally. The digital design of the 2-PAD radio receiver and the deployment of the aperture array and signal processing system at Jodrell Bank Radio Observatory is detailed in this thesis. The problem of element anisotropy in small arrays, the atomic unit of the SKA station array, ultimately affects beam quality. Addressing this issue, a metaheuristic digital beam-shape optimisation technique is applied to a small beamformed array, and is shown to outperform traditional analytic solutions. Digital processing for aperture arrays is challenging. A qualitative framework shows that energy, computational and communication requirements demand optimised processing architectures. A quantitative model reveals the physical limitations on architecture choice. An energy-optimised architecture, the IBM BIT integer array processor, is investigated in detail; a cycle-accurate architectural simulator and programming language are developed and used to build signal processing algorithms on the array architecture.

We present the all-sky Planck catalogue of Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) sources detected from the 29 month full-mission data. The catalogue (PSZ2) is the largest SZ-selected sample of galaxy clusters yet produced and the deepest systematic all-sky survey of galaxy clusters. It contains 1653 detections, of which 1203 are confirmed clusters with identified counterparts in external data sets, and is the first SZ-selected cluster survey containing > 10(3) confirmed clusters. We present a detailed analysis of the survey selection function in terms of its completeness and statistical reliability, placing a lower limit of 83% on the purity. Using simulations, we find that the estimates of the SZ strength parameter Y-5R500 are robust to pressure-profile variation and beam systematics, but accurate conversion to Y-500 requires the use of prior information on the cluster extent. We describe the multi-wavelength search for counterparts in ancillary data, which makes use of radio, microwave, infra-red, optical, and X-ray data sets, and which places emphasis on the robustness of the counterpart match. We discuss the physical properties of the new sample and identify a population of low-redshift X-ray under-luminous clusters revealed by SZ selection. These objects appear in optical and SZ surveys with consistent properties for their mass, but are almost absent from ROSAT X-ray selected samples.

Data analysis of SYNOP observations was made for investigation of stratus formation in rain. The aim was to find connections between meteorological parameters in the different states of rain to develop a forecast method. 1594 cases of rainfall from the four stations Luleå, Uppsala, Linköping and Såtenäs, Sweden were analysed, 974 cases include stratus formation in rain and the other 620 cases are without stratus formation. The investigation focused on the meteorological parameters wind direction, wind speed, relative humidity, visibility, cloud base height and rain intensity. As rain intensity was not explicitly included in the SYNOP observations it could not be taken as a governing parameter, but classification of the data into four groups of different rain intensity was possible. Also time was a parameter for the investigation. The results show that a more detailed investigation should be made to eliminate several influences of other parameters, for example of radiation or soil conditions. Thus it was too difficult to develop a forecast method for the formation of stratus in rain, but suggestions for further investigations and the development of a numerical model only are made. / En dataanalys av SYNOP-observationer genomfördes för undersökning av stratusbildning i regn. Målet var att hitta samband mellan de meteorologiska parametrarna i olika regntillstånden för att utveckla en prognosmetod. 1594 regntillfällen från fyra stationer, Luleå, Uppsala, Linköping och Såtenäs, analyserades. 974 tillfällen innehåller stratusbildning i regn och de andra 620 tillfällena visar ingen stratusbildning. Undersökningen koncentrerades på de meteorologiska parametrarna vindriktning, vindhastighet, relativ fuktighet, sikt, molnhöjd och regnintensitet. Eftersom regnintensiteten inte var beskriven i SYNOP-observationer kunde den inte tas med som parameter i analysena. Det gick att indela datan i fyra grupper med olika regnintensitet. Tid var också en parameter i den här unders- ökningen. Resultater visar att det behövs en noggrannare undersökning för kunna eliminera påverkan av andra parametrar som till exempel strålning eller marktillstånd. Det var därför för svårt att utveckla en prognosmetod för stratusbildning i regn, så förslag har bara gjorts för vidare undersökningar och utveckling av en numerisk modell. / Für die Untersuchung der Stratusbildung im Regen wurde eine Analyse von SYNOP-Daten durchgeführt. Ziel war es, Zusammenhänge zwischen meteorologischen Parametern in den verschiedenen Stadien von Regen zu finden, um eine Vorhersagemethode zu entwickeln. Es wurden 1594 Regen- F¨alle von den Stationen Luleå, Uppsala, Linköping und Såtenäs in Schweden analysiert, von denen 974 Fälle Stratusbildung in Regen beinhalten. Die anderen 620 Fälle zeigen keine Stratusbildung. Die Untersuchung konzentrierte sich auf die meteorologischen Parameter Windrichtung, Windgeschwindigkeit, relative Feuchte, Sicht, Wolkenhöhe und Regenintensität. Da die Regenintensität nicht direkt in den SYNOP Beobachtungen gemessen wurde, konnte sie nicht als steuernder Parameter verwendet werden, sondern diente nur zur Einteilung der Daten in vier Gruppen verschiedener Regenintensität. Die Zeit ging als ein weiterer Parameter in diese Untersuchung ein. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine genauere Untersuchung durchgeführt werden sollte, um unterschiedliche Einflüsse anderer Parameter, wie zum Beispiel Strahlung oder Bodenbeschaffenheit, auszuschließen. Wegen der zu großen Unsicherheiten war es zu schwer, eine Prognosemethode f¨ur die Stratusbildung im Regen zu entwickeln. Deswegen wurden Vorschläge für weitere Untersuchungen und f¨ur die Entwicklung eines numerischen Modells gegeben.

by Chiu Yiu Ming. / Thesis (M.Ph.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves 127-129.

by Man-lai Tang. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter PART I ： --- ANALYSIS OF DATA WITH POLYTOMOUS VARIABLES --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Estimation of the Model with Incomplete Data --- p.5 / Chapter §2.1 --- The Model --- p.5 / Chapter §2.2 --- Two-stage Estimation Method --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Generalization to Several Populations --- p.16 / Chapter §3.1 --- The Model --- p.16 / Chapter §3.2 --- Two-stage Estimation Method --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Computation of the Estimates --- p.23 / Chapter §4.1 --- Maximum Likelihood Estimates in Stage I --- p.23 / Chapter §4.2 --- Generalized Least Squares Estimates in Stage II --- p.27 / Chapter §4.3 --- Approximation for the weight matrix W --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Some Illustrative Examples --- p.31 / Chapter §5.1 --- Single Population --- p.31 / Chapter §5.2 --- Multisample --- p.37 / Chapter PART II ： --- ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS AND POLYTOMOUS VARIABLES --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Introduction --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Several Populations Structural Equation Models with Continuous and Polytomous Variables --- p.44 / Chapter §7.1 --- The Model --- p.44 / Chapter §7.2 --- Analysis of the Model --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Analysis of Structural Equation Models of Polytomous and Continuous Variables with Incomplete Data by Multisample Technique --- p.54 / Chapter §8.1 --- Motivation --- p.54 / Chapter §8.2 --- The Model --- p.55 / Chapter §8.3 --- The Method --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 9 --- Computation of the Estimates --- p.60 / Chapter §9.1 --- Optimization Procedure --- p.60 / Chapter §9.2 --- Derivatives --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 10 --- Some Illustrative Examples --- p.65 / Chapter §10.1 --- Multisample Example --- p.65 / Chapter §10.2 --- Incomplete Data Example --- p.67 / Chapter §10.3 --- The LISREL Program --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 11 --- Conclusion --- p.71 / Tables --- p.73 / Appendix --- p.85 / References --- p.89

by Kwan-Moon Leung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 77-79. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Estimation of the Model with Some Polytomous Entries Missed --- p.5 / Chapter §2.1 --- The Model --- p.5 / Chapter §2.2 --- Full Maximum Likelihood (FML) Estimation --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Estimation of the Model with Some Continuous and Polytomous Entries Missed --- p.13 / Chapter §3.1 --- The Model --- p.13 / Chapter §3.2 --- Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PsML) Estimation --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Indirect Methods --- p.19 / Chapter §4.1 --- Listwise Deletion Method --- p.19 / Chapter §4.2 --- Mean Imputation Method --- p.19 / Chapter §4.3 --- Regression Imputation Method --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Computation of the Estimates --- p.23 / Chapter §5.1 --- Optimization Procedure --- p.23 / Chapter §5.2 --- Starting Value and Gradient Vector of the Model with Some Polytomous Entries Missed --- p.25 / Chapter §5.3 --- Starting Value and Gradient Vector of the Model with Some Continuous and Polytomous Entries Missed --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Partition Maximum Likelihood (PML) Estimation --- p.35 / Chapter §6.1 --- Motivation --- p.35 / Chapter §6.2 --- PML Procedure of the Model with Some Polytomous Entries Missed --- p.35 / Chapter §6.3 --- PML Procedure of the Model with Some Continuous and Polytomous Entries Missed --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Simulation Studies and Comparison --- p.39 / Chapter §7.1 --- Simulation Study I --- p.39 / Chapter §7.2 --- Simulation Study II --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Summary and Discussion --- p.43 / Tables / Appendix / References

Atmospheric turbulence results taken on the Antarctic plateau are presented in this thesis. Covering two high sites: South Pole and Dome C, this work describes their seeing and meteorological conditions. Using an acoustic sounder to study the turbulence profile of the first kilo- metre of the atmosphere and a Differential Image Motion Monitor (DIMM) to investigate the integrated seeing we are able to deduce important at- mospheric parameters such as the Fried parameter (r0) and the isoplanatic angle (??0). It was found that at the two sites, the free atmosphere (above the first kilometer) was extremely stable and contributed between 0.2" and 0.3" of the total seeing with no evidence of jet or vortex peaks of strong turbulence. The boundary layer turbulence is what differentiates the two sites. Located on the Western flank of the plateau, the South Pole is prone to katabatic winds. Dome C on the other hand is on a local maximum of the plateau and the wind conditions are amongst the calmest in the world. Also linked to the topography is the vertical extent of the temperature in- version that is required to create optical turbulence. At the South Pole the inversion reaches 300 m and only 30 m at Dome C. This difference results in relatively poor seeing conditions at the South Pole (1.8") and excellent at Dome C (0.27"). The strong correlation between the seeing and the ground layer meteorological conditions indicates that even better seeing could be found at Dome A, the highest point of the plateau. Having most of the turbulence near the ground is also incredibly ad- vantageous for adaptive optics. The isoplanatic angle is respectively 3.3" and 5.7" for the South Pole and Dome C. This is significantly larger than at temperate sites where the average isoplanatic angle rarely exceeds 2". This means that wider fields can be corrected without the complication of conjugation to specific layers. For such purpose the potential is even more interesting. We show that ground conjugated adaptive optics would decrease the natural seeing to 0.22" for a wide field of 10 and 0.47" for a field of 1" at the South Pole. At Dome C the results are less impressive due to the already excellent seeing, but a gain of 0.1&quote can still be achieved over 1&quote. These results show that high angular resolution observations can be done better on the Antarctic plateau than any other known site.

Typescript (photocopy) / ix, 171 leaves, 2 leaves of plates : ill. ; 30cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physics, 1980

<p><p> <strong>Abstract</strong></p></p><p> <strong>Titel: </strong>Terms of endearment: A study on how strangers are addressed in Northern Ireland and Ireland</p><p><strong>Författare: </strong>Kristina SkagerströmEngelska C, 2009</p><p> </p><p><strong>Antal sidor: 16</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>The aim of this study was to find out whether<strong> </strong>terms of endearment are used by native speakers of English while addressing strangers and if so, what are the reasons? Another aspect is if they use familiar body language while addressing a stranger. This study was carried out based on a number of observations in Northern Ireland and Ireland.</p><p>Since the aim of the study was to see why terms of endearments are used the researcher needed the help of a male observer to see if the reasons were gender related. Nine restaurants of different social class were visited, nine stores of different social class, the observers spoke to nine taxi drivers, they visited nine hotels of different social class; and asked nine people for directions in the street.</p><p> The results showed that no young people addressed either of the observers with terms of endearment. There was no difference in social class. There was a big difference in how the male and the female observer were addressed by people over the age of 40. While the male observer was addressed very polite, the female observer was addressed with a very informal speech were the participants used terms of endearments such as "love" and touched her on the shoulder.</p><p> <strong>Nyckelord: Terms of endearment, Northern Ireland, Ireland, Observations</strong></p>

Eight years (1980-87) of twice-daily high-resolution radiosonde data from a tropical mid-Pacific island station are analyzed to generate time series of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) top pressure, an ageostrophic parameter (related to the divergence), and a parameter of mean PBL specific humidity. Sample spectra of these time series are calculated along with a spectra for nighttime outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data (centered at a gridpoint near the island station) and compared in order to investigate the relationship between the ageostrophy and dynamical phenomena of the tropical Pacific. Methods of boundary layer top diagnosis are compared. Data derived methods include temperature inversion detection, humidity jump detection, and wind shear detection. The model based diagnosis method uses a Richardson number scheme. Comparisons between data derived methods and model based methods show good agreement. Correlation coefficients for comparisons are all above 0.91. In each sample spectra, the dominant peak corresponds to the frequency of the annual cycle. With an estimated annual cycle removed from each of the time series the nighttime (12 GMT) sample spectra for PBL top pressure shows a peak at a frequency that corresponds to the 30-60 day Intraseasonal Oscillation (ISO). Removal of an estimated annual cycle was unsuccessful for the daytime (0 GMT) sample spectra for PBL top pressure, PBL mean specific humidity, and the ageostrophic parameter. Sample spectra of the ageostrophic parameter show peaks in the ISO frequency range for both 12 GMT and 0 GMT even before removal of the annual cycle was attempted. The ISO range peaks remained in the 12 GMT ageostrophic parameter spectrum when the annual cycle was successfully removed. The nighttime OLR spectrum is dominated by the annual cycle peak and its harmonics. The OLR spectrum also shows a significant peak in the ISO range of periods. Removal of an estimated annual cycle intensifies the peak in the ISO range. The ageostrophic parameter time series is compared to the results of an EOF analysis performed on the same 8 years of radiosonde humidity measurements. The first three EOF modes of specific humidity give sample spectra which are dominated by the annual cycle. With the annual cycle removed the sample spectra of the first and third EOF modes of specific humidity both show significant peaks in the ISO frequency range, while the second EOF mode sample spectrum is dominated by two peaks at frequencies corresponding to periods of approximately 4 and 5 months. The presence of common frequencies in the ISO range of the power spectra of the ageostrophic parameter (a measure of divergence), the nighttime OLR (a measure of deep convection), the nighttime planetary boundary layer top, and the first EOF mode of specific humidity, lends support to theories that relate the ISO to the interaction of dynamics and moist processes. / Graduation date: 1995