Cheung Kai-chee. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong. / Bibliography: leaves [32]-[36] (2d group)

by Leung Kwok-ying. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-89). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.1 / Acknowledgments --- p.5 / Content --- p.6 / List of Tables --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Education as an investment --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- Economic growth of Hong Kong --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Education expansion of Hong Kong --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Researchroblems of this study --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Research Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Cost and benefit --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Mincer's schooling model --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3 --- Analysis framework of this study --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data set --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results and Interpretations / Chapter 4.1 --- Rates of return over time --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Effect of field of education --- p.50 / Chapter 4.3 --- Effect of field of Work --- p.56 / Chapter 4.4 --- Effect of matched/mismatched employment --- p.59 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effect of matched education for different work field --- p.63 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effect of matched work field for different education field --- p.65 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Relative effect of education field and work field --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations of this study --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3 --- Further discussion --- p.76 / Chapter 5.4 --- Suggestion on further investigation --- p.79 / References --- p.81 / Appendix / Chapter 1 --- Average annual growth rate of Hong Kong in 1967-1991 --- p.90 / Chapter 2 --- Summarized rates of return bysacharopoulos --- p.91 / Chapter 3 --- Comparable over time returns to investment in education in selected countries --- p.92 / Chapter 4 --- Mincer rates of return in Republic of Korea --- p.93 / Chapter 5 --- Selection of the overtaking cohort --- p.94 / Chapter 6 --- "Number of university graduates in 1976，1981, 1986 and 1991" --- p.95 / Chapter 7 --- "Average monthly salary of university graduates in 1976,1981, 1986 and 1991." --- p.98 / Chapter 8 --- Summary of variables in this study --- p.99 / Chapter 9 --- Data treatments of this study --- p.101

近年來，全球經濟動盪的衝擊與中國社會的急速變遷，為大學生職業生涯發展帶來了種種挑戰。其中，“生涯決策困難與“低水平職業承諾為兩大凸顯的就業問題，使得“生涯應變力素質的培養成為迫切課題；但相關本土化研究卻極為匱乏。本研究基於生涯發展理論（Super, 1957, 1969, 1980, 1984, 1990），旨在探索“父母期望與“孝道觀念，作為華人核心的家庭文化價值，如何影響大學生在應變力、決策困難及職業承諾方面的發展。來自上海18所高校的877名大學生（平均年齡21歲，男生占38.9%，女生占61.1%）填寫了《符合父母期望量表, LPEI》《與生涯有關的孝道觀念量表, C-FPS》《生涯應變力量表, CAAI》《情緒-人格生涯決策困難量表, EPCD》與《職業選擇承諾量表, CCCS》。研究結果顯示，父母期望與孝道觀念通過生涯應變能力影響決策困難及承諾形成的結構模型得到了很好的實證支持。另外，父母期望與孝道對職業生涯均有雙向作用，一方面會促進生涯應變力的發展，而另一方面也可能增加生涯決策過程中的困難體驗、導致低水平的職業承諾與趨於封閉的職業選擇。同時，孝道觀念在父母期望與職業發展之間表現出顯著的中介效應。最後，對本研究在華人生涯發展方面的理論及實踐意義進行了闡述，并對未來研究方向作出了展望（499字）。 / In recent years, the vagaries of global economy and rapid social transformation bring great challenges to university students. Graduates’ difficulty in employment has becoming one of the hottest issues in China. The difficulty of career decision-making and low level of career commitment emerging as two urgent employment problems, call for attention on the development of career adaptability. However, little research has identified key culture-related factors influencing such problems. Based on career developmental theory (Super, 1957, 1969, 1980, 1984, 1990), this study aimed to investigate how parental expectation and filial piety, the core familial values of Asian culture, have impact on university students’ career adaptability, career decision-making difficulties and career choice commitment. Participants included 877 undergraduates from 18 universities and colleges in Shanghai (age{U+2090}{U+0076}{U+0065}{U+0072}{U+0061}{U+0067}{U+0065} = 21, N{U+006d}{U+0061}{U+006c}{U+0065} = 341, N{U+0066}{U+0065}{U+006d}{U+0061}{U+0069}{U+0065} = 536). They completed Living-up to Parental Expectation Inventory, Career-related Filial Piety Scale, Career Adapt-Ability Inventory, Emotional and Personality-related Career decision-making Difficulties, and Commitment to Career Choice Scale. The data empirically supported hypothesized model that perceived parental expectation and filial piety influence career decision-making difficulty and career commitment through career adaptability very well. The results also revealed double-effect of perceived parental expectation and filial piety, as well as the significant mediating effect of the latter on career development. The theoretical and practical implication of Chinese career guidance was discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李希希. / "2013年05月". / "2013 nian 5 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-199). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Li Xixi. / Chapter 第一章 --- 研究概述 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- 當前中國大學生職業生涯發展的本土境遇與挑戰 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- 求學-工作轉折期的特殊發展任務 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- 華人家庭情境因素對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究目的與研究問題 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究的重要性 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 理論方面 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- 實踐方面 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- 關于大學生職業生涯發展的文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 關于生涯應變力的文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- 生涯應變力的概念內涵及其理論背景 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- 關于生涯應變力的實證研究 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- 關于生涯應變力文獻回顧的小結 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 關于生涯决策困難的文獻綜述 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- 生涯决策困難的概念化 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- 關于生涯决策困難的相關實證研究 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- 關于生涯决策困難文獻回顧的小結 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 關於職業承諾的文獻綜述 --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- 職業承諾的概念界定與二維度模型 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- 關于職業承諾的實證研究 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- 關于職業承諾文獻綜述的小結 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2 --- 關于家庭情境因素影響大學生職業生涯發展的文獻綜述 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 依戀關係對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- 依戀關係對生涯選擇的影響 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- 依戀關係對生涯探索的影響 --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- 依戀關係對生涯追求與生涯决策的影響 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- 關于依戀關係的小結 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 父母支持對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- 父母支持對職業效能感的影響 --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- 父母支持對生涯抱負的影響 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- 父母支持對生涯探索與决策困難的影響 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- 關于父母支持的小結 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- 父母期望對教育抱負與生涯抱負的影響 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- 父母期望對生涯選擇與生涯决策的影響 --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- 父母期望對生涯成就的影響 --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- 關于父母期望的小結 --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- 孝道觀念的概念化發展 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- 關于孝道觀念的實證研究 --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- 關于孝道觀念文獻回顧的小結 --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- 集體主義衝突對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- 集體主義衝突的概念化與中西文化價值的存 --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- 家庭情境中的集體主義衝突:孝道對父母期望的矛盾回應 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- 關于集體主義衝突的小結 --- p.72 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究問題與研究假設 --- p.74 / Chapter 第四章 --- 測量工具的信效度檢驗 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1 --- 信效度檢驗樣本 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- 研究程序與數據分析 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- 信效度檢驗方法及標準界定 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 信度分析 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 因素效度分析及等同性檢驗 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- 測量工具的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- 對生涯應變力量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- 對生涯决策困難量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 對職業選擇承諾量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4.3.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- 對符合父母期望量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- 對孝道觀念量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5 --- 對測量工具信效度檢驗的小結 --- p.114 / Chapter 第五章 --- 研究結果 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.1 --- 研究樣本 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2 --- 交互樣本信效度檢驗結果 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3 --- 數據分析方法 --- p.116 / Chapter 5.4 --- 對職業生涯變量與家庭情境變量的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 對生涯應變力的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 對生涯决策困難的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 對職業承諾傾向與封閉傾向的描述性分析 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- 對感知到的父母期望的描述性分析 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- 對孝道觀念的描述性分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5 --- 對職業生涯變量與家庭情境變量的相關分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- 職業生涯變量之間的相關分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- 父母期望與職業生涯變量的相關分析 --- p.124 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- 孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的相關分析 --- p.126 / Chapter 5.6 --- 對父母期望、孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的結構模型檢驗 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- 父母期望、孝道觀念與應變力、决策困難與承諾傾向的結構模型 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- 父母期望、孝道觀念與應變力、决策困難與封閉傾向的結構模型 --- p.128 / Chapter 5.7 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業生涯變量之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.129 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯應變力之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.133 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯决策困難之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.133 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業選擇承諾之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.135 / Chapter 5.8 --- 父母期望與孝道觀念對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.139 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.139 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.143 / Chapter 5.9 --- 生涯應變力對决策困難與職業選擇承諾的預測作用 --- p.144 / Chapter 5.9.1 --- 生涯應變力對决策困難的預測作用 --- p.144 / Chapter 5.9.2 --- 生涯應變力對職業選擇承諾的預測作用 --- p.147 / Chapter 5.10 --- 關于研究結果的小結 --- p.150 / Chapter 第六章 --- 研究討論 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.1 --- 性別及年級的影響 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.2 --- 生涯應變力對生涯决策困難與低職業承諾的積極保護效應 --- p.154 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 生涯應變力對生涯决策困難的緩解作用 --- p.154 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 生涯應變力對低職業承諾的保護作用 --- p.156 / Chapter 6.3 --- 父母期望與孝道觀念是職業生涯發展的“雙刃劍 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的雙向影響 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的積極影響 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1.2 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的消極影響 --- p.159 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的促進或阻礙作用 --- p.160 / Chapter 6.3.2.1 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的促進作用 --- p.160 / Chapter 6.3.2.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的阻礙作用 --- p.162 / Chapter 6.4 --- 孝道觀念具有關鍵性的中介效應 --- p.163 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯應變力之間的中介效應 --- p.164 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯决策困難之間的中介效應 --- p.164 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業選擇承諾之間的中介效應 --- p.165 / Chapter 6.5 --- 探討父母期望、孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的整合模型 --- p.166 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- 父母期望、孝道與應變力、决策困難、職業承諾的整合模型 --- p.166 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- 父母期望、孝道與應變力、决策困難、職業封閉的整合模型 --- p.167 / Chapter 第七章 --- 研究總結與未來展望 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.1 --- 研究總結 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.2 --- 研究意義 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.3 --- 未來研究展望 --- p.171 / Chapter 7.4 --- 研究局限 --- p.173 / 參考文獻 --- p.174 / 附錄 --- p.199

Wong Shun-wah. / Thesis submitted on: December 2002. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 84-91). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Contents --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Empirical Puzzle and Theoretical Questions / Chapter 1.2 --- Casing a Case: Hospital as a Critical Case for Studying Gender and Professional Authority / Chapter 1.3 --- The Methodology / Chapter 1.4 --- Overview of the Thesis / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review and Theoretical Framework --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- Professional dominance and Professional Dependency / Chapter 2.2 --- Enthographic Studies of Resistance / Chapter 2.3 --- Gender and Organization / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Gendering Occupation in the Health Care Sector and the Gendered Occupational Structure of Hospitals --- p.16 / Chapter 3.1 --- Gender Segregation in the Health Care Workplace / Chapter 3.2 --- Hospital Setting: A Gendered Organization / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Resistance of Nurses --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- Resistance Strategies of Women Nurses Mothering Gossip Symbolic Giving Explicit Resistance / Chapter 4.2 --- Strategies of Men Nurses: Resistance and Dilemma / Chapter 4.3 --- Divided and Not Organized / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Restrictive Authority of Doctors --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Dependency of Doctors on Nurses in the Gendered Organizational Structure of Hospital / Chapter 5.2 --- Men Doctors' Means to Gain the Compliance of Nurses / Chapter 5.3 --- Women Doctors' Means to Gain the Compliance of Nurses / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.80 / Chapter 6.1 --- The Consequences of the resistance of women nurses: Accommodation and the Reproduction of Gender / Chapter 6.2 --- The Contribution of this Research and Issues for Future Study / Bibliography --- p.84

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Sociology / Master / Master of Philosophy

While striving for excellence in an increasingly market-dominated, multicultural, multilingual, service-oriented, and globalised society, language practitioners – translators, text editors, interpreters, audio describers, sign language interpreters and subtitlers – in South Africa and Flanders find themselves under increasing pressure to defend the professional status of their work, and to justify the conception of their different occupations as a homogenous profession. Given the cultural and mediatory role of the language practitioner in this decentralised, dynamic, complex, and virtual market, the professionalization of language practitioners is rapidly developing into a matter that needs urgent academic consideration. Scientific and multidisciplinary research on the occupations collectively and colloquially referred to as the “language professions”, or more academic, language practice, is therefore currently of the utmost importance and relevance to ensure market-related expert language services. Unquestionably, without such research language practice cannot become a bona fide profession. From the point of view of the sociology of professions, language practitioners are an extreme example of an understudied professional occupation (Sela-Sheffy & Schlesinger, 2011). By focusing attention on the marginal status of the language occupations (which persists despite the ever-increasing need for professionalized expert language services in a globalised multilingual and multicultural world), this research project aims to identify the perceived impediments to desired professional status for language practice, thereby creating a more systematic basis for future professionalization endeavour. The sociological literature on the professions as manifest in the functional, interactional and conflict approaches of Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx, as well as a critical, postmodern approach offers a body of history and theory of the development of modern professions and their attributes. The service ideal; a viable income congruous with expert status; occupational autonomy and monopoly; career oriented training and continuing education; professional training institutions; professional bodies; ethics, and jurisdiction (see for example Abbott, 1988; Barber, 1963; Freidson, 1983, 1994; Goode, 1969; Hughes, 1963; Larson, 1977; Macdonald, 1995; Torstendahl & Burrage, 1990; Wilensky, 1964) are attributes unique to the “true profession”. These characteristics served as the matrix to establish a framework for the prototypical profession whereby the current professional status of language practitioners in South Africa and Flanders could be ascertained, and a formal language practice “professional project” initiated. Using the “professional project” (Larson, 1977) as a conceptual tool advantageously establishes the concrete, historically bounded character of the professions as empirical entities (Witz, 1992:64) within the context of three different approaches to categorisation as described in this project: the classical model, the critical model, and the prototype model. The identification of perceived obstacles to the professionalization of language practice as per the literature provided the context for a comparative appraisal of the current professional state of affairs of language practitioners in South Africa and Flanders. An objective investigation into the character of these obstacles revealed the catalyst opportunities inherent in the alleged barriers to professionalization. This perspective provides a rational framework for the implementation of essential measures to augment a viable professional project of language practitioners in general. / Thesis (PhD (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

While striving for excellence in an increasingly market-dominated, multicultural, multilingual, service-oriented, and globalised society, language practitioners – translators, text editors, interpreters, audio describers, sign language interpreters and subtitlers – in South Africa and Flanders find themselves under increasing pressure to defend the professional status of their work, and to justify the conception of their different occupations as a homogenous profession. Given the cultural and mediatory role of the language practitioner in this decentralised, dynamic, complex, and virtual market, the professionalization of language practitioners is rapidly developing into a matter that needs urgent academic consideration. Scientific and multidisciplinary research on the occupations collectively and colloquially referred to as the “language professions”, or more academic, language practice, is therefore currently of the utmost importance and relevance to ensure market-related expert language services. Unquestionably, without such research language practice cannot become a bona fide profession. From the point of view of the sociology of professions, language practitioners are an extreme example of an understudied professional occupation (Sela-Sheffy & Schlesinger, 2011). By focusing attention on the marginal status of the language occupations (which persists despite the ever-increasing need for professionalized expert language services in a globalised multilingual and multicultural world), this research project aims to identify the perceived impediments to desired professional status for language practice, thereby creating a more systematic basis for future professionalization endeavour. The sociological literature on the professions as manifest in the functional, interactional and conflict approaches of Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Karl Marx, as well as a critical, postmodern approach offers a body of history and theory of the development of modern professions and their attributes. The service ideal; a viable income congruous with expert status; occupational autonomy and monopoly; career oriented training and continuing education; professional training institutions; professional bodies; ethics, and jurisdiction (see for example Abbott, 1988; Barber, 1963; Freidson, 1983, 1994; Goode, 1969; Hughes, 1963; Larson, 1977; Macdonald, 1995; Torstendahl & Burrage, 1990; Wilensky, 1964) are attributes unique to the “true profession”. These characteristics served as the matrix to establish a framework for the prototypical profession whereby the current professional status of language practitioners in South Africa and Flanders could be ascertained, and a formal language practice “professional project” initiated. Using the “professional project” (Larson, 1977) as a conceptual tool advantageously establishes the concrete, historically bounded character of the professions as empirical entities (Witz, 1992:64) within the context of three different approaches to categorisation as described in this project: the classical model, the critical model, and the prototype model. The identification of perceived obstacles to the professionalization of language practice as per the literature provided the context for a comparative appraisal of the current professional state of affairs of language practitioners in South Africa and Flanders. An objective investigation into the character of these obstacles revealed the catalyst opportunities inherent in the alleged barriers to professionalization. This perspective provides a rational framework for the implementation of essential measures to augment a viable professional project of language practitioners in general. / Thesis (PhD (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

De quelle manière l’urbanisme opérationnel se confronte-t-il aux les évolutions contemporaines des mouvements urbains de contestation et des rhétoriques politiques sur le développement durable et participatif ? Cette thèse part du constat d’un processus d’institutionnalisation en cours depuis les années 1970 de plusieurs mouvements sociaux et critiques de l’urbanisme promouvant la place des citadins dans la construction de la ville. Ce processus est analysé et situé à travers une ethnographie menée dans le contexte emblématique des transformations récentes du Nord-Est de la métropole parisienne. Le pari de ce travail est de mettre en place une observation de situations d’interaction entre groupes d’acteurs qui sont généralement regardés séparément : les associations impliquées dans des processus de concertation, les groupes engagés dans l’occupation d’espaces en friche, les décideurs et techniciens des grands projets d’aménagement urbain, les collectifs d’artistes et architectes promouvant l’art urbain et la participation. À travers l’analyse des justifications et des (més)ententes que ces acteurs mobilisent dans la négociation autour des projets en cours, ce qui se profile est la naissance de formes de contre-pouvoirs instituées. Ces dernières sont encadrées dans des dispositifs qui agissent sur la valorisation de l’incertitude dans les imaginaires urbains, sur l’affirmation ambiguë de la catégorie de l’« habitant » comme sujet-objet de la transformation et sur la construction de temporalités intercalaires et événementielles comme nouveaux paradigmes de la planification. Ce qui résulte de notre analyse est un questionnement autour des convergences entre autogestion libertaire et néolibéralisme urbain, et autour du rapport entre urbanisme technique et critique urbaine. / In which way is urbanism confronting both the evolution taking place in contemporary urban movements and the simultaneous growth of political rhetoric concerning sustainable, participatory development? The present thesis stems from the observation of an ongoing process of institutionalization, begun in the seventies, of social movements and critical theories that emphasize the role and importance of city residents in the construction of their city. This process is analyzed through an ethnography conducted in the Parisian northeastern metropolitan area, thus situating it in an illustrative context of significant recent transformation. The challenge of this work is in studying a number of situations in which actors who are generally considered separately, interact: organizations involved in the development of communal urban participation, groups actively occupying abandoned urban spaces, the technicians and decision-makers of large-scale renovation projects, collectives of artists and architects advocating urban art and participation. Through an analysis of the explanations and (mis)understandings these actors use and reach while discussing projects in progress, what appears is a specific form of control of social counter-powers. This process is framed by apparatus attributing value to the idea of uncertainty in the urban imagination, asserting the “inhabitant” as an ambiguous subject-object of urban transformation, conceiving the intermittent progression of events and temporalities as a new paradigm of urban planning. What follows from this analysis is a questioning into where libertarian self-governance and urban neoliberalism converge, and into the evolving relationship between technical and critical urbanism.

This study investigates the role of unconscious and conscious coping strategies in the mediation of stress in high risk occupational contexts. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale, the Multidimensional Coping Inventory and the Defense Style Questionnaires were completed by 194 police, ambulance and teaching personnel. A sample of 37 teachers served as a non high risk occupation control group. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, analysis of variance, analysis of difference and principal component analysis were performed on the data. Results indicated minimal significant between group differences. Within group variances were yielded. A minor relationship between levels of stress and usage of positive and negative mechanisms was observed. The significance of these findings is discussed and recommendations made for further study.

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