Wen, Shanshan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 46-54). / Abstracts and appendix in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Problem Statement --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Questions --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of Subsequent Chapters --- p.4 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Theoretical Framework --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- Dirty Work in Organizations --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2 --- Stigma and Its Impact --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Perceived Physical Work Dirtiness and Its Impact on Dirty Workers --- p.9 / Chapter 2.4 --- Coping Strategies for Identity Threat due to Stigma --- p.11 / Chapter 2.5 --- Social Comparison and Its Impacts --- p.12 / Chapter 2.6 --- Individual Differences in Social Comparison --- p.15 / Chapter 2.7 --- Hypothesis Development --- p.16 / FIGURE 1 Hypothesized effects on Job Satisfaction --- p.25 / FIGURE 2 Hypothesized effects on Occupational Identification --- p.25 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Participants and Procedures --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Measures --- p.29 / Chapter 3.3 --- Control Variables --- p.32 / TABLE 1 Demographic Characteristics of Participants --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4 --- Analytical Tools --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter4: --- Results --- p.35 / "TABLE 2 Means, Standard Deviations, and Correlations" --- p.38 / TABLE 3 Multiple Regression Analysis on Job Satisfaction --- p.39 / TABLE 4 Multiple Regression Analysis on Occupational Identification --- p.40 / FIGURE 3 Variance of Perceived Physical Work Dirtiness --- p.41 / FIGURE 4 Moderating Effect of Upward comparison Orientation --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Discussion --- p.42 / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.42 / Chapter 5.2 --- Contributions --- p.43 / Chapter 5.3 --- Limitations --- p.44 / Chapter 5.4 --- Practical Implications --- p.45 / References --- p.46 / APPENDIX A Questionnaire (English Version) --- p.55 / APPENDIX B Questionnaire (Chinese Version) --- p.59

This research project set out to explore in detail the work milieux of the skilled industrial worker, to examine work through the eyes and experience of the workman himself. Although an eclectic approach was employed in the gathering of the material for this thesis, the research was centred around two distinct methodological procedures: participant observation and in-depth interviewing. As a participant observer, I worked as a labourer in the Whyalla Shipyard which enabled me to experience work and its associated authority relationships first hand and to gain the trust of a group of employees who were later extensively interviewed. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to enquire into worker’s leisure activities, social networks, financial position, personal background, class images, attitudes towards work and general social and political orientations. Endeavouring not to lose sight of the depth of the social processes implicit in the workman’s world of meaning, questioning procedures frequently approached the informality of ordinary conservations. / My research revealed a disturbing lack of awareness, by unions, employers, government authorities and the courts, of the deleterious physical, sociological and psychological effects which accompany certain types of industrial employment. Working in close liaison with federal and state government instrumentalities, I was able to uncover significant discrepancies and inadequacies in the present industrial safety and workman’s compensation legislation. The Whyalla project, revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of work-associated physical disabilities and industrial diseased, and it is hoped that these findings will contribute to the review and general tightening-up of some of the South Australian statutes. / ‘Work, industry and control’ demonstrates how industrial workmen can come to regard themselves to be trapped within a complex web of interlocking mechanisms of social and political control. Furthermore, it seeks to uncover some of the effects that elitist and authoritarian managerial policies and obsessive over-supervision can have on the morals, skills, and self-concept of craftsmen, and relates these to Lockwood’s concept of privatisation.

<p>Denna studie fokuserar på flickors och pojkars syn på yrken ur ett kulturgeografiskt perspektiv. En enkätundersökning genomfördes på barn i årskurs 5 där de ombads att skriva vad de skulle vilja arbeta med när de blir stora samt att motivera sina yrkesval. De fick även ta ställning till tänkbara framtida arbeten utifrån en given  yrkeslista. Undersökningen utfördes i Gimo, en mindre bruksort och Uppsala, en universitetsstad. De populäraste yrkena bland barnen kan sorteras in i några större kategorier: djurrelaterade, artistrelaterade, idrottsproffs och kock/bagare. De flesta barn motiverar sina yrkesval med att yrket verkar roligt, men somliga ville tjäna pengar eller ta hand om djur och människor. Vår undersökning visar att det finns både likheter och olikheter i barns yrkesval beroende på bostadsort. När det gäller flickor och pojkar kan man se stora skillnader i resultatet. Generellt sett är olikheterna större mellan könen än mellan bostadsorterna.</p> / <p>This study focuses on the perceptions of occupations among girls and boys from a cultural geographical perspective. A questionnaire was given to children in fifth grade. They were asked to write their preferred occupation as grown-ups and to give an explanation to the selected occupation. They also considered possible future careers by selecting from a list of pre-set occupations. The survey was carried out in Gimo, a small industrial community, and Uppsala, a town with an old university. The most popular occupations among the children can be grouped in four larger categories: animal related, artist related, professional sportsmen and chef/baker. The majority of the children chose their preferred occupation because it seems enjoyable, but some valued making money or taking care of people or animals. The result shows both differences and similarities in children's career choices depending on their place of residence. There are, however, large discrepancies when comparing gender. The differences are more significant when comparing boys and girls than when comparing location.</p>

<p>Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur förekomsten av utbrändhet ser ut</p><p>över olika yrkesområden. Utbrändhet mäts med hjälp av Maslach</p><p>Burnout Inventory General Survey på 1494 slumpmässigt utvalda</p><p>yrkesarbetande personer. En referensgrupp, där personer som blivit</p><p>sjukskrivna pga. stress ingått, användes för att kunna bedöma vilka i</p><p>stickprovet som var kliniskt utbrända. Respondenterna indelades i</p><p>olika yrkesområden utifrån Standard för svensk yrkesklassificering.</p><p>Ytterligare en uppdelning gjordes utifrån kvalifikationsnivån i</p><p>området, samt med hänsyn till grad av kontakt med människor och</p><p>möjlighet att ha kontroll över arbetets utformning. Resultatet visar att</p><p>det inte finns någon skillnad i hur utbrändhet fördelar sig över olika</p><p>yrkesområden. Däremot har en hög kontroll över arbetets utformning</p><p>en positiv påverkan i att sänka graden av utbrändhet.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of burnout</p><p>across different occupational areas. Burnout is measured using</p><p>Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey on 1494 randomized</p><p>respondents who were a part of the working force. A reference group,</p><p>containing people sick listed due to stress, was used to determine</p><p>clinical burnout. The respondents were divided into different</p><p>occupational areas based on the Swedish Standard Classification of</p><p>Occupations. Further division was done in order to divide the</p><p>respondents according to the qualification level in the area, and also in</p><p>consideration of the extent of human contact and the possibility to</p><p>control the design of ones occupation. The result shows that there is</p><p>no difference in the occurrence of burnout across different</p><p>occupational areas. However it has shown that a high control over the</p><p>design of ones occupation has a positive influence in lower the grade</p><p>of burnout.</p>

The purpose of this study is to analyze the sources of occupational segregation between men and women. Specifically, three hypotheses are tested. First, do stiff specific training requirements for an occupation increase the likelihood that it is male-dominated, as would be expected from human capital theory? Second, do differences in perceived natural ability between the sexes heavily influence the possibility of an occupation being male- or female-dominated? Finally, do differences in preferences for job attributes between men and women influence the chance of whether an occupation will be male- or female-dominated? The data used in this study cover 495 occupations from 1979 in which on-the-job worker requirements are provided describing workers' level and type of education, natural ability, on-the-job environmental conditions, and physical demands. Occupations are divided into three categories: female-dominated, male-dominated, or neutral. The empirical model uses a multinomial approach to estimate the log of the odds that an occupation is male-dominated relative to being neutral and the log of the odds that an occupation is female-dominated relative to being neutral. The results of this study imply that sizable specific training requirements for an occupation increase the likelihood that it is male-dominated and higher levels of general education requirements increase the possibility that an occupation is female-dominated. There is evidence to support the hypothesis that differences between the sexes' perceived abilities contribute to occupational segregation. Most on-the-job environmental conditions and physical demands do not affect the likelihood that an occupation is male- or female-dominated in contrast to the traditional claim that women prefer more desirable working conditions than men. / Graduation date: 1994

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-67).

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur förekomsten av utbrändhet ser ut över olika yrkesområden. Utbrändhet mäts med hjälp av Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey på 1494 slumpmässigt utvalda yrkesarbetande personer. En referensgrupp, där personer som blivit sjukskrivna pga. stress ingått, användes för att kunna bedöma vilka i stickprovet som var kliniskt utbrända. Respondenterna indelades i olika yrkesområden utifrån Standard för svensk yrkesklassificering. Ytterligare en uppdelning gjordes utifrån kvalifikationsnivån i området, samt med hänsyn till grad av kontakt med människor och möjlighet att ha kontroll över arbetets utformning. Resultatet visar att det inte finns någon skillnad i hur utbrändhet fördelar sig över olika yrkesområden. Däremot har en hög kontroll över arbetets utformning en positiv påverkan i att sänka graden av utbrändhet. / The purpose of this study is to investigate the occurrence of burnout across different occupational areas. Burnout is measured using Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey on 1494 randomized respondents who were a part of the working force. A reference group, containing people sick listed due to stress, was used to determine clinical burnout. The respondents were divided into different occupational areas based on the Swedish Standard Classification of Occupations. Further division was done in order to divide the respondents according to the qualification level in the area, and also in consideration of the extent of human contact and the possibility to control the design of ones occupation. The result shows that there is no difference in the occurrence of burnout across different occupational areas. However it has shown that a high control over the design of ones occupation has a positive influence in lower the grade of burnout.

The overall aim of this thesis was to identify factors that early in a sick leave period could illuminate people’s resources and obstacles for returning to work; factors that could predict need for professional support in the sick leave process leading to a positive outcome for the individual. This thesis consists of four studies. The studied population was living in a rural part of a northern county in Sweden, and had been on sick leave for 28 days irrespective of diagnosis. The participants have been followed for five years with different investigation methods and subgroups of participants. The thesis was initiated by sending a questionnaire to the participants; the responses were compared to groups of healthy controls. The aim was to find predictors of the likelihood of a return to work that can be identified early in a sick leave period. The main focus was on individual mental resources (Study I). The next phase involved studies of sick leave statistics obtained from the Swedish Social Insurance Office, for the study population two years before and two years after the start of the research project. The material from the sick leave statistics was analysed together with responses from the questionnaire study with Partial Least Square (PLS). This was done to search for connections between the participants and factors of concern for sick leave and returning to work in different subgroups (Study II). In-depth interviews also were conducted to explore what the participants experienced as important in their sick leave process as they progressed back to work, or to long term sick leave or disability pension (Study III). Another study investigated client files in the Swedish Social Insurance Office to describe what information that was possible to find: in terms of medical and vocational rehabilitation including assessments, predictors for the outcome of the sick leave process, and the quality of the information in the files (Study IV). The findings showed significantly lower life satisfaction and psychosocial resources in the study-group compared to the healthy controls. The PLS analysis showed that it was the impact of multiple factors that influenced the study group, and the PLS analysis could help with early prediction of the outcome. Important factors were: personal belief in an ability to work in the future, number of sick leave days in the past, diagnosis, self-evaluated symptoms, life satisfaction and sense of coherence, length of education and sector of employment, and many different consequences in daily life caused by activity limitations. The interview study confirmed these results and added the following important resources: confirmation and support, structural and contextual factors, and participation in the sick leave process. Ideal-types were crystallized that can be identified in the early phases of the sick leave process. The client file study showed that some information was possible to find but a majority of the wanted information was limited why an improvement on the quality of documentation is suggested to give better basis for the files.

Denna studie fokuserar på flickors och pojkars syn på yrken ur ett kulturgeografiskt perspektiv. En enkätundersökning genomfördes på barn i årskurs 5 där de ombads att skriva vad de skulle vilja arbeta med när de blir stora samt att motivera sina yrkesval. De fick även ta ställning till tänkbara framtida arbeten utifrån en given  yrkeslista. Undersökningen utfördes i Gimo, en mindre bruksort och Uppsala, en universitetsstad. De populäraste yrkena bland barnen kan sorteras in i några större kategorier: djurrelaterade, artistrelaterade, idrottsproffs och kock/bagare. De flesta barn motiverar sina yrkesval med att yrket verkar roligt, men somliga ville tjäna pengar eller ta hand om djur och människor. Vår undersökning visar att det finns både likheter och olikheter i barns yrkesval beroende på bostadsort. När det gäller flickor och pojkar kan man se stora skillnader i resultatet. Generellt sett är olikheterna större mellan könen än mellan bostadsorterna. / This study focuses on the perceptions of occupations among girls and boys from a cultural geographical perspective. A questionnaire was given to children in fifth grade. They were asked to write their preferred occupation as grown-ups and to give an explanation to the selected occupation. They also considered possible future careers by selecting from a list of pre-set occupations. The survey was carried out in Gimo, a small industrial community, and Uppsala, a town with an old university. The most popular occupations among the children can be grouped in four larger categories: animal related, artist related, professional sportsmen and chef/baker. The majority of the children chose their preferred occupation because it seems enjoyable, but some valued making money or taking care of people or animals. The result shows both differences and similarities in children's career choices depending on their place of residence. There are, however, large discrepancies when comparing gender. The differences are more significant when comparing boys and girls than when comparing location.

For years, corporations in the United States have criticized the native workforce for not having enough qualified workers who are skilled in science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Changing the immigration system could solve their problem. Current debates about how to best accomplish this task stem from different perceptions of whether high-skill immigrants adapt to the labor market, suffer from labor market disadvantages or meet rapid earnings growth. This study examines the initial wage gap immigrants working in the scientific research, development and testing services industry face upon entry to the United States as well as their income assimilation patterns. Ultimately, this paper provides evidence of a wage gap in this industry for recently arrived immigrants and otherwise similar natives, as well as confirms that the earnings for male immigrants in the industry tend to converge toward native levels the longer they remain in the country. Therefore, these results can provide valuable perspective on present immigration debates about whether to reduce immigration levels or change the skill composition of new immigrants.