The Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor family, asdo the other glycoprotein hormone receptors for FSH, TSH, and CG. The LHR comprises twohalves of ~350 amino acids: an extracellular hormone binding exodomain and a seventransmembrane-spanning endodomain responsible for signal generation. Hormone binds to theexodomain with high affinity, and the resulting conformational changes in thehormone/exodomain complex modulate the endodomain to generate hormone signals. Hormonebinding to an LHR produces hormonal signals (cis-activation), but it is not known whether aliganded LHR could activate other unoccupied LHRs (trans-activation). The LHR activates bothadenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C??. This dissertation shows that trans-activation of the LHRleads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase to induce cAMP but not to the activation ofphospholipase C?? to induce the inositol phosphate signaling. Trans-activation offers amechanism of signal amplification at the receptor level and also provides a mechanism ofmultiple signal generation for a liganded LHR to cis-activate phospholipase C?? and transactivateadenylyl cyclase. Also coexpression of Gi2 with a constitutively activating LHR(Asp578Gly), the most common mutation of male-limited precocious puberty, shows that Gi2could completely inhibit cAMP induction by the LHR mutant. Experiments using the carboxylterminal region of G protein ?? subunits demonstrate that LHR has overlapping binding sites forG?? subunits Gs and Gi2.

L'apoptose est un processus primordial pour le développement et le maintien des organismes eucaryotes. Elle est régulée à différents niveaux de l’expression génique. En fonction des stimuli intra- et extra-cellulaires, les facteurs de transcription régulent l'expression des protéines pro-survies et pro-apoptotiques. Ces facteurs de transcription facilitent la formation du complexe de pré-initiation (CPI) de la transcription pour activer la transcription. Le CPI est composé de l’ARN polymérase II et des facteurs généraux de transcription dont le facteur de reconnaissance du promoteur, TFIID. TFIID est un complexe multi-protéique composé de la protéine de liaison de la boîte TATA (TBP) et de 14 facteurs associés à TBP (TAFs) tel que TAF6 qui nous intéresse. TAF6 est exprimé sous 5 isoformes d'épissage alternatif (?, ?, ?, ð, ? ). TAF6? et TAF6ð sont deux entités antagonistes. Ils sont issus de l’épissage alternatif du deuxième exon de TAF6. Contrairement au variant majoritaire TAF6? qui a une activité oncogénique et antiapoptotique, le variant minoritaire TAF6ð est pro-apoptotique. À l’opposé de TAF6?, l’excision de la partie alternative du deuxième exon empêche la dimérisation de TAF6ð avec TAF9 dans TFIID (TFIID?). Les analyses de puce à ADN ont montré que l'impact sur le transcriptome de la perte de TAF6? est fortement distinct de l'impact causé par l'induction de l’isoforme pro-mort TAF6ð par des oligonucléotides antisens qui bascule l’épissage (SSO pour Splice site Switching Oligonucleotids). En outre, la déplétion du variant d'épissage majeur TAF6? aboutit à la perte de la viabilité des cellules. L'importance de l'induction de TAF6ð dans la mort cellulaire programmée et nos résultats précédents montrant que TAFð induit l’apoptose indépendamment de p53 dans de nombreux types de cellules cancéreuses, nous ont incités à entreprendre une dissection des éléments cis d'ARN qui contrôlent l'épissage du variant TAF6ð. Nous avons développé un système de minigène pour étudier les éléments cis d'ARN qui contrôlent l'expression de TAF6ð. Le minigène inclut la séquence génomique de TAF6 (exon 2 à exon 3) qui est dirigé par le promoteur CMV et il mime le patron d’épissage alternatif de TAF6? et TAF6ð endogène. Nous avons entrepris une analyse mutationnelle pour identifier les éléments cis de TARN pré-messager de TAF6. Nos données ont mis en évidence un site activateur d'épissage dans l’exon 2 constitutif. Dans l’intron, deux motifs polyC et polyG pourraient réguler l’épissage alternatif de TAF6ð. Ces motifs représentent des sites potentiels de liaison pour les protéines de liaison à l’ADN, hnRNP K et H respectivement. Nous avons donc testé l’effet de la surexpression de hnRNP K et H sur l’épissage alternatif de TAF6 et nous n'avons eu aucuns changement sur l’expression de TAF6ð endogène. De plus, nous avons constaté que la mutation d'un seul nucléotide qui semble perturber la structure secondaire d'ARN au site d’épissage proximal, renverse complètement le patron d’épissage. Cette mutation favorise le choix du site d’épissage distal (un site faible) à la place du site d’épissage proximal (TAF6?). Nos résultats suggèrent aussi qu’un élément régulateur d’épissage qui favorise TAF6? est présent dans l’exon 2 alternatif. Pour permettre l’identification des facteurs d’épissage influençant le choix du site d’épissage, nous avons créé un nouveau système d’épissage rapporteur. Notre nouveau vecteur contient la séquence génomique de TAF6 (exon 2 à exon 4) modifiée par l’introduction d’un codon stop prématuré (CSP) dans l’exon 2 alternatif et fusionné à la protéine EYFP. La combinaison des essais de transfections transitoires avec les SSOs ont été utilisés pour valider ce système contrôlé par cytométrie de flux. Dans le futur, ce système pourrait être utilisé pour produire une lignée stable afin d'identifier les facteurs d’épissage impliqués dans la régulation de l’épissage alternatif par un criblage d’inhibition (siRNA) ou de surexpression (ADNc). Donc, mon projet présente la première identification des éléments cis qui contrôlent l’épissage du facteur aussi bien que le développement d’un système d'épissage rapporteur créé pour permettre l’identification des protéines d'épissage qui régulent l’expression de TAF6ð. [symboles non conformes]

The amino acid (2S, 4R)-4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) plays a critical role in animal kingdom as structural protein collagen. It is ubiquitous in plant cell walls performing various functions such as structural assembly, plant hormones, plant growth, defense against pathogens, etc. Glycosylation of Hyp is often seen in plant cell walls with L-Arabinofuranose and D-Galactopyranose and not in animal kingdom. Glycosylation is a post-translational modification, which affects characteristics of proteins and peptides. The main objective of this thesis is to synthesize various L-arabinofuranosylated hydroxyproline model amides and investigate their thermodynamic and kinetic properties of cis/trans amide isomerization. These results are compared with the previous research of D-galactopyranosylated hydroxyproline model amides, which may provide an insight to structural implications for their stability and conformations of peptides and specificity in plants. Both - and -L-arabinosylation of Hyp resulted in the stabilization of trans rotameric state at room temperature while the α-anomer leads to cis rotamer stabilization at higher temperature. Similarly, both unnatural 4S-hydroxyproline (hyp) building blocks resulted in stabilization of trans rotamer but α-anomer shows exo configuration instead of endo. This result shows a reverse trend when compared to galactosylated hydroxyproline building blocks as previous research results in our group. Our results may provide further insight to the role of glycosylation on protein structure and stability in plants.

In the past decade, fast advancements have been made in the sequencing, digitalization and collection of the biological data. However the bottleneck remains at the point of analysis and extraction of patterns from the data. We have developed a method that is aimed at widening this bottleneck by automating the knowledge extraction from the biological data. Our approach is aimed at discovering patterns in a set of DNA sequences based on the location of transcription factor binding sites or any other biological markers with the emphasis of discovering relationships. A variety of statistical and computational methods exists to analyze such data. However, they either require an initial hypothesis, which is later tested, or classify the data based on its attributes. Our approach does not require an initial hypothesis and the classification it produces is based on the relationships between attributes. The value of such approach is that is is able to uncover new knowledge about the data by inducing a general theory based on basic known rules. The core of our approach lies in an inductive logic programming engine, which, based on positive and negative examples as well as background knowledge, is able to induce a descriptive, human-readable theory, describing the data. An application provides an end-to-end analysis of DNA sequences. A simple to use Web interface accepts a set of related sequences to be analyzed, set of negative example sequences to contrast the main set (optional), and a set of possible genetic markers as position-specific scoring matrices. A Java-based backend formats the sequences, determines the location of the genetic markers inside them and passes the information to the ILP engine, which induces the theory. The model, assumed in our background knowledge, is a set of basic interactions between biological markers in any DNA sequence. This makes our approach applicable to analyze a wide variety of biological problems, including detection of cis-regulatory modules and analysis of ChIP-Sequencing experiments. We have evaluated our method in the context of such applications on two real world datasets as well as a number of specially designed synthetic datasets. The approach has shown to have merit even in situations when no significant classification could be determined.

Zugl.: Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 2009

SILVA, J. F. Resistência de genótipos de Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.à Aphis craccivora Koch e Crinocerus sanctus Fabricius. 2008. 67 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia/Fitotecnia) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 2008. / Submitted by Francisco Lacerda (lacerda@ufc.br) on 2014-07-16T19:24:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_jfsilva.pdf: 1029372 bytes, checksum: 52dd25c8587d1d38cf6f0e593dcc8127 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-07-16T20:29:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_jfsilva.pdf: 1029372 bytes, checksum: 52dd25c8587d1d38cf6f0e593dcc8127 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-16T20:29:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_jfsilva.pdf: 1029372 bytes, checksum: 52dd25c8587d1d38cf6f0e593dcc8127 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The cowpea black aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854) is the most important insect pest of cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and is cited as a key pest of this crop. One of the easiest way for its control is by the use of plant resistance to this pest being those natural or induced resistance. The objective of this research was evaluate natural resistance of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. genotypes against black aphid and observe the effect of an resistance inductor, the cis-jasmone on cowpea to control aphid and a true bug and the effects of this material on production parameters. In green house were realized choice and no choice essays to search among 20 genotypes whose would have natural resistance and preference after cis jamone spray at a rate of 50g/ha on the Vita 7 cultivar. It also was realized one bioassay to determine the length of one generation on EPACE 10 and Vita 7 genotypes. The field work was done at Quixada, Ceará State (Brazil) by applying cis-jasmone at the dosage of 39.06 g/ha and 78.13 g/ha using EPACE 10 variety and observe the infestation of Aphis craccivora and bugs and a possible effect on production. The genotypes TVu 408P2, TVu 410, TVu 36 and TVu 1037 presented natural resistance being less susceptible to the aphid. Cis-jasmine had no effect, as resistance is concerned, on aphid population when compared to untreated control plants. O mean generation time of aphid on Vita 7 cultivar was five days and nineteen hours. No insect completed its life cycle on EPACE 10. In field the low insect level, is believed to be due to the natural resistance of genotype used, so no treatment differences were observed. There was also no difference for bug in the evaluation done. Cis-jamone had no effect on production parameters. / O pulgão-preto-do-feijoeiro (Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854) é uma das mais importantes pragas do feijão-de-corda (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) e é citada como praga chave desta cultura. Uma das formas mais simples de controle é a resistência da planta a esta praga podendo ser esta resistência natural ou induzida. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar genótipos de Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. quanto a resistência genética natural ao pulgão-preto e observar o efeito de um indutor de resistência, a cis-jasmona, sobre o feijão-de-corda para o controle do pulgão e do percevejo e os efeitos deste indutor sobre a produção. Em casa de vegetação foram realizados experimentos de preferência com e sem chance de escolha para definir quais dos vinte genótipos testados possuíam resistência natural e de preferência após a aplicação de cis-jasmona na concentração de 50 g/ha no genótipo Vita 7. Também foi realizado experimento para mensurar o tempo de uma geração de Aphis craccivora nos genótipos EPACE 10 e Vita 7. O experimento de campo foi realizado em Quixadá, Ceará, onde foi aplicado a cis-jasmona na concentração de 39,06 g/ha e 78,13 g/ha no genótipo EPACE 10 para observar a infestação de Aphis craccivora, percevejos e um possível efeito do indutor sobre a produção. Os genótipos TVu 408P2, TVu 410, TVu 36 e TVu 1037 apresentaram resistência natural sendo os menos preferidos pelo pulgão. A cis-jasmona não influenciou na resistência ao pulgão uma vez que o tratamento com o produto não diferiu da testemunha sem aplicação. O tempo médio para uma geração de pulgão no genótipo Vita 7 foi, em média, cinco dias e dezenove horas. No genótipo EPACE 10 nenhum pulgão completou o ciclo. Em campo a infestação por pulgão foi baixa devido à resistência natural do genótipo utilizado não apresentando diferença entre os tratamentos. Também não houve diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para o ataque dos percevejos que surgiram na área do experimento. A cis-jasmona não influenciou a produção do feijão-de-corda.

No description available.

Les télomères sont des structures nucléoprotéiques localisées aux extrémités des chromosomes. Ils jouent un rôle important dans le maintien de l’information génétique, la stabilité et la protection des extrémités chromosomiques. Les télomères sont composés de séquences d’ADN répétées riches en guanines (TTAGGG) et des protéines télomériques qui les protègent. Parmi celles-ci, TRF1 et TRF2 se fixent directement sur le double brin. Toute modification de la structure des télomères (composition en protéines télomériques, raccourcissement de leur longueur, dommages) peut entrainer la mort des cellules cancéreuses. Ainsi les télomères sont considérés comme des cibles thérapeutiques. Etant riches en guanines adjacentes, les télomères sont donc des cibles potentielles du cis-platine, agent pharmacologique utilisé dans le traitement d’un certain nombre de tumeurs. Nous avons analysé, sur deux lignées de cancer d’ovaire A2780 sensibles et résistantes au cis- platine, les modifications éventuelles de la structure de leurs télomères après traitement par le cis-platine et quantifié le cis-platine fixé au niveau des télomères afin de déterminer s’il pourrait être l’origine de ces perturbations. Suite au traitement par le cis-platine, une délocalisation de TRF2 des télomères (maximum 55%) a été mise en évidence dans les deux lignées, accompagnée de dommages au niveau des télomères (2-3 dommages/cellule) mais elle est cependant insuffisante pour induire leur raccourcissement. Ensuite, la quantification par ICP-MS du cis-platine fixé au niveau de l’ADN télomérique purifié montre que le cis-platine se fixe bien au niveau des télomères. Cependant cette quantité fixée est 5 fois moins importante que celle trouvée au niveau de l’ADN génomique et 12 fois moins importante que celle attendue d’après les études in vitro, suggérant que les guanines de l’ADN télomérique sont moins accessibles que celles de l’ADN génomique. D’autre part, la quantité de cis-platine fixé par base est trop faible pour expliquer le déplacement de TRF2. Ces résultats suggèrent que la fixation du cis-platine au niveau des télomères ne peut donc pas être le mécanisme majoritaire responsable du déplacement de TRF2 des télomères et de la mort des cellules. Ce travail ouvre ainsi la voie à la conception de nouveaux complexes anti-tumoraux de platine qui cibleraient plus spécifiquement les télomères des cellules cancéreuses afin de les déstructurer plus efficacement. / Telomeres are nucleoprotein structures located at the ends of chromosomes. They play an important role in the maintenance of the genetic information, the stability and protection of chromosome’s ends. Telomeres consist of repeated DNA sequences G-rich (TTAGGG)n, and telomeric proteins that protect them. Among them, TRF1 and TRF2 bind directly to double-stranded. Any change in the structure of telomeres (telomeric protein composition, shortening their length, damage) can cause the death of cancer cells. Thus telomeres are considered as therapeutic targets. Since they are rich in adjacent guanines, telomeres are therefore potential targets for cis-platin, a pharmacological agent used in the treatment of a certain number of tumours. We looked for, at the cellular level, using two lines of ovarian cancer A2780: sensitive and resistant to cis-platin any changes in the structure of their telomeres after cis-platin treatment. And we checked the amount of cis-platin bound to telomeres to determine if it could be the cause of these perturbations. Following treatment with cis-platin, a delocalisation of TRF2 from telomere (maximum 55%) was observed within both cell lines, with damages at telomeres (2-3 damages / cell). But it is still not enough to induce their shortening. Then, the quantification by ICP-MS of the cis-platin fixed at purified telomeric DNA, shows that cis-platin binds well at telomeres. However, this amount is 5 times less than that the one found at genomic DNA and 12 times less than the one expected from in vitro studies, suggesting that the guanines of the telomeric DNA are less accessible than those of the genomic DNA. On the other hand, the amount of cis-platin bound by base is too small to explain the displacement of TRF2. So, these results suggest that the binding of cis-platin at telomeres cannot be the principal mechanism responsible of cell death, and that the displacement of TRF2 from telomere is not related directly to this phenomenon. Thus, this work opens the way for the design of new anti-tumour platinum complexes that target telomeres of cancer cells more specifically, in order to induce more efficiently their dysfunction.

In the past decade, fast advancements have been made in the sequencing, digitalization and collection of the biological data. However the bottleneck remains at the point of analysis and extraction of patterns from the data. We have developed a method that is aimed at widening this bottleneck by automating the knowledge extraction from the biological data. Our approach is aimed at discovering patterns in a set of DNA sequences based on the location of transcription factor binding sites or any other biological markers with the emphasis of discovering relationships. A variety of statistical and computational methods exists to analyze such data. However, they either require an initial hypothesis, which is later tested, or classify the data based on its attributes. Our approach does not require an initial hypothesis and the classification it produces is based on the relationships between attributes. The value of such approach is that is is able to uncover new knowledge about the data by inducing a general theory based on basic known rules. The core of our approach lies in an inductive logic programming engine, which, based on positive and negative examples as well as background knowledge, is able to induce a descriptive, human-readable theory, describing the data. An application provides an end-to-end analysis of DNA sequences. A simple to use Web interface accepts a set of related sequences to be analyzed, set of negative example sequences to contrast the main set (optional), and a set of possible genetic markers as position-specific scoring matrices. A Java-based backend formats the sequences, determines the location of the genetic markers inside them and passes the information to the ILP engine, which induces the theory. The model, assumed in our background knowledge, is a set of basic interactions between biological markers in any DNA sequence. This makes our approach applicable to analyze a wide variety of biological problems, including detection of cis-regulatory modules and analysis of ChIP-Sequencing experiments. We have evaluated our method in the context of such applications on two real world datasets as well as a number of specially designed synthetic datasets. The approach has shown to have merit even in situations when no significant classification could be determined.

Classification schemes are embedded into everyday life and people often expect that each category is fixed and stands alone from one another (Bowker & Star, 2000). In terms of gender, this is evident when people focus on gender as either male or female. With the increasing presence of people who are openly transgendered in the workplace (Taranowski, 2008), people’s expectations about gender as something ‘that just is’ are questioned. There is an emerging research literature focusing on people who transition in their work environments, but comparatively little on their coworkers. This research focuses on the experiences of the coworkers’ to examine how they interpret the meaning of gender after their colleague transitioned from being a “man” to being a “woman”. By analyzing and interpreting people’s behaviours in the context of a workplace where an individual reconstructs what it means to embody a specific gender identity, the feelings and behaviours that arise when expectations about gender are contradicted can be examined.