Habilitationsschrift--Freiburg i. B. / Includes bibliographical references.

Habilitationsschrift--Freiburg i. B. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral--Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, 1996). / Includes bibliographical references (pt. 1, p. 499-553) and indexes.

The Templo Viejo at Pachacamac: New Contributions to the Study of the Middle HorizonThe Old Temple of Pachacamac is one of the Lima culture compounds within the Pachacamac Sanctuary complex. Research by the authors between 1986 and 1989 revealed various architectural construction phases. Two Middle Horizon phases were recognized modifying older, Early Intermediate Period structures constructed from millions of tiny sun-died adobe bricks. A series of intrusive offerings is related to intense rainfall events / El Templo Viejo de Pachacamac es uno de los complejos lima que posee el Santuario de Pachacamac. Las investigaciones de los autores entre 1986 a 1989 revelaron varias fases constructivas. Para el Horizonte Medio se detectaron dos fases de ocupación que modifican las estructuras del Periodo Intermedio Temprano del edificio hecho de millones de adobitos. Una serie de ofrendas intrusivas se relacionan también con fuertes eventos de lluvia.

This article summarizes and discusses the results of our recent archaeological research in the middle valley of Chincha duringthe Late Paracas period (circa 400 BC-100 BC). We present archaeological data (architecture, geoglyphs, ceramics, textiles, etc.)recovered from research on sites in the middle valley in the area including to Cerro del Gentil and the El Mono archaeologicalcomplex. These data, along with previous work by colleagues in the last two generations, allow us to propose new perspectives about development of social complexity in this southern Peruvian coastal valley. / En este artículo, se sintetizan y discuten los resultados de las recientes investigaciones arqueológicas realizadas en el valle mediode Chincha durante el Período Paracas Tardío (circa 400 a.C.-100 a.C.). En especial, se presentan los datos arqueológicos (ar-quitectura, geoglifos, cerámica y textiles, etc.) recuperados en la investigación de los sitios del valle medio, ubicados en el área queincluye a Cerro del Gentil y el complejo arqueológico de El Mono. Estos datos, junto con el trabajo previo de otros colegas de lasdos últimas generaciones, permiten proponer nuevas perspectivas sobre el desarrollo de la complejidad social en este valle de la costa sur del Perú.

Åskådarna inom idrottssektorn har en aktiv roll och en stor betydelse för idrottsorganisationers ekonomi. Tidigare forskning visar att det är viktigt för idrottsorganisationer att integrera med åskådarna med tilläggstjänster som skapar mervärde, eftersom matchen i sig säkerställer inte återkommande åskådare. Konsekvensen av minskat publiksnitt utsätter idrottsorganisationernas ekonomi, eftersom åskådarna generar centrala intäkter för idrottsorganisationer men kan även ha en indirekt effekt på de övriga intäkterna. Publiksnitten för innebandyn i Sverige och i SSL Herr har varit låg och sjunkit under de två senaste säsongerna med 14 procent. Därför har det varit av intresse att förstå hur innebandyföreningar i SSL Herr arbetar för att skapa tjänstevärde för åskådarna. Syftet för studien har varit att genom en jämförelse av innebandyföreningar i SSL Herr undersöka om det finns faktorer i deras matcharrangemang, i sådana fall vilka, som har påverkat förändringen i publiksnittet. För att besvara syftet genomfördes semi-strukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från sju olika innebandyföreningar i SSL Herr. Det insamlade materialet har tolkats med hjälp av den teoretiska referensramen där resultatet visar att det finns skillnader och likheter i innebandyföreningars matcharrangemang vilka kan påverkat förändringen i publiksnittet. Det finns samband mellan ökat publiksnitt och restaurangmöjligheter, vilket kan vara en stor bidragande faktor för förändringen i publiksnittet. Studien påvisar även att det kan vara problematiskt att skapa atmosfär och tjänstevärde för åskådarna i för stora arenor i förhållande till publiksnittet. Slutligen visar studien att det kan vara problematisk för innebandyföreningar att planera in matchdagar om de har en geografisk position där de konkurrera med övriga aktörer inom upplevelseindustrin. Vissa innebandyföreningar verkar lämna ansvaret att skapa en bra atmosfär till åskådarna och är inte underförstådda att de i lika stor utsträckning kan själva påverka atmosfären inne i arenan. Under de senaste åren har publiksnitten sjunkit i de flesta åskådaridrotter i Sverige där innebandy är bara ett exempel av problemet som legat till grund för studien. Denna studie visade att det finns brister i tjänsteerbjudandet och därför bör vidare studier inrikta sig mot innebandyns åskådare men även andra idrotter i Sverige. / Spectators in sport have an active role and are significant for sports organizations' economy. Previous research shows that it is important for sports organizations to integrate with spectators with additional services that create added value, because the game itself does not ensure recurring spectators. The consequence of reduced number of spectators exposes the sports organizations' economy, as spectators generate a central income for sports organizations, it may also have an indirect effect on other income. The number of spectators for floorball in Sweden and in "SSL Herr" has been low and has decreased with 14 percent under the last two seasons. Therefore, it has been of interest to understand how floorball organizations in "SSL Herr" work to create service value for the spectators. The purpose of this study has been to investigate whether there are factors in floorball organizations in "SSL Herr" game events, in such cases, which have influenced the change in the number of spectators. To answer the purpose of this study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with respondents from seven different floorball organizations in "SSL Herr". The gathered material has been interpreted using the theoretical frame of reference, where the results show that there are differences and similarities in floorball organizations game events that may have affect the change in the number of spectators. There is correlation between increased number of spectators and restaurant possibilities, which can be a major contributing factor to the change in the number of spectators. This study also shows that creating ambience and service value for spectators in large arenas can be problematic if the number of spectators is low. Finally, the study shows that it may be problematic for floorball organizations to schedule game days if they have a geographic position where they compete with other actors in the experience industry. Some floorball organizations seem to leave the responsibility to create a good ambience to the spectators and are not implied that they can influence the ambience themselves. Over the last few years, the number of spectators has reduced in most of the spectator sports in Sweden where floorball is just one example of the problem that was the basis for this study. This study showed that there are shortcomings in the service offerings and therefore future studies should focus on floorball spectators but also other sports in Sweden.

Las ofrendas quechuas del sur del Perú son platos alimenticios, banquetes destinados principalmente a la pachamama y los apus, pero también elaborados sistemas matemáticos regidos por operaciones sofisticadas. Sirviéndose de dos números fundamentales, el 3 y el 4, los especialistas rituales son capaces de transmitir mensajes polisémicos. Mediante el número 3 aglutinan clientes, parajes y cerros, en suma, «personas» capaces de interactuar entre sí. El 3 aparece en los k’intus de hojas de coca y en las oraciones que se recitan durante el proceso de realizar la ofrenda. Por el contrario, el número 4 no indica relaciones sino formas espaciales: es un operador geométrico que unifica la servilleta ceremonial (unk’uña), el papel envoltorio y el paquete acabado para representar las cuatro direcciones del mundo y hacer de la ofrenda un mundo en miniatura. Gracias a los dos números el ritualista puede recrear el cosmos, establecer convenios con los dioses y definir nuevas situaciones favorables para la vida de sus clientes. / The Quechua offerings in the South of Peru are banquets dedicated to the Pachamama and the Apus, and at the same time, are elaborated mathematical systems controlled by sophisticated operations. Using two principal numbers, 3 and 4, the religious specialist is capable of transmitting polysemic messages. Through the number 3, the religious specialist refers to the people, landscapes and mountains, in sum, to «persons» able to interact among themselves. The number 3 appears in the k’intus, composed of coca leaves, also in the prayers said during the process of the offering ritual. On the contrary, the number 4 does not indicate relationships but spatial forms: it is a geometrical operator that is constructed of the ceremonial square napkin (unk’uña) and paper in which the offering is completely wrapped to make the offering a miniature world, containing the «four directions of the world.» Using these numbers, the religious specialist can recreate the cosmos, establish covenants with the gods and define new situations favorable to the life of Quechuas.

In the first essay titled “Monthly Cyclicality in Retail Investors’ Liquidity and Lottery-type Stocks at the Turn of the Month”, we find that the well-documented underperformance of lottery stocks masks a within-month cyclical pattern. Demand for lottery stocks increases at the turn of the month especially in areas whose demographic profile resembles that of the typical lottery-ticket buyers (i.e., gamblers) driving their prices higher at the turn of the month. This effect is particularly pronounced among firms located in areas whose demographic profile resembles that of the typical lottery-ticket buyer and propelled by the within-month cyclicality of local investors’ personal liquidity positions. A long-short investment strategy based on this cyclical pattern of lottery stocks performance yields gross abnormal returns of about 15% per year. In the second essay titled “Lottery-type Stocks and Corporate Strategies at the Turn of the Month”, we test whether cyclical demand for lottery stocks by retail investors, that tends to peak at the turn-of-the-month (ToM), affects firms’ financial activities. Consistent with the notion that the peak in demand is driven by a propensity to gamble and is associated with inattention, we find underreaction to earnings news issued at the ToM by lottery-type firms located in areas with many gambling investors. We also find that the ToM also provides a window of opportunity for SEO issuing lottery-type firms. Such issuing firms may strategically choose to issue lottery-type stocks at the ToM to save the direct marketing costs because it flattens the elasticity of pre-offer demand curve.

This study examines the extent to which principal-principal agency conflicts within venture capital (VC) syndicates lead to additional principal-agent conflicts in IPO firms in two institutional contexts. Using a matched sample of 274 VC-backed IPOs in the US and the UK, it shows that the diversity of a VC syndicate increases pre-IPO discretionary current accruals, used as a proxy for earnings management, but the impact of such diversity is higher in the US. There is also evidence of higher underpricing and lower aftermarket performance in firms with higher earnings management and VC diversity, and these negative performance effects are also higher in the US. Our findings indicate that local and informal institutions have a significant effect on multiple agency conflicts in IPO firms and performance outcomes.

The objective of this case study is to explore the social functions performed by a Charismatic church in central Pretoria for its congregants and for its surrounding community. The growth of the Charismatic movement and the ‘wealth ministry’ in recent years and the subsequent notoriety of the ‘prosperity gospel,’ (especially popular within the Charismatic church movement) which encourages people to give tithes and offerings as a pre-requisite for material blessings are the fundamental motivators of the study. The study seeks to understand how the church, through its creed and sermons affects and shapes the social behaviour of its members, and its impact on socially relevant issues facing the surrounding community. The respondents are members of the church’s congregation of varying ages, nationalities and class. They were identified by making use of the snowball selection method. The key finding is that although the ‘wealth ministry’ and ‘prosperity gospel’ are generally associated with Charismatic churches, material gain is not the main emphasis of every Charismatic church’s ministry, and in fact, this Charismatic church offers its members and the community more non-material and intangible spiritual benefits. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Sociology / unrestricted